China Energy’s National Institute of Clean-and-Low-Carbon Energy(NICE)is developing a Power Plant Smart Management(PPSM)platform that employs digital-twin technology to undertake techno-economic modelling analysis on...China Energy’s National Institute of Clean-and-Low-Carbon Energy(NICE)is developing a Power Plant Smart Management(PPSM)platform that employs digital-twin technology to undertake techno-economic modelling analysis on China Energy’s existing coal-fired power-plant units and explore cost-effective solutions to improve those plant units’thermal efficiencies and operating performance.This paper presents a case study of PPSM on a 320-MWe coal-fired thermal power-plant unit,demonstrating how the digital-twin technology was employed to explore and analyse optimization solutions.Various optimization solutions and their cost-effectiveness were assessed using the digital-twin-modelling analysis;the results indicated the optimization solutions are expected to improve the plant unit’s operating efficiency and reduce its current electricity-generation coal consumption by up to 3.5 g/kWh standard coal equivalent(sce),worth annual fuel-cost savings of approximately 4 million RMB for a single unit or 8 million RMB for the two identical 320-MWe units that the power plant currently operates.The digital twin was also employed to assess the power-plant unit’s operating economics during both summer and winter.In summer,when the unit operates in electricity-generation-only mode,the unit’s operating thermal efficiency could drop by up to 6%points following the grid demand of load changes from 100%maximum continuous rating(MCR)down to 30% MCR,resulting in an~45 RMB/MWh increase of electricity-generation cost.In winter,when the unit operates in combined heat and power(CHP)cogeneration mode,for the same boiler load,the CHP operation increases the plant unit’s operating profit with increasing district-heating duty,although the relative profit gain from the CHP cogeneration could start to decrease when the district-heating steam-extraction flow increases to a certain point that varies depending on the market prices of heat and electricity,while the fuel cost was found to be equivalent to~50% of the unit’s total CHP income cogenerated from its electricity and district heat outputs.展开更多
In the built heritage studies,the intricate web of social and selective processes that defne heritage is evident.These processes are,in many cases,intertwined with the notion of scale,examplifed through the production...In the built heritage studies,the intricate web of social and selective processes that defne heritage is evident.These processes are,in many cases,intertwined with the notion of scale,examplifed through the production of heritage sites at the local,national,and transnational scales.While heritage and geography scholars have articulated the role played by scale in heritage-making and argue against a rigid,fxed,and hierarchical understanding of scale,they highlight the constant reproduction of scale.There is,so far,limited explanation of how the perception of scale gets reproduced and how crucial actors manipulate scalar power and resources for heritage making and the reproduction of scale.To fll this gap,this paper delves into China's Mainland’s heritage-making,using the southern Anhui historical villages as an example.Based on intensive 5-month feld research,this paper has three fndings:1)The nomination process for a World Heritage Site is notably infuenced by politics and selectivity;2)Diverse stakeholders are pivotal in shaping heritage narratives;3)Individual contributions to heritage creation directly interact with,and subsequently reshape,‘scale’,an entity that is simultaneously discursive and tangible.By integrating the notion of‘scale’into heritage discussions,we illuminate two concurrent processes:creating hierarchies through rule assimilation by interpreting the UNESCO standard internally and evolving socio-spatial dynamics via the manifestation of individual agency with resource manipulation,scale jumping,and reproduction of scale.This approach aligns with the material orientation in human geography and repositions‘scale’.Here,it’s not just an epistemological framework but also a tangible force that steers individual perceptions and actions and yields measurable material impacts.展开更多
文摘China Energy’s National Institute of Clean-and-Low-Carbon Energy(NICE)is developing a Power Plant Smart Management(PPSM)platform that employs digital-twin technology to undertake techno-economic modelling analysis on China Energy’s existing coal-fired power-plant units and explore cost-effective solutions to improve those plant units’thermal efficiencies and operating performance.This paper presents a case study of PPSM on a 320-MWe coal-fired thermal power-plant unit,demonstrating how the digital-twin technology was employed to explore and analyse optimization solutions.Various optimization solutions and their cost-effectiveness were assessed using the digital-twin-modelling analysis;the results indicated the optimization solutions are expected to improve the plant unit’s operating efficiency and reduce its current electricity-generation coal consumption by up to 3.5 g/kWh standard coal equivalent(sce),worth annual fuel-cost savings of approximately 4 million RMB for a single unit or 8 million RMB for the two identical 320-MWe units that the power plant currently operates.The digital twin was also employed to assess the power-plant unit’s operating economics during both summer and winter.In summer,when the unit operates in electricity-generation-only mode,the unit’s operating thermal efficiency could drop by up to 6%points following the grid demand of load changes from 100%maximum continuous rating(MCR)down to 30% MCR,resulting in an~45 RMB/MWh increase of electricity-generation cost.In winter,when the unit operates in combined heat and power(CHP)cogeneration mode,for the same boiler load,the CHP operation increases the plant unit’s operating profit with increasing district-heating duty,although the relative profit gain from the CHP cogeneration could start to decrease when the district-heating steam-extraction flow increases to a certain point that varies depending on the market prices of heat and electricity,while the fuel cost was found to be equivalent to~50% of the unit’s total CHP income cogenerated from its electricity and district heat outputs.
文摘In the built heritage studies,the intricate web of social and selective processes that defne heritage is evident.These processes are,in many cases,intertwined with the notion of scale,examplifed through the production of heritage sites at the local,national,and transnational scales.While heritage and geography scholars have articulated the role played by scale in heritage-making and argue against a rigid,fxed,and hierarchical understanding of scale,they highlight the constant reproduction of scale.There is,so far,limited explanation of how the perception of scale gets reproduced and how crucial actors manipulate scalar power and resources for heritage making and the reproduction of scale.To fll this gap,this paper delves into China's Mainland’s heritage-making,using the southern Anhui historical villages as an example.Based on intensive 5-month feld research,this paper has three fndings:1)The nomination process for a World Heritage Site is notably infuenced by politics and selectivity;2)Diverse stakeholders are pivotal in shaping heritage narratives;3)Individual contributions to heritage creation directly interact with,and subsequently reshape,‘scale’,an entity that is simultaneously discursive and tangible.By integrating the notion of‘scale’into heritage discussions,we illuminate two concurrent processes:creating hierarchies through rule assimilation by interpreting the UNESCO standard internally and evolving socio-spatial dynamics via the manifestation of individual agency with resource manipulation,scale jumping,and reproduction of scale.This approach aligns with the material orientation in human geography and repositions‘scale’.Here,it’s not just an epistemological framework but also a tangible force that steers individual perceptions and actions and yields measurable material impacts.
