Atmospheric reanalysis is a process that utilizes numerical weather prediction(NWP)models and data assimilation systems to integrate historical meteorological observations,thereby reconstructing datasets that represen...Atmospheric reanalysis is a process that utilizes numerical weather prediction(NWP)models and data assimilation systems to integrate historical meteorological observations,thereby reconstructing datasets that represent past atmospheric states.This paper presents the China Meteorological Administration's(CMA)latest global atmospheric reanalysis product,CRA1.5,which employs the Global Spectral Model(GSM)and the Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation(GSI)Data Assimilation system.CRA1.5 features a model spectral resolution of T_L1534(equivalent to approximately 13 km in horizontal grid spacing),a product time interval of 1 h,a model top at 0.27 hPa,and a hybrid-4DEnVar scheme along with an Ensemble Kalman Filter for data assimilation.The temporal coverage of CRA1.5 extends from 1979 to near real-time.During the reanalysis production,we assimilated a substantial volume of reprocessed satellite data and extensive conventional observations.These observations include dense networks of conventional observations within China(comprising approximately 120 sounding stations and 2400 meteorological stations)as well as satellite observations from China's Fengyun,Haiyang,and Yunyao satellite series.Compared to CRA-40,the rootmean-square error(RMSE)of geopotential height at 500 hPa is reduced by 22.46%,the RMSE of temperature at 200 hPa is reduced by 21.7%,and the RMSE of zonal wind at 850 hPa is reduced by 14.41%.CRA1.5 outperforms ERA5 in 100-m wind speed over China(RMSE:3.21–3.36 m s~(-1)vs.3.46–3.59 m s~(-1))and achieves comparable accuracy to ERA5 in atmospheric precipitable water(RMSE:3.10 mm vs.3.13 mm).CRA1.5's 2-m temperature trend aligns closely with HadCRUT5,capturing global warming accurately.With higher spatiotemporal resolution(0.1°×0.1°,hourly)and advanced assimilation,CRA1.5 provides a critical dataset for climate monitoring,NWP,and AI-based meteorological research.CRA1.5 has been implemented for real-time operation at the CMA.Updates are available up to 6 h after the analysis time,with a final update provided at a 3-day lag.展开更多
The type X collagen gene, COLIOA1, is specifically expressed by hypertrophic chondrocytes during endochondral ossification. Endochondral ossification is a well-coordinated process that involves a cartilage intermediat...The type X collagen gene, COLIOA1, is specifically expressed by hypertrophic chondrocytes during endochondral ossification. Endochondral ossification is a well-coordinated process that involves a cartilage intermediate and leads to formation of most of the skeleton in vertebrates during skeletogenesis. Chondrocyte hypertrophy is a critical stage of endochondral ossification linking both bone and cartilage development. Given its specific association with chondrocyte hypertrophy, type X collagen plays essential roles in endochondral ossification. It was previously shown that transgenic mice with mutant type X collagen develop variable skeleton-hematopoietic abnormalities indicating defective endochondral ossification, while mutations and abnormal expression of human COLIOA1 cause abnormal chondrocyte hypertrophy that has been seen in many skeletal disorders, including skeletal chondrodysplasia and osteoarthritis. In this review, we summarized the skeletal chondrodysplasia with COLIOA1 gene mutation that shows growth plate defect. We also reviewed recent studies that correlate the type X collagen gene expression and chondrocyte hypertrophy with osteoarthritis. Due to its significant clinical relevance, the type X collagen gene regulation has been extensively studied over the past two decades. Here, we focus on recent progress characterizing the cis-enhancer elements and their binding factors that together confer hypertrophic chondroeyte-specific murine type X collagen gene （CollOal） expression. Based on literature review and our own studies, we surmise that there are multiple factors that contribute to hypertrophic chondrocyte-specific CoHOal expression. These factors include both transactivators （such as Runx2, MEF2C etc.） and repressors （such as AP1, NFATcl, Sox9 etc.）, while other co-factors or epigenetic control of CollOal expression may not be excluded.展开更多
Recovering three-dimensional （3D） human pose sequence from arbitrary view is very difficult, due to loss of depth information and self-occlusion. In this paper, view-independent 3D-key-pose set is selected from 3D a...Recovering three-dimensional （3D） human pose sequence from arbitrary view is very difficult, due to loss of depth information and self-occlusion. In this paper, view-independent 3D-key-pose set is selected from 3D action samples, for the purpose of representing and recognizing those same actions from a single or few cameras without any restriction of the relative orientations between cameras and subjects. First, 3D-key-pose set is selected from the 3D human joint sequences of 3D training action samples that are built from multiple viewpoints. Second, 3D key pose sequence, which matches best with the observation sequence, is selected from the 3D-key- pose set to represent the observation sequence of arbitrary view. 3D key pose sequence contains many discriminative view-independent key poses but cannot accurately describe pose of every frame in the observation sequence. Considering the above reasons, pose and dynamic of action are modeled respectively in this paper. Exemplar-based embedding and probability of unique key pose are applied to model pose property. Complementary dynamic feature is extracted to model these actions that share the same poses but have different dynamic features. Finally, these action models are fused to recognize observation sequence from a single or few cameras. Effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated with experiments on IXMAS dataset.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)Major Project(42090033)CMA Meteorological Capacity Enhancement Joint Research Special Program(24NLTSQ021)+2 种基金China Meteorological Administration Key Innovation Team Fund(CMA2023ZD01)China Meteorological Service Association Meteorological Technology Innovation Platform Project(CMSA2024MB005)NSFC Joint Fund(U2342217)。
