[Objective]This study aimed to investigate the culture conditions for hairy roots of Aconitum coreanum（Levl.）Raipaics and optimize the amplification culture conditions in bioreactors,thus providing basis for large-s...[Objective]This study aimed to investigate the culture conditions for hairy roots of Aconitum coreanum（Levl.）Raipaics and optimize the amplification culture conditions in bioreactors,thus providing basis for large-scale production of A.coreanum hairy roots.[Method]The effects of different p H,culture modes and culture vessels on the growth of hairy roots were compared to obtain the optimal culture conditions for A.coreanum hairy roots.Moreover,the effects of medium volume and inoculation mode on bioreactor culture of A.coreanum hairy roots were investigated to analyze the feasibility of amplification culture of hairy roots in bioreactors.[Result]After autoclaving,medium p H was reduced slightly and the clarity of medium varied.To be specific,A.coreanum hairy roots cultured in medium at p H 5.80 exhibited the best growth.A.coreanum hairy roots cultured in liquid medium displayed more rapid growth than hairy roots cultured in solid medium.Medium p H and electrical conductivity（EC）varied with the extension of culture time.The yield and propagation coefficient of A.coreanum hairy roots were positively correlated with the size of culture vessels.The growth of hairy roots cultured in bioreactors were influenced by medium volumes and inoculation modes.[Conclusion]The growth of A.coreanum hairy roots were significantly influenced by medium p H,culture modes and culture vessels.A.coreanum hairy roots cultured in bioreactors exhibited high yield and large propagation coefficient.According to the results,the relationship between ventilation volume and hairy root density is crucial to the amplification culture of A.coreanum hairy roots.展开更多
In recent years,exploring the relationship between community structure and node centrality in complex networks has gained significant attention from researchers,given its fundamental theoretical significance and pract...In recent years,exploring the relationship between community structure and node centrality in complex networks has gained significant attention from researchers,given its fundamental theoretical significance and practical implications.To address the impact of network communities on target nodes and effectively identify highly influential nodes with strong propagation capabilities,this paper proposes a novel influential spreaders identification algorithm based on density entropy and community structure(DECS).The proposed method initially integrates a community detection algorithm to obtain the community partition results of the networks.It then comprehensively considers the internal and external density entropies and degree centrality of the target node to evaluate its influence.Experimental validation is conducted on eight networks of varying sizes through susceptible–infected–recovered(SIR)propagation experiments and network static attack experiments.The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms five other node centrality methods under the same comparative conditions,particularly in terms of information spreading capability,thereby enhancing the accurate identification of critical nodes in networks.展开更多
Objective To investigate the prevalence of anti-endothelial cell antibodies (AECAs) in the sera of connective tissue diseases (CTD) patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and its correlation with clinical...Objective To investigate the prevalence of anti-endothelial cell antibodies (AECAs) in the sera of connective tissue diseases (CTD) patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and its correlation with clinical manifestations. Methods AECAs in sera of 39 CTD patients with PAH,22 CTD patients without PAH,and 10 healthy donors as controls were detected with Western blotting. The prevalence of different AECAs in different groups was compared and its correlation with clinical manifestations was also investigated. Results The prevalence of AECAs was 82.1% in CTD patients with PAH,72.7% in CTD patients without PAH,and 20.0% in healthy donors. Anti-22 kD AECA was only detected in CTD patients with PAH (15.4%). Anti-75 kD AECA was more frequently detected in CTD patients with PAH than in those without PAH (51.3% vs. 22.7%,P<0.05). In CTD patients with PAH,anti-75 kD AECA was more frequently detected in those with Raynaud’s phenomenon or with positive anti-RNP antibody. Conclusion AECAs could be frequently detected in CTD patients with or without PAH,while anti-22 kD and anti-75 kD AECA might be specific in CTD patients with PAH.展开更多
