Dielectric elastomers(DEs)have emerged as one of the most promising artificial muscle technologies,due to their exceptional properties such as large actuation strain,fast response,high energy density,and flexible proc...Dielectric elastomers(DEs)have emerged as one of the most promising artificial muscle technologies,due to their exceptional properties such as large actuation strain,fast response,high energy density,and flexible processibility for various configurations.Over the past two decades,researchers have been working on developing DE materials with improved properties and exploring innovative applications of dielectric elastomer actuators(DEAs).This review article focuses on two main topics:recent material innovation of DEs and development of multilayer stacking processes for DEAs,which are important to promoting commercialization of DEs.It begins by explaining the working principle of a DEA.Then,recently developed strategies for preparing new DE materials are introduced,including reducing mechanical stiffness,increasing dielectric permittivity,suppressing viscoelasticity loss,and mitigating electromechanical instability without pre-stretching.In the next section,different multilayer stacking methods for fabricating multilayer DEAs are discussed,including conventional dry stacking,wet stacking,a novel dry stacking method,and micro-fabrication-enabled stacking techniques.This review provides a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of recent developments in high-performance DE materials and multilayer stacking methods.It highlights the progress made in the field and also discusses potential future directions for further advancements.展开更多
A GaN-based pin neutron detector with a 6LiF conversion layer was fabricated, and can be used to detect thermal neutrons. Measurement of the electrical characteristic of the GaN-based pin neutron detector showed that ...A GaN-based pin neutron detector with a 6LiF conversion layer was fabricated, and can be used to detect thermal neutrons. Measurement of the electrical characteristic of the GaN-based pin neutron detector showed that the reverse leakage current of the neutron detector was reduced significantly after deposition of a 6LiF conversion layer on the detector surface. The thermal neutrons used in this experiment were obtained from an 241Am-Be fast neutron source after being moderated by 100-mm-thick high-density polyethylene. The experimental results show that the detector with 16.9-μm thick 6LiF achieved a maximum neutron detection efficiency of 1.9% at a reverse bias of 0 V, which is less than the theoretical detection efficiency of 4.1% calculated for our GaN neutron detectors.展开更多
Glycine-rich proteins(GRPs)have diverse amino acid sequences and are involved in a variety of biological processes.The role of GRPs in plant pathogenic fungi has not been reported.In this study,we identified and funct...Glycine-rich proteins(GRPs)have diverse amino acid sequences and are involved in a variety of biological processes.The role of GRPs in plant pathogenic fungi has not been reported.In this study,we identified and functionally characterized a novel gene named MoGRP1 in Magnaporthe oryzae,which encodes a protein that has an N-terminal RNA recognition motif(RRM)and a C-terminal glycine-rich domain with four Arg-Gly-Gly(RGG)repeats.Deletion of MoGRP1 resulted in dramatic reductions in fungal virulence,mycelial growth,and conidiation.TheΔMogrp1 mutants were also defective in cell wall integrity and in their responses to different stresses.MoGrp1 was localized to the nucleus and was co-immunoprecipitated with several components of the spliceosome,including subunits of the U1 snRNP and U2 snRNP complexes.Moreover,MoGrp1 exhibited binding affinity for poly(U).Importantly,MoGrp1 was responsible for the normal splicing of genes involved in infection-related morphogenesis.Domain deletion assays showed that both the RRM domain and its two adjacent RGG repeats were essential to the full function of MoGrp1.Notably,the nine amino acids between the first and the second RGG repeats were indispensable for nuclear localization and for the biological functions of MoGrp1.Taken together,our data suggest that MoGrp1 functions as a novel splicing factor with poly(U)binding activity to regulate fungal virulence,development,and stress responses in the rice blast fungus.展开更多
