Intelligent electronic devices(IEDs)are interconnected via communication networks and play pivotal roles in transmitting grid-related operational data and executing control instructions.In the context of the heightene...Intelligent electronic devices(IEDs)are interconnected via communication networks and play pivotal roles in transmitting grid-related operational data and executing control instructions.In the context of the heightened security challenges within smart grids,IEDs pose significant risks due to inherent hardware and software vulner-abilities,as well as the openness and vulnerability of communication protocols.Smart grid security,distinct from traditional internet security,mainly relies on monitoring network security events at the platform layer,lacking an effective assessment mechanism for IEDs.Hence,we incorporate considerations for both cyber-attacks and physical faults,presenting security assessment indicators and methods specifically tailored for IEDs.Initially,we outline the security monitoring technology for IEDs,considering the necessary data sources for their security assessment.Subsequently,we classify IEDs and establish a comprehensive security monitoring index system,incorporating factors such as running states,network traffic,and abnormal behaviors.This index system contains 18 indicators in 3 categories.Additionally,we elucidate quantitative methods for various indicators and propose a hybrid security assessment method known as GRCW-hybrid,combining grey relational analysis(GRA),analytic hierarchy process(AHP),and entropy weight method(EWM).According to the proposed assessment method,the security risk level of IEDs can be graded into 6 levels,namely 0,1,2,3,4,and 5.The higher the level,the greater the security risk.Finally,we assess and simulate 15 scenarios in 3 categories,which are based on monitoring indicators and real-world situations encountered by IEDs.The results show that calculated security risk level based on the proposed assessment method are consistent with actual simulation.Thus,the reasonableness and effectiveness of the proposed index system and assessment method are validated.展开更多
Frame resolution and physical layer (PHY) protocol type detection are the basis of research and development of intrusion prevention systems for IEEE 802.11 wireless network. Aiming at the problems which cannot be solv...Frame resolution and physical layer (PHY) protocol type detection are the basis of research and development of intrusion prevention systems for IEEE 802.11 wireless network. Aiming at the problems which cannot be solved by the specifications export, this paper proposed a MAC frame analytical method and a PHY protocol type detection algorithm based on parsing the IEEE 802.11packets captured by the library Libpcap. The packet structure and the length of the frame preamble (18 or 26 bytes) are presented. Then the methods of transforming byte-order and resolving sub-fields are given. A detection algorithm of PHY protocol type is proposed based on the experiments and examples are given to verify these methods. This work can be a reference for the R & D related to link layer frame analysis.展开更多
Platelets are small, versatile blood cells that are critical for hemostasis/thrombosis. Local platelet accumulation is a known contributor to proinflammation in various disease states. However, the anti-inflammatory/i...Platelets are small, versatile blood cells that are critical for hemostasis/thrombosis. Local platelet accumulation is a known contributor to proinflammation in various disease states. However, the anti-inflammatory/immunosuppressive potential of platelets has been poorly explored. Here, we uncovered, unexpectedly, desialylated platelets (dPLTs) down-regulated immune responses against both platelet-associated and -independent antigen challenges. Utilizing multispectral photoacoustic tomography, we tracked dPLT trafficking to gut vasculature and an exclusive Kupffer cell-mediated dPLT clearance in the liver, a process that we identified to be synergistically dependent on platelet glycoprotein Ibα and hepatic Ashwell–Morell receptor. Mechanistically, Kupffer cell clearance of dPLT potentiated a systemic immunosuppressive state with increased anti-inflammatory cytokines and circulating CD4+ regulatory T cells, abolishable by Kupffer cell depletion. Last, in a clinically relevant model of hemophilia A, presensitization with dPLT attenuated anti-factor VIII antibody production after factor VIII ( infusion. As platelet desialylation commonly occurs in daily-aged and activated platelets, these findings open new avenues toward understanding immune homeostasis and potentiate the therapeutic potential of dPLT and engineered dPLT transfusions in controlling autoimmune and alloimmune diseases.展开更多
