Cold-resistance pathways that operate in model plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa have been studied extensively.It has been found that CBF genes play an important role in plant cold resistance.Liriod...Cold-resistance pathways that operate in model plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa have been studied extensively.It has been found that CBF genes play an important role in plant cold resistance.Liriodendron chinense,a tree known for its graceful tree shape and widely spread in south China,has weak cold tolerance.However,little is known about its response to cold.To further study the function of L.chinense CBF gene family,we started by characterizing all members of this gene family in the L.chinense genome and their expression profiling.Phylogenetic analysis found that 14 CBF genes in L.chinense are more closely related to their homologues in woody plants and A.thaliana than those in O.sativa.Cis-acting elements and GO analysis showed that some LcCBF genes participated in the biological process of cold stress response.The transcriptomic and RT-qPCR data showed that most of LcCBF genes displayed an initially increasing and subsequently decreasing trend during cold stress course and the expression profile of each member was different.Some LcCBF genes exhibited a different abundance in callus,root,stem and leaf tissues.The structure and expression characteristics of LcCBF genes imply that they may have similar and different functions in response to cold stress conditions.The identification and analysis of LcCBF gene family have laid the foundation for future studies into L.chinense cold stress mechanisms and for the cultivation of cold-resistance cultivars.展开更多
Liriodendron tulipifera,also known as tuliptree,is a popular ornamental horticultural plant with extraordinary tulipshaped flowers characterized by an orange band near their base.The mechanisms underlying petal band-s...Liriodendron tulipifera,also known as tuliptree,is a popular ornamental horticultural plant with extraordinary tulipshaped flowers characterized by an orange band near their base.The mechanisms underlying petal band-specific pigmentation during L.tulipifera flower development are unclear.Here,we combined nontargeted and targeted metabolomics and transcriptomics to identify a pathway cascade leading to carotenoid biosynthesis that is specifically activated in the petal band.The comparative analysis of carotenoid metabolites between L.tulipifera and Liriodendron hybrids indicates thatγ-carotene,a rare carotene in plants,is the most likely orange pigment responsible for the coloration of the petal band.Phenotypic and transcriptomic analyses of developing petals reveal that the band area is first predefined by the loss of green color.Later,the band is maintained by locally activating and repressing carotenoid and chlorophyll biosynthesis genes,respectively.Two rate-limiting genes of carotene biosynthesis,carotenoid isomerase(CRTISO)and epsilon lycopene cyclase(ε-LCY),encode the core enzymes responsible for petal band-specific orange pigmentation in L.tulipifera.In particular,a putative additionalε-LCY copy specific to L.tulipifera may contribute to the distinct petal coloration pattern,compared with L.chinense.Taken together,our work provides a first glimpse of the metabolome and transcriptome dynamics in tuliptree flower coloration and provides a valuable resource for flower breeding or metabolic engineering as well as for understanding flower evolution in an early woody angiosperm.展开更多
Ferredoxins(Fds)in plastids are the most upstream stromal electron receptors shuttling electrons to downstream metabolic systems and function in various physiological processes of dicots,but their roles in monocots’r...Ferredoxins(Fds)in plastids are the most upstream stromal electron receptors shuttling electrons to downstream metabolic systems and function in various physiological processes of dicots,but their roles in monocots’response to stresses are still unclear.In this study,the functions of OsFd4,the major non-photosynthetic type Fd in rice,were characterized under oxidative stress and Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae(Xoo)infection.OsFd4-knockout mutants displayed no defects in key agronomic traits and blast resistance,but were more sensitive to hydrogen peroxide(H2O2)treatment than the wild type.Transient expression of OsFd4 alleviated H2O2-induced rice cell death,suggesting that OsFd4 contributes to rice tolerance to exogenous oxidative stress.Deletion of OsFd4 enhanced rice immune responses against Xoo.OsFd4 formed a complex in vivo with itself and OsFd1,the major photosynthetic Fd in rice,and OsFd1 transcripts were increased in leaf and root tissues of the OsFd4-knockout mutants.These results indicate that OsFd4 is involved in regulating rice defense against stresses and interplays with OsFd1.展开更多
The aluminum(Al)cation Al^(3+)in acidic soil shows severe rhizotoxicity that inhibits plant growth and development.Most woody plants adapted to acidic soils have evolved specific strategies against Al^(3+)toxicity,but...The aluminum(Al)cation Al^(3+)in acidic soil shows severe rhizotoxicity that inhibits plant growth and development.Most woody plants adapted to acidic soils have evolved specific strategies against Al^(3+)toxicity,but the underlying mechanism remains elusive.The four-carbon amino acid gamma-aminobutyric acid(GABA)has been well studied in mammals as an inhibitory neurotransmitter;GABA also controls many physiological responses during environmental or biotic stress.The woody plant hybrid Liriodendron(L.chinense×tulipifera)is widely cultivated in China as a horticultural tree and provides high-quality timber;studying its adaptation to high Al stress is important for harnessing its ecological and economic potential.Here,we performed quantitative iTRAQ(isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification)to