Software debugging accounts for a vast majority of the financial and time costs in software developing and maintenance. Thus, approaches of software fault localization that can help automate the debugging process have...Software debugging accounts for a vast majority of the financial and time costs in software developing and maintenance. Thus, approaches of software fault localization that can help automate the debugging process have become a hot topic in the field of software engineering. Given the great demand for software fault localization, an approach based on the artificial bee colony （ABC） algorithm is proposed to be integrated with other related techniques. In this process, the source program is initially instrumented after analyzing the dependence information. The test case sets are then compiled and run on the instrumented program, and execution results are input to the ABC algorithm. The algorithm can determine the largest fitness value and best food source by calculating the average fitness of the employed bees in the iteralive process. The program unit with the highest suspicion score corresponding to the best test case set is regarded as the final fault localization. Experiments are conducted with the TCAS program in the Siemens suite. Results demonstrate that the proposed fault localization method is effective and efficient. The ABC algorithm can efficiently avoid the local optimum, and ensure the validity of the fault location to a larger extent.展开更多
Fruit of Lonicera caerulea L. is a rich source of phenolic compounds such as phenolic acids as well as anthocyanins,proanthocyanidins and other flavonoids,which display potential health-promoting effects. However,its ...Fruit of Lonicera caerulea L. is a rich source of phenolic compounds such as phenolic acids as well as anthocyanins,proanthocyanidins and other flavonoids,which display potential health-promoting effects. However,its genetics and genomic information is limited. Transcriptome and digital gene expression( DGE) profiles of fruit at four different development stages were compared. Related genes with anthocyanin biosynthesis were compared using real-time quantitative PCR( qRT-PCR). RNA-Seq generated 6. 26-Gb clean reads,which was then de novo assembled into 45,656 UniG enes with a mean length 837 bp. A total of 7 928 unigenes were annotated into 32 known metabolic or signaling pathways in which a few primary,intermediate,and secondary metabolic pathways are directly related to fruit quality. The result of DGE and qRT-PCR indicates that UFGT( comp20132_c0) may play a key role in honeysuckle coloration. This provides a reference for the study of complicated metabolism in non-model perennial species.展开更多
Identification of kiwifruit germplasm materials is the basis of protecting and utilizing these resources.However,identifying Actinidia arguta varieties based on morphology is difficult,especially for non-specialists.I...Identification of kiwifruit germplasm materials is the basis of protecting and utilizing these resources.However,identifying Actinidia arguta varieties based on morphology is difficult,especially for non-specialists.In this study,we collected 180 specimens comprising 60 varieties of three species(A.arguta,A.kolomikta,and A.polygama)from the Northeast of China.The emphasis of our study was on the feasibility of identifying A.arguta varieties.Here,we used common analysis methods(genetic distance,phylogenetic analysis and the DNA barcoding gap)and SNPs analysis to evaluate the discriminatory power of different DNA barcoding markers.The results revealed that common methods were insufficient to identify A.arguta varieties but SNPs analysis based on DNA barcoden was the potential method for identifying A.arguta varieties.Besides,Our study agree that DNA barcoding could be used to analysis the evaluation genetic relationship of the Actinidia plants.展开更多
An approach to design and implement the control function of LD (Ladder Diagram) in the hydropower simulation system based on all paths searching algorithm is proposed in this paper. LD is widely used as a programming ...An approach to design and implement the control function of LD (Ladder Diagram) in the hydropower simulation system based on all paths searching algorithm is proposed in this paper. LD is widely used as a programming language for PLC (Programmable Logic Controller), but it doesn’t be executed automatically in the hydropower simulation system which is a software system, and there is no compiler or interpretation for LD in it. The approach in this paper is not only to present a graphical interface to design LD, but also implement its control function through transforming it to a corresponding undigraph, in which, all paths be-tween two vertexes (live wire and null line) are searched by the proposed algorithm. An application example is presented to verify the validity of the algorithm and shows that the algorithm is correct and practicable. In addition, how to implement the control function based on object-oriented thought is introduced. The running time is shown at last, which proves that the system with the algorithm can meet the real-time request in the hydropower simulation system.展开更多