Botryosphaeriaceae(Botryosphaeriales,Dothideomycetes,Ascomycota)encompasses commonly encountered opportunistic pathogens that cause stem cankers on woody plants.Lifestyles of Botryosphaeriaceae species could vary as e...Botryosphaeriaceae(Botryosphaeriales,Dothideomycetes,Ascomycota)encompasses commonly encountered opportunistic pathogens that cause stem cankers on woody plants.Lifestyles of Botryosphaeriaceae species could vary as endophytes,pathogens and saprobes and one species can have one or more lifestyles.Therefore,this family is an excellent candidate to study the relationships among lifestyles and lifestyle changes.It is postulated that this family has saprobic ancestors,and the mechanisms by which they evolved from nonpathogenic ancestors to woody pathogens remain unclear.Here,we present an analysis of 18 Botryosphaeriaceae genomes,including four newly generated high-quality genomes of Botryosphaeriaceae strains.We compared Botryosphaeriaceae genomes with phylogenetically closely related Dothideomycetes taxa including plant pathogens and saprobes which revealed significant net gene family expansion in Botryosphaeriaceae.This gene expan-sion is prominent in the early ancestors before the divergence of genera of Botryosphaeriaceae.This expansion affected the pathogenicity-related genes and detoxification genes.Furthermore,we analysed horizontal gene transfer,which is a mechanism of transfer to genetic material between organisms that are not in a parent-offspring relationship and identified widespread putative intra-kingdom horizontal gene transfer events in this family.Most were transferred during the evolution of ancient ancestors of Botryosphaeriaceae,before the divergence of the modern genera and were enriched in pathogenicity-related genes and detoxification genes.Furthermore,The RNA sequencing analysis of the Botryosphaeriaceae species Lasiodiplodia theobromae revealed that pathogenicity-related genes and detoxification genes,including those obtained through gene family expansion and horizontal gene transfers,were significantly induced after the infection of plant hosts rather than before infection.These insights reveal critical roles for gene family expansion and horizontal gene transfers in the evolutionary adaptation of Botryosphaeriaceae in the infection of woody plants.We postulate that the pathogenic life-style of Botryosphaeriaceae species evolved from saprobic or endophytic lifestyles in the early divergence of this family.However,there are few endophytic genomes available for closely related species of Botryosphaeriaceae,thus further studies are necessary to clarify the evolutionary relationships of the endophytes.展开更多
基金This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.T229722).
文摘Dielectric elastomers(DEs)have emerged as one of the most promising artificial muscle technologies,due to their exceptional properties such as large actuation strain,fast response,high energy density,and flexible processibility for various configurations.Over the past two decades,researchers have been working on developing DE materials with improved properties and exploring innovative applications of dielectric elastomer actuators(DEAs).This review article focuses on two main topics:recent material innovation of DEs and development of multilayer stacking processes for DEAs,which are important to promoting commercialization of DEs.It begins by explaining the working principle of a DEA.Then,recently developed strategies for preparing new DE materials are introduced,including reducing mechanical stiffness,increasing dielectric permittivity,suppressing viscoelasticity loss,and mitigating electromechanical instability without pre-stretching.In the next section,different multilayer stacking methods for fabricating multilayer DEAs are discussed,including conventional dry stacking,wet stacking,a novel dry stacking method,and micro-fabrication-enabled stacking techniques.This review provides a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of recent developments in high-performance DE materials and multilayer stacking methods.It highlights the progress made in the field and also discusses potential future directions for further advancements.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.61964001 and 61961001)the State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics(Grant No.SKLPDE-KF-2019)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province,China(Grant Nos.20192BAB207033 and 20181BAB202026)the Foundation of State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Nuclear Resources and Environment(East China Institute of Technology)(Grant No.NRE1515)the Jiangxi Provincial Postdoctoral Science Foundation,China(Grant No.2018KY31).
文摘A GaN-based pin neutron detector with a 6LiF conversion layer was fabricated, and can be used to detect thermal neutrons. Measurement of the electrical characteristic of the GaN-based pin neutron detector showed that the reverse leakage current of the neutron detector was reduced significantly after deposition of a 6LiF conversion layer on the detector surface. The thermal neutrons used in this experiment were obtained from an 241Am-Be fast neutron source after being moderated by 100-mm-thick high-density polyethylene. The experimental results show that the detector with 16.9-μm thick 6LiF achieved a maximum neutron detection efficiency of 1.9% at a reverse bias of 0 V, which is less than the theoretical detection efficiency of 4.1% calculated for our GaN neutron detectors.