In order to accurately receive early warning of the cascading failures caused by coordinated cyber-attacks(CFCC)in grid cyber-physical systems(GCPS),an adaptive early warning method of CFCC is proposed.First,the evolu...In order to accurately receive early warning of the cascading failures caused by coordinated cyber-attacks(CFCC)in grid cyber-physical systems(GCPS),an adaptive early warning method of CFCC is proposed.First,the evolutionary mechanism of CFCC is analyzed from the attackers'view,the CFCC mathematical model is established,and the transition processes of GCPS running states under the influence of CFCC staged failures are discussed.Then,the mathematical model of the adaptive early warning method is established.Further,the mathematical model of the adaptive early warning method is mapped as an adaptive control process with tolerating staged failures damage,and the solving process is presented to infer the CFCC and its next evolution trend.A decision-making idea for the optimal active defense scheme is proposed considering the costs and gains of various defense measures.Finally,to verify the effectiveness of the adaptive early warning method,the warning and defense processes of a typical CFCC are simulated in a GCPS experimental system based on CEPRI-36 BUS.展开更多
Platelets play critical roles in hemostasis and thrombosis.Emerging evidence indicates that they are versatile cells and also involved in many other physiological processes and disease states.Fetal and neonatal alloim...Platelets play critical roles in hemostasis and thrombosis.Emerging evidence indicates that they are versatile cells and also involved in many other physiological processes and disease states.Fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia(FNAIT)is a life threatening bleeding disorder caused by fetal platelet destruction by maternal alloantibodies developed during pregnancy.Gene polymorphisms cause platelet surface protein incompatibilities between mother and fetus,and ultimately lead to maternal alloimmunization.FNAIT is the most common cause of intracranial hemorrhage in full-term infants and can also lead to intrauterine growth retardation and miscarriage.Proper diagnosis,prevention and treatment of FNAIT is challenging due to insufficient knowledge of the disease and a lack of routine screening as well as its frequent occurrence in first pregnancies.Given the ethical difficulties in performing basic research on human fetuses and neonates,animal models are essential to improve our understanding of the pathogenesis and treatment of FNAIT.The aim of this review is to provide an overview on platelets,hemostasis and thrombocytopenia with a focus on the advancements made in FNAIT by utilizing animal models.展开更多
基金The financial support from the Program for Science and Technology of Henan Province of China(Grant No.242102210148)Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists(Grant No.GZS2022011)Songshan Laboratory Pre-Research Project(Grant No.YYJC032022022).
文摘Intelligent electronic devices(IEDs)are interconnected via communication networks and play pivotal roles in transmitting grid-related operational data and executing control instructions.In the context of the heightened security challenges within smart grids,IEDs pose significant risks due to inherent hardware and software vulner-abilities,as well as the openness and vulnerability of communication protocols.Smart grid security,distinct from traditional internet security,mainly relies on monitoring network security events at the platform layer,lacking an effective assessment mechanism for IEDs.Hence,we incorporate considerations for both cyber-attacks and physical faults,presenting security assessment indicators and methods specifically tailored for IEDs.Initially,we outline the security monitoring technology for IEDs,considering the necessary data sources for their security assessment.Subsequently,we classify IEDs and establish a comprehensive security monitoring index system,incorporating factors such as running states,network traffic,and abnormal behaviors.This index system contains 18 indicators in 3 categories.Additionally,we elucidate quantitative methods for various indicators and propose a hybrid security assessment method known as GRCW-hybrid,combining grey relational analysis(GRA),analytic hierarchy process(AHP),and entropy weight method(EWM).According to the proposed assessment method,the security risk level of IEDs can be graded into 6 levels,namely 0,1,2,3,4,and 5.The higher the level,the greater the security risk.Finally,we assess and simulate 15 scenarios in 3 categories,which are based on monitoring indicators and real-world situations encountered by IEDs.The results show that calculated security risk level based on the proposed assessment method are consistent with actual simulation.Thus,the reasonableness and effectiveness of the proposed index system and assessment method are validated.
文摘Frame resolution and physical layer (PHY) protocol type detection are the basis of research and development of intrusion prevention systems for IEEE 802.11 wireless network. Aiming at the problems which cannot be solved by the specifications export, this paper proposed a MAC frame analytical method and a PHY protocol type detection algorithm based on parsing the IEEE 802.11packets captured by the library Libpcap. The packet structure and the length of the frame preamble (18 or 26 bytes) are presented. Then the methods of transforming byte-order and resolving sub-fields are given. A detection algorithm of PHY protocol type is proposed based on the experiments and examples are given to verify these methods. This work can be a reference for the R & D related to link layer frame analysis.