Cancer occurrence and development has been demonstrated to be associated with escape from immune surveillance, and low eostimulatory molecules expression has been considered as one of the important reasons for cancer ...Cancer occurrence and development has been demonstrated to be associated with escape from immune surveillance, and low eostimulatory molecules expression has been considered as one of the important reasons for cancer evading the immune system. 4-1BB （CD137） is a costimulatory molecule expressed on the surface of activated T cells. Interaction of 4-1BB with its natural ligand （4-1BBL） expressed on antigen presenting cells （APCs） has been shown to amplify T-cell mediated immunity. We therefore examined whether murine cancer cells expressing 4-1BBL could produce antitumor effects in inoculated mice. Mouse forestomach carcinoma （MFC） cells were transfected with 4-1BBL gene （MFC/4-1BBL）. The proliferation of the transduced cells in vitro was not different from that of parental cells. However, MFC/4-1BBL cells developed small tumors and induced higher cytotoxicity of tumor infiltration lymphocyte （TIL）. Production of cytokines （IFN-γ TNF-α and IL-2） in serum and cytotoxic T lymphocyte （CTL） activity of splenocytes from mice immunized with mitomycin C （MMC）-treated MFC/4-1BBL cells were significantly higher than that from mice immunized with MMC-treated parental MFC and MFC/ pMKITneo cells. These results suggest that modification of cancer cells with 4-1BBL gene can produce antitumor immune responses.展开更多
Signal drift and performance instability of brain-computer interface devices induced by the interface failure between rigid metal electrodes and soft human skin hinder the precise data acquisition of electroencephalog...Signal drift and performance instability of brain-computer interface devices induced by the interface failure between rigid metal electrodes and soft human skin hinder the precise data acquisition of electroencephalogram(EEG).Thus,it is desirable to achieve a robust interface for brain-computer interface devices.Here,a kind of polydopamine methacrylamide-polyacrylamide(PDMA-PAAM)hydrogel is developed.To improve the adhesion,dopamine is introduced into the polyacrylamide hydrogel,through the amino and catechol groups of dopamine in an organic-inorganic interface to build a covalent and non-covalent interaction.A strong attachment and an effective modulus transition system can be formed between the metal electrodes and human skin,so that the peeling force between the PDMAPAAM hydrogel and the porcine skin can reach 22 N m^(-1).In addition,the stable conductivity and long-term operating life of the PDMA-PAAM hydrogel for more than 60 days at room temperature are achieved by adding sodium chloride(NaCl)and glycerol,respectively.The PDMA-PAAM hydrogel membrane fabricated in this work is integrated onto a flexible Au electrode applied in a brain-computer interface.In comparison,the collected EEG signal intensity and waveform are consistent with that of the commercial counterparts.And obviously,the flexible electrode with PDMA-PAAM hydrogel membrane is demonstrated to enable a more stable and userfriendly interface.展开更多
G-quadruplex is a high-level structure composed of folded DNA or RNA rich in tandem repeats of guanine(G).In recent years,G-quadruplex is widely used in various fields due to its unique structural properties.This arti...G-quadruplex is a high-level structure composed of folded DNA or RNA rich in tandem repeats of guanine(G).In recent years,G-quadruplex is widely used in various fields due to its unique structural properties.This article briefly introduces the structural properties of G-quadruplex,and provides a brief introduction to the research on DNA and RNA G-quadruplex in various detection and medical fields.It is hoped that this can provide some help to readers who want to understand G-quadruplex.展开更多
Background： Nontraumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head （NONFH） is a debilitating disease that represents a significant financial burden for both individuals and healthcare systems. Despite its significance, how...Background： Nontraumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head （NONFH） is a debilitating disease that represents a significant financial burden for both individuals and healthcare systems. Despite its significance, however, its prevalence in the Chinese general population remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of NONFH and its associated risk factors in the Chinese population. Methods： A nationally representative survey of 30,030 respondents was undertaken from June 2012 to August 2013. All participants underwent a questionnaire investigation, physical examination of hip, and bilateral hip joint X-ray and/or magnetic resonance imaging exalnination. Blood samples were taken after overnight fasting to test serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, and high-density lipoprotein （HDL） and low-density lipoprotein （LDL） levels. We then used multivariate logistic regression analysis to investigate the associations between various metabolic, demographic, and lifestyle-related variables and NONFH. Results： NONFH was diagnosed in 218 subjects （0.725%） and the estimated NONFH cases were 8.12 million among Chinesepeople aged 15 years and over. The prevalence of NONFH was significantly higher in males than in females （1.02% vs. 0.51%, x^2 = 24.997, P 〈 0.001 ）. Among NONFH patients, North residents were subjected to higher prevalence of NONFH than that of South residents （0.85% vs. 0.61%,x^2= 5.847, P = 0.016）. Our multivariate regression analysis showed that high blood levels oftriglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and non-H DL-cholesterol, male, urban residence, family history of osteonecrosis of the femoral head. heavy smoking, alcohol abuse and glucocorticoid intake, overweight, and obesity were all significantly associated with an increased risk of NONFH. Conclusions： Our findings highlight that NONFH is a significantpublic health challenge in China and underscore the need for policy measures on the national level. Furthermore, NONFH shares a number of risk factors with atherosclerosis.展开更多
基金Supported by Science and Technology Support Program of Jilin City(201222306)
文摘[Objective]This study aimed to investigate the culture conditions for hairy roots of Aconitum coreanum（Levl.）Raipaics and optimize the amplification culture conditions in bioreactors,thus providing basis for large-scale production of A.coreanum hairy roots.[Method]The effects of different p H,culture modes and culture vessels on the growth of hairy roots were compared to obtain the optimal culture conditions for A.coreanum hairy roots.Moreover,the effects of medium volume and inoculation mode on bioreactor culture of A.coreanum hairy roots were investigated to analyze the feasibility of amplification culture of hairy roots in bioreactors.[Result]After autoclaving,medium p H was reduced slightly and the clarity of medium varied.To be specific,A.coreanum hairy roots cultured in medium at p H 5.80 exhibited the best growth.A.coreanum hairy roots cultured in liquid medium displayed more rapid growth than hairy roots cultured in solid medium.Medium p H and electrical conductivity（EC）varied with the extension of culture time.The yield and propagation coefficient of A.coreanum hairy roots were positively correlated with the size of culture vessels.The growth of hairy roots cultured in bioreactors were influenced by medium volumes and inoculation modes.[Conclusion]The growth of A.coreanum hairy roots were significantly influenced by medium p H,culture modes and culture vessels.A.coreanum hairy roots cultured in bioreactors exhibited high yield and large propagation coefficient.According to the results,the relationship between ventilation volume and hairy root density is crucial to the amplification culture of A.coreanum hairy roots.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.61803264)。
文摘In recent years,exploring the relationship between community structure and node centrality in complex networks has gained significant attention from researchers,given its fundamental theoretical significance and practical implications.To address the impact of network communities on target nodes and effectively identify highly influential nodes with strong propagation capabilities,this paper proposes a novel influential spreaders identification algorithm based on density entropy and community structure(DECS).The proposed method initially integrates a community detection algorithm to obtain the community partition results of the networks.It then comprehensively considers the internal and external density entropies and degree centrality of the target node to evaluate its influence.Experimental validation is conducted on eight networks of varying sizes through susceptible–infected–recovered(SIR)propagation experiments and network static attack experiments.The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms five other node centrality methods under the same comparative conditions,particularly in terms of information spreading capability,thereby enhancing the accurate identification of critical nodes in networks.
基金Supported by Chinese National Key Technology R&D Program (2006BAI01A07, 2008BAI59B02)Clinical Grant of Chinese Medicine Association (08010270105)
文摘Objective To investigate the prevalence of anti-endothelial cell antibodies (AECAs) in the sera of connective tissue diseases (CTD) patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and its correlation with clinical manifestations. Methods AECAs in sera of 39 CTD patients with PAH,22 CTD patients without PAH,and 10 healthy donors as controls were detected with Western blotting. The prevalence of different AECAs in different groups was compared and its correlation with clinical manifestations was also investigated. Results The prevalence of AECAs was 82.1% in CTD patients with PAH,72.7% in CTD patients without PAH,and 20.0% in healthy donors. Anti-22 kD AECA was only detected in CTD patients with PAH (15.4%). Anti-75 kD AECA was more frequently detected in CTD patients with PAH than in those without PAH (51.3% vs. 22.7%,P<0.05). In CTD patients with PAH,anti-75 kD AECA was more frequently detected in those with Raynaud’s phenomenon or with positive anti-RNP antibody. Conclusion AECAs could be frequently detected in CTD patients with or without PAH,while anti-22 kD and anti-75 kD AECA might be specific in CTD patients with PAH.