基金funded by Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31872916)Beijing Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.6172020),National Key Research+2 种基金Development Plan(Grant No.2016YFD0300703)PCSIRT(Grant No.IRT1042)The funders had no roles in study design,data collection and analysis,decision to publish,or preparation of the manuscript.
文摘Glycine-rich proteins(GRPs)have diverse amino acid sequences and are involved in a variety of biological processes.The role of GRPs in plant pathogenic fungi has not been reported.In this study,we identified and functionally characterized a novel gene named MoGRP1 in Magnaporthe oryzae,which encodes a protein that has an N-terminal RNA recognition motif(RRM)and a C-terminal glycine-rich domain with four Arg-Gly-Gly(RGG)repeats.Deletion of MoGRP1 resulted in dramatic reductions in fungal virulence,mycelial growth,and conidiation.TheΔMogrp1 mutants were also defective in cell wall integrity and in their responses to different stresses.MoGrp1 was localized to the nucleus and was co-immunoprecipitated with several components of the spliceosome,including subunits of the U1 snRNP and U2 snRNP complexes.Moreover,MoGrp1 exhibited binding affinity for poly(U).Importantly,MoGrp1 was responsible for the normal splicing of genes involved in infection-related morphogenesis.Domain deletion assays showed that both the RRM domain and its two adjacent RGG repeats were essential to the full function of MoGrp1.Notably,the nine amino acids between the first and the second RGG repeats were indispensable for nuclear localization and for the biological functions of MoGrp1.Taken together,our data suggest that MoGrp1 functions as a novel splicing factor with poly(U)binding activity to regulate fungal virulence,development,and stress responses in the rice blast fungus.
基金supported by Youth Beijing Scholar GrantChina Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA,and Outstanding Scientist Grant of Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences(JKZX202204)。
文摘Botryosphaeriaceae(Botryosphaeriales,Dothideomycetes,Ascomycota)encompasses commonly encountered opportunistic pathogens that cause stem cankers on woody plants.Lifestyles of Botryosphaeriaceae species could vary as endophytes,pathogens and saprobes and one species can have one or more lifestyles.Therefore,this family is an excellent candidate to study the relationships among lifestyles and lifestyle changes.It is postulated that this family has saprobic ancestors,and the mechanisms by which they evolved from nonpathogenic ancestors to woody pathogens remain unclear.Here,we present an analysis of 18 Botryosphaeriaceae genomes,including four newly generated high-quality genomes of Botryosphaeriaceae strains.We compared Botryosphaeriaceae genomes with phylogenetically closely related Dothideomycetes taxa including plant pathogens and saprobes which revealed significant net gene family expansion in Botryosphaeriaceae.This gene expan-sion is prominent in the early ancestors before the divergence of genera of Botryosphaeriaceae.This expansion affected the pathogenicity-related genes and detoxification genes.Furthermore,we analysed horizontal gene transfer,which is a mechanism of transfer to genetic material between organisms that are not in a parent-offspring relationship and identified widespread putative intra-kingdom horizontal gene transfer events in this family.Most were transferred during the evolution of ancient ancestors of Botryosphaeriaceae,before the divergence of the modern genera and were enriched in pathogenicity-related genes and detoxification genes.Furthermore,The RNA sequencing analysis of the Botryosphaeriaceae species Lasiodiplodia theobromae revealed that pathogenicity-related genes and detoxification genes,including those obtained through gene family expansion and horizontal gene transfers,were significantly induced after the infection of plant hosts rather than before infection.These insights reveal critical roles for gene family expansion and horizontal gene transfers in the evolutionary adaptation of Botryosphaeriaceae in the infection of woody plants.We postulate that the pathogenic life-style of Botryosphaeriaceae species evolved from saprobic or endophytic lifestyles in the early divergence of this family.However,there are few endophytic genomes available for closely related species of Botryosphaeriaceae,thus further studies are necessary to clarify the evolutionary relationships of the endophytes.