基金Canadian Institutes of Health Research Foundation grant (389035) (to H.N.)Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR projects: MOP 97918 and MOP 119540) (to H.N.)+5 种基金CIHR-Canadian Blood Services Partnership (to H.N.)Canadian Blood Services Intramural Grant (to H.N.)the Canadian Foundation for Innovation (to H.N.)the National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute grant HL-102035 (to Q.S.)Midwest Athletes Against Childhood Cancer (MACC) Fund (to Q.S.)J.L. is a recipient of Graduate Fellowship from Canadian Blood Services Centre for Innovation, and D.K. is a recipient of a St. Michael's Hospital Research Training Centre (RTC) Scholarship, and Queen Elizabeth II (QE-II) Graduate Scholarship.
文摘Platelets are small, versatile blood cells that are critical for hemostasis/thrombosis. Local platelet accumulation is a known contributor to proinflammation in various disease states. However, the anti-inflammatory/immunosuppressive potential of platelets has been poorly explored. Here, we uncovered, unexpectedly, desialylated platelets (dPLTs) down-regulated immune responses against both platelet-associated and -independent antigen challenges. Utilizing multispectral photoacoustic tomography, we tracked dPLT trafficking to gut vasculature and an exclusive Kupffer cell-mediated dPLT clearance in the liver, a process that we identified to be synergistically dependent on platelet glycoprotein Ibα and hepatic Ashwell–Morell receptor. Mechanistically, Kupffer cell clearance of dPLT potentiated a systemic immunosuppressive state with increased anti-inflammatory cytokines and circulating CD4+ regulatory T cells, abolishable by Kupffer cell depletion. Last, in a clinically relevant model of hemophilia A, presensitization with dPLT attenuated anti-factor VIII antibody production after factor VIII ( infusion. As platelet desialylation commonly occurs in daily-aged and activated platelets, these findings open new avenues toward understanding immune homeostasis and potentiate the therapeutic potential of dPLT and engineered dPLT transfusions in controlling autoimmune and alloimmune diseases.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51977155).
文摘In order to accurately receive early warning of the cascading failures caused by coordinated cyber-attacks(CFCC)in grid cyber-physical systems(GCPS),an adaptive early warning method of CFCC is proposed.First,the evolutionary mechanism of CFCC is analyzed from the attackers'view,the CFCC mathematical model is established,and the transition processes of GCPS running states under the influence of CFCC staged failures are discussed.Then,the mathematical model of the adaptive early warning method is established.Further,the mathematical model of the adaptive early warning method is mapped as an adaptive control process with tolerating staged failures damage,and the solving process is presented to infer the CFCC and its next evolution trend.A decision-making idea for the optimal active defense scheme is proposed considering the costs and gains of various defense measures.Finally,to verify the effectiveness of the adaptive early warning method,the warning and defense processes of a typical CFCC are simulated in a GCPS experimental system based on CEPRI-36 BUS.
基金This work was supported by Canadian Institutes of Health Research(MOP 68986,MOP 119551,MOP 97918,and 119540)。
文摘Platelets play critical roles in hemostasis and thrombosis.Emerging evidence indicates that they are versatile cells and also involved in many other physiological processes and disease states.Fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia(FNAIT)is a life threatening bleeding disorder caused by fetal platelet destruction by maternal alloantibodies developed during pregnancy.Gene polymorphisms cause platelet surface protein incompatibilities between mother and fetus,and ultimately lead to maternal alloimmunization.FNAIT is the most common cause of intracranial hemorrhage in full-term infants and can also lead to intrauterine growth retardation and miscarriage.Proper diagnosis,prevention and treatment of FNAIT is challenging due to insufficient knowledge of the disease and a lack of routine screening as well as its frequent occurrence in first pregnancies.Given the ethical difficulties in performing basic research on human fetuses and neonates,animal models are essential to improve our understanding of the pathogenesis and treatment of FNAIT.The aim of this review is to provide an overview on platelets,hemostasis and thrombocytopenia with a focus on the advancements made in FNAIT by utilizing animal models.