文摘Software debugging accounts for a vast majority of the financial and time costs in software developing and maintenance. Thus, approaches of software fault localization that can help automate the debugging process have become a hot topic in the field of software engineering. Given the great demand for software fault localization, an approach based on the artificial bee colony （ABC） algorithm is proposed to be integrated with other related techniques. In this process, the source program is initially instrumented after analyzing the dependence information. The test case sets are then compiled and run on the instrumented program, and execution results are input to the ABC algorithm. The algorithm can determine the largest fitness value and best food source by calculating the average fitness of the employed bees in the iteralive process. The program unit with the highest suspicion score corresponding to the best test case set is regarded as the final fault localization. Experiments are conducted with the TCAS program in the Siemens suite. Results demonstrate that the proposed fault localization method is effective and efficient. The ABC algorithm can efficiently avoid the local optimum, and ensure the validity of the fault location to a larger extent.
基金Supported by Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project of China
文摘Fruit of Lonicera caerulea L. is a rich source of phenolic compounds such as phenolic acids as well as anthocyanins,proanthocyanidins and other flavonoids,which display potential health-promoting effects. However,its genetics and genomic information is limited. Transcriptome and digital gene expression( DGE) profiles of fruit at four different development stages were compared. Related genes with anthocyanin biosynthesis were compared using real-time quantitative PCR( qRT-PCR). RNA-Seq generated 6. 26-Gb clean reads,which was then de novo assembled into 45,656 UniG enes with a mean length 837 bp. A total of 7 928 unigenes were annotated into 32 known metabolic or signaling pathways in which a few primary,intermediate,and secondary metabolic pathways are directly related to fruit quality. The result of DGE and qRT-PCR indicates that UFGT( comp20132_c0) may play a key role in honeysuckle coloration. This provides a reference for the study of complicated metabolism in non-model perennial species.
基金Supported by the Jilin Scientific and Technological Development Program(20170203006NY)Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund(1610342016019)
文摘Identification of kiwifruit germplasm materials is the basis of protecting and utilizing these resources.However,identifying Actinidia arguta varieties based on morphology is difficult,especially for non-specialists.In this study,we collected 180 specimens comprising 60 varieties of three species(A.arguta,A.kolomikta,and A.polygama)from the Northeast of China.The emphasis of our study was on the feasibility of identifying A.arguta varieties.Here,we used common analysis methods(genetic distance,phylogenetic analysis and the DNA barcoding gap)and SNPs analysis to evaluate the discriminatory power of different DNA barcoding markers.The results revealed that common methods were insufficient to identify A.arguta varieties but SNPs analysis based on DNA barcoden was the potential method for identifying A.arguta varieties.Besides,Our study agree that DNA barcoding could be used to analysis the evaluation genetic relationship of the Actinidia plants.
文摘An approach to design and implement the control function of LD (Ladder Diagram) in the hydropower simulation system based on all paths searching algorithm is proposed in this paper. LD is widely used as a programming language for PLC (Programmable Logic Controller), but it doesn’t be executed automatically in the hydropower simulation system which is a software system, and there is no compiler or interpretation for LD in it. The approach in this paper is not only to present a graphical interface to design LD, but also implement its control function through transforming it to a corresponding undigraph, in which, all paths be-tween two vertexes (live wire and null line) are searched by the proposed algorithm. An application example is presented to verify the validity of the algorithm and shows that the algorithm is correct and practicable. In addition, how to implement the control function based on object-oriented thought is introduced. The running time is shown at last, which proves that the system with the algorithm can meet the real-time request in the hydropower simulation system.
