While Global Navigation Satellite Systems(GNSS)have been the primary Positioning,Navigation,and Timing(PNT)solution since their advent,new technologies are being sought to address the limitations of GNSS.For the past ...While Global Navigation Satellite Systems(GNSS)have been the primary Positioning,Navigation,and Timing(PNT)solution since their advent,new technologies are being sought to address the limitations of GNSS.For the past few years,the strongest contender to ofer global PNT solutions has been the use of Low Earth Orbit(LEO)satellites,not only to overcome the GNSS limitations but also to improve the positioning accuracy and coverage given the pro-liferation of new,more-demanding applications.The present work aims at shedding light on the LEO theoreti-cally achievable positioning accuracy and interference robustness with respect to GNSS,depending on the choice of the carrier frequency,constellation design,hybridization with GNSS,and available satellite transmission power.The analysis uses a semi-analytical approach with 192,000 Monte Carlo runs,employing an in-house satellite constellation simulator to model 400 users across Europe operating in fve representative outdoor scenarios,and for 480 diferent instances of satellite positions in time.This semi-analytical study provides the necessary insights to derive clear design takeaways depending on the choice of the aforementioned parameters.A moderate Efective Isotropic Radiated Power(EIRP)of 50 dBm is shown to be sufcient for achieving high accuracy outdoors,operating at the C-band in the urban scenarios where GNSS typically struggles.The most cost-efective hybrid LEO plus GNSS solutions come from the combination of 1)‘CentiSpace-like’plus BeiDou,and 2)‘Çelikbilek 1’plus GPS and Galileo,where LEO satellites drive performance in difcult environments while GNSS provides stability in nominal conditions.The fndings suggest using the‘Çelikbilek 1’constellation with a 50 dBm EIRP at a 5 GHz carrier frequency or higher as the most efective system design.展开更多
基金supported by Tampere University’s Dean’s PhD grant.This work has also been partially supported by the LEDSOL project funded within the LEAP-RE programme by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program under Grant Agreement 963530the Research Council of Finland grant 352364+2 种基金the Spanish Agency of Research(AEI)under grant PID2023-152820OB-I00 funded by MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033ERDF/EU,and grant PDC2023-145858-I00 funded by MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033the European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR.
文摘While Global Navigation Satellite Systems(GNSS)have been the primary Positioning,Navigation,and Timing(PNT)solution since their advent,new technologies are being sought to address the limitations of GNSS.For the past few years,the strongest contender to ofer global PNT solutions has been the use of Low Earth Orbit(LEO)satellites,not only to overcome the GNSS limitations but also to improve the positioning accuracy and coverage given the pro-liferation of new,more-demanding applications.The present work aims at shedding light on the LEO theoreti-cally achievable positioning accuracy and interference robustness with respect to GNSS,depending on the choice of the carrier frequency,constellation design,hybridization with GNSS,and available satellite transmission power.The analysis uses a semi-analytical approach with 192,000 Monte Carlo runs,employing an in-house satellite constellation simulator to model 400 users across Europe operating in fve representative outdoor scenarios,and for 480 diferent instances of satellite positions in time.This semi-analytical study provides the necessary insights to derive clear design takeaways depending on the choice of the aforementioned parameters.A moderate Efective Isotropic Radiated Power(EIRP)of 50 dBm is shown to be sufcient for achieving high accuracy outdoors,operating at the C-band in the urban scenarios where GNSS typically struggles.The most cost-efective hybrid LEO plus GNSS solutions come from the combination of 1)‘CentiSpace-like’plus BeiDou,and 2)‘Çelikbilek 1’plus GPS and Galileo,where LEO satellites drive performance in difcult environments while GNSS provides stability in nominal conditions.The fndings suggest using the‘Çelikbilek 1’constellation with a 50 dBm EIRP at a 5 GHz carrier frequency or higher as the most efective system design.