study how protein expression is altered in hybrid Liriodendron leaves subjected to Al stress.Hybrid Liriodendron shows differential accumulation of several proteins related to cell wall biosynthesis,sugar and proline metabolism,antioxidant activity,cell autophagy,protein ubiquitination degradation,and anion transport in response to Al damage.We observed that Al stress upregulated glutamate decarboxylase(GAD)and its activity,leading to increased GABA biosynthesis.Additional GABA synergistically increased Al-induced antioxidant enzyme activity to efficiently scavenge ROS,enhanced proline biosynthesis,and upregulated the expression of MATE1/2,which subsequently promoted the efflux of citrate for chelation of Al^(3+).We also showed similar effects of GABA on enhanced Al^(3+)tolerance in Arabidopsis.Thus,our findings suggest a function of GABA signaling in enhancing hybrid Liriodendron tolerance to Al stress through promoting organic acid transport and sustaining the cellular redox and osmotic balance.展开更多
In order to study how exogenous hormones in C.lanceolata(gymnosperm)regulate somatic embryogenesis,we measured the endogenous phytohormones of two genotypes with different somatic embryogenesis efficiency and found th...In order to study how exogenous hormones in C.lanceolata(gymnosperm)regulate somatic embryogenesis,we measured the endogenous phytohormones of two genotypes with different somatic embryogenesis efficiency and found that an increase in endogenous concentrations of IAA and ABA may be correlated to more efficient somatic embryogenesis.By applying exogenous spermidine,we found that exogenous hormones may affect somatic embryogenesis efficiency through affecting the endogenous phytohormone content.Based on these results,further studies can be conducted whereby the concentration of exogenous hormones or the levels of endogenous phytohormones by molecular methods are regulated to promote somatic embryogenesis.Our research may benefit the long-term economic output of the forestry industry and lays the foundation to studying the molecular mechanism that controls somatic embryogenesis efficiency.展开更多
Fault identification in vegetated area(e.g.,grassland) is a major challenge compared to that in outcrop areas. To identify concealed faults in a grassland covered area,a hybrid method combining the temperature vegetat...Fault identification in vegetated area(e.g.,grassland) is a major challenge compared to that in outcrop areas. To identify concealed faults in a grassland covered area,a hybrid method combining the temperature vegetation dryness index(TVDI) and the singularity index was proposed in this paper to extract TVDI anomalies associated with concealed fractures in the Sonid Left Banner Grassland,Inner Mongolia,North China. In the triangle space of LST/NDVI(land surface temperature/normalized difference vegetation index),scattered points were concentrated in the areas of partial and full cover,while few data points were in the areas of bare soil with low values of NDVI and high values of LST;this result is consistent with the semiarid grassland landscape of the study area. Although TVDI imaging shows an obvious linear pattern with an NE-NNE trend,which indicates the existence of concealed faults,the surrounding background weakened and reduced the significance of the anomalies.To better delineate the concealed faults,the singularity index was employed to remove the influence of the background and enhance the TVDI anomalies associated with the concealed faults. The TVDI imaging and singularity index mapping showed NNE and NE orientations;this finding is consistent with the regional tectonic framework. Geological mapping footprints showed that the hybrid method is useful to identify concealed faults in covered areas of grassland.展开更多
Stem cells have the remarkable potential to develop into many different cell types, essentially with- out limit to replenish other cells as long as the person or animal is still alive, offering immense hope of curing ...Stem cells have the remarkable potential to develop into many different cell types, essentially with- out limit to replenish other cells as long as the person or animal is still alive, offering immense hope of curing Alzheimer＇s disease, repairing damaged spinal cords, treating kidney, liver and lung diseases and making damaged hearts whole. Until recently, scientists primarily worked with two kinds of stem cells from animals and humans： embryonic stem cells and non-embryonic ＂somatic＂ or ＂adult＂ stem cells. Recent breakthrough make it possible to convert or ＂reprogram＂ specialized adult cells to assume a stem stem-like cells with different technologies. The review will briefly dis- cuss the recent progresses in this area.展开更多
Aiming to meet the growing demand for observation and analysis in power systems that based on Internet of Things(IoT),machine learning technology has been adopted to deal with the data-intensive power electronics appl...Aiming to meet the growing demand for observation and analysis in power systems that based on Internet of Things(IoT),machine learning technology has been adopted to deal with the data-intensive power electronics applications in IoT.By feeding previous power electronic data into the learning model,accurate information is drawn,and the quality of IoT-based power services is improved.Generally,the data-intensive electronic applications with machine learning are split into numerous data/control constrained tasks by workflow technology.The efficient execution of this data-intensive Power Workflow(PW)needs massive computing resources,which are available in the cloud infrastructure.Nevertheless,the execution efficiency of PW decreases due to inappropriate sub-task and data placement.In addition,the power consumption explodes due to massive data acquisition.To address these challenges,a PW placement method named PWP is devised.Specifically