基金a grant from Hebei Provincial Department of Educationa grant from Hebei Provincial Department of Science and Technology (06276102D-95)
文摘Cancer occurrence and development has been demonstrated to be associated with escape from immune surveillance, and low eostimulatory molecules expression has been considered as one of the important reasons for cancer evading the immune system. 4-1BB （CD137） is a costimulatory molecule expressed on the surface of activated T cells. Interaction of 4-1BB with its natural ligand （4-1BBL） expressed on antigen presenting cells （APCs） has been shown to amplify T-cell mediated immunity. We therefore examined whether murine cancer cells expressing 4-1BBL could produce antitumor effects in inoculated mice. Mouse forestomach carcinoma （MFC） cells were transfected with 4-1BBL gene （MFC/4-1BBL）. The proliferation of the transduced cells in vitro was not different from that of parental cells. However, MFC/4-1BBL cells developed small tumors and induced higher cytotoxicity of tumor infiltration lymphocyte （TIL）. Production of cytokines （IFN-γ TNF-α and IL-2） in serum and cytotoxic T lymphocyte （CTL） activity of splenocytes from mice immunized with mitomycin C （MMC）-treated MFC/4-1BBL cells were significantly higher than that from mice immunized with MMC-treated parental MFC and MFC/ pMKITneo cells. These results suggest that modification of cancer cells with 4-1BBL gene can produce antitumor immune responses.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U20A6001,11921002,and 11902292)Zhejiang Province Key Research and Development Project(2021C01183,2020C05004,and 2021C05007-4)the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province of China(LQ19E030003)。
文摘Signal drift and performance instability of brain-computer interface devices induced by the interface failure between rigid metal electrodes and soft human skin hinder the precise data acquisition of electroencephalogram(EEG).Thus,it is desirable to achieve a robust interface for brain-computer interface devices.Here,a kind of polydopamine methacrylamide-polyacrylamide(PDMA-PAAM)hydrogel is developed.To improve the adhesion,dopamine is introduced into the polyacrylamide hydrogel,through the amino and catechol groups of dopamine in an organic-inorganic interface to build a covalent and non-covalent interaction.A strong attachment and an effective modulus transition system can be formed between the metal electrodes and human skin,so that the peeling force between the PDMAPAAM hydrogel and the porcine skin can reach 22 N m^(-1).In addition,the stable conductivity and long-term operating life of the PDMA-PAAM hydrogel for more than 60 days at room temperature are achieved by adding sodium chloride(NaCl)and glycerol,respectively.The PDMA-PAAM hydrogel membrane fabricated in this work is integrated onto a flexible Au electrode applied in a brain-computer interface.In comparison,the collected EEG signal intensity and waveform are consistent with that of the commercial counterparts.And obviously,the flexible electrode with PDMA-PAAM hydrogel membrane is demonstrated to enable a more stable and userfriendly interface.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21864020,82160652)the Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia(2019MS02014,2018MS02012)+2 种基金“Young Science and Technology Talents Program”(Leading Person)in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Colleges and Universities(NJYT-19-A04)Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Environmental Security of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,China(XTCX003)the Science and Technology Planning Project of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(2021GG0367).
文摘G-quadruplex is a high-level structure composed of folded DNA or RNA rich in tandem repeats of guanine(G).In recent years,G-quadruplex is widely used in various fields due to its unique structural properties.This article briefly introduces the structural properties of G-quadruplex,and provides a brief introduction to the research on DNA and RNA G-quadruplex in various detection and medical fields.It is hoped that this can provide some help to readers who want to understand G-quadruplex.
文摘Background： Nontraumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head （NONFH） is a debilitating disease that represents a significant financial burden for both individuals and healthcare systems. Despite its significance, however, its prevalence in the Chinese general population remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of NONFH and its associated risk factors in the Chinese population. Methods： A nationally representative survey of 30,030 respondents was undertaken from June 2012 to August 2013. All participants underwent a questionnaire investigation, physical examination of hip, and bilateral hip joint X-ray and/or magnetic resonance imaging exalnination. Blood samples were taken after overnight fasting to test serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, and high-density lipoprotein （HDL） and low-density lipoprotein （LDL） levels. We then used multivariate logistic regression analysis to investigate the associations between various metabolic, demographic, and lifestyle-related variables and NONFH. Results： NONFH was diagnosed in 218 subjects （0.725%） and the estimated NONFH cases were 8.12 million among Chinesepeople aged 15 years and over. The prevalence of NONFH was significantly higher in males than in females （1.02% vs. 0.51%, x^2 = 24.997, P 〈 0.001 ）. Among NONFH patients, North residents were subjected to higher prevalence of NONFH than that of South residents （0.85% vs. 0.61%,x^2= 5.847, P = 0.016）. Our multivariate regression analysis showed that high blood levels oftriglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and non-H DL-cholesterol, male, urban residence, family history of osteonecrosis of the femoral head. heavy smoking, alcohol abuse and glucocorticoid intake, overweight, and obesity were all significantly associated with an increased risk of NONFH. Conclusions： Our findings highlight that NONFH is a significantpublic health challenge in China and underscore the need for policy measures on the national level. Furthermore, NONFH shares a number of risk factors with atherosclerosis.
