Primary sclerosing cholangitis(PSC) remains a rare but significant disease, which affects mainly young males in association with inflammatory bowel disease. There have been few advances in the understanding of the pat...Primary sclerosing cholangitis(PSC) remains a rare but significant disease, which affects mainly young males in association with inflammatory bowel disease. There have been few advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis of the condition and no therapeutics with proven mortality benefit aside from liver transplantation. There remain areas of controversy in the management of PSC which include the differentiation from other cholangiopathies, in particular immunoglobulin G4 related sclerosing cholangitis, the management of dominant biliary strictures, and the role of ursodeoxycholic acid. In addition, the timing of liver transplantation in PSC remains difficult to predict with standard liver severity scores. In this review, we address these controversies and highlight the latest evidence base in the management of PSC.展开更多
INTRODUCTION Waste is a symbol of inefficiency in modern society and represents misallocated resources.This paper outlines an ongoing interdisciplinary research project entitled‘Integrated ETWW demand forecasting and...INTRODUCTION Waste is a symbol of inefficiency in modern society and represents misallocated resources.This paper outlines an ongoing interdisciplinary research project entitled‘Integrated ETWW demand forecasting and scenario planning for low-carbon precincts’and reports on first findings and a literature review.This large multi-stakeholder research project has been designed to develop a shared platform for integrated ETWW(energy,transport,waste,and water)planning in a low-carbon urban future,focusing on synergies and alternative approaches to urban planning.The aim of the project is to develop a holistic integrated software tool for demand forecasting and scenario evaluation for residential precincts covering the four domains(ETWW),using identified commonalities in data requirements and model formulation.The authors of this paper are overseeing the waste domain,while other researchers in the team have expertise in the remaining domains.展开更多
文摘Primary sclerosing cholangitis(PSC) remains a rare but significant disease, which affects mainly young males in association with inflammatory bowel disease. There have been few advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis of the condition and no therapeutics with proven mortality benefit aside from liver transplantation. There remain areas of controversy in the management of PSC which include the differentiation from other cholangiopathies, in particular immunoglobulin G4 related sclerosing cholangitis, the management of dominant biliary strictures, and the role of ursodeoxycholic acid. In addition, the timing of liver transplantation in PSC remains difficult to predict with standard liver severity scores. In this review, we address these controversies and highlight the latest evidence base in the management of PSC.
基金supported by the Zero Waste Research Centre for Sustainable Design and Behaviour(sd+b)and the China–Australia Centre for Sustainable Urban Development(CAC_SUD)at the University of South Australia(UniSA).
文摘INTRODUCTION Waste is a symbol of inefficiency in modern society and represents misallocated resources.This paper outlines an ongoing interdisciplinary research project entitled‘Integrated ETWW demand forecasting and scenario planning for low-carbon precincts’and reports on first findings and a literature review.This large multi-stakeholder research project has been designed to develop a shared platform for integrated ETWW(energy,transport,waste,and water)planning in a low-carbon urban future,focusing on synergies and alternative approaches to urban planning.The aim of the project is to develop a holistic integrated software tool for demand forecasting and scenario evaluation for residential precincts covering the four domains(ETWW),using identified commonalities in data requirements and model formulation.The authors of this paper are overseeing the waste domain,while other researchers in the team have expertise in the remaining domains.