文摘Atmospheric reanalysis is a process that utilizes numerical weather prediction(NWP)models and data assimilation systems to integrate historical meteorological observations,thereby reconstructing datasets that represent past atmospheric states.This paper presents the China Meteorological Administration's(CMA)latest global atmospheric reanalysis product,CRA1.5,which employs the Global Spectral Model(GSM)and the Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation(GSI)Data Assimilation system.CRA1.5 features a model spectral resolution of T_L1534(equivalent to approximately 13 km in horizontal grid spacing),a product time interval of 1 h,a model top at 0.27 hPa,and a hybrid-4DEnVar scheme along with an Ensemble Kalman Filter for data assimilation.The temporal coverage of CRA1.5 extends from 1979 to near real-time.During the reanalysis production,we assimilated a substantial volume of reprocessed satellite data and extensive conventional observations.These observations include dense networks of conventional observations within China(comprising approximately 120 sounding stations and 2400 meteorological stations)as well as satellite observations from China's Fengyun,Haiyang,and Yunyao satellite series.Compared to CRA-40,the rootmean-square error(RMSE)of geopotential height at 500 hPa is reduced by 22.46%,the RMSE of temperature at 200 hPa is reduced by 21.7%,and the RMSE of zonal wind at 850 hPa is reduced by 14.41%.CRA1.5 outperforms ERA5 in 100-m wind speed over China(RMSE:3.21–3.36 m s~(-1)vs.3.46–3.59 m s~(-1))and achieves comparable accuracy to ERA5 in atmospheric precipitable water(RMSE:3.10 mm vs.3.13 mm).CRA1.5's 2-m temperature trend aligns closely with HadCRUT5,capturing global warming accurately.With higher spatiotemporal resolution(0.1°×0.1°,hourly)and advanced assimilation,CRA1.5 provides a critical dataset for climate monitoring,NWP,and AI-based meteorological research.CRA1.5 has been implemented for real-time operation at the CMA.Updates are available up to 6 h after the analysis time,with a final update provided at a 3-day lag.
文摘The type X collagen gene, COLIOA1, is specifically expressed by hypertrophic chondrocytes during endochondral ossification. Endochondral ossification is a well-coordinated process that involves a cartilage intermediate and leads to formation of most of the skeleton in vertebrates during skeletogenesis. Chondrocyte hypertrophy is a critical stage of endochondral ossification linking both bone and cartilage development. Given its specific association with chondrocyte hypertrophy, type X collagen plays essential roles in endochondral ossification. It was previously shown that transgenic mice with mutant type X collagen develop variable skeleton-hematopoietic abnormalities indicating defective endochondral ossification, while mutations and abnormal expression of human COLIOA1 cause abnormal chondrocyte hypertrophy that has been seen in many skeletal disorders, including skeletal chondrodysplasia and osteoarthritis. In this review, we summarized the skeletal chondrodysplasia with COLIOA1 gene mutation that shows growth plate defect. We also reviewed recent studies that correlate the type X collagen gene expression and chondrocyte hypertrophy with osteoarthritis. Due to its significant clinical relevance, the type X collagen gene regulation has been extensively studied over the past two decades. Here, we focus on recent progress characterizing the cis-enhancer elements and their binding factors that together confer hypertrophic chondroeyte-specific murine type X collagen gene （CollOal） expression. Based on literature review and our own studies, we surmise that there are multiple factors that contribute to hypertrophic chondrocyte-specific CoHOal expression. These factors include both transactivators （such as Runx2, MEF2C etc.） and repressors （such as AP1, NFATcl, Sox9 etc.）, while other co-factors or epigenetic control of CollOal expression may not be excluded.
文摘Recovering three-dimensional （3D） human pose sequence from arbitrary view is very difficult, due to loss of depth information and self-occlusion. In this paper, view-independent 3D-key-pose set is selected from 3D action samples, for the purpose of representing and recognizing those same actions from a single or few cameras without any restriction of the relative orientations between cameras and subjects. First, 3D-key-pose set is selected from the 3D human joint sequences of 3D training action samples that are built from multiple viewpoints. Second, 3D key pose sequence, which matches best with the observation sequence, is selected from the 3D-key- pose set to represent the observation sequence of arbitrary view. 3D key pose sequence contains many discriminative view-independent key poses but cannot accurately describe pose of every frame in the observation sequence. Considering the above reasons, pose and dynamic of action are modeled respectively in this paper. Exemplar-based embedding and probability of unique key pose are applied to model pose property. Complementary dynamic feature is extracted to model these actions that share the same poses but have different dynamic features. Finally, these action models are fused to recognize observation sequence from a single or few cameras. Effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated with experiments on IXMAS dataset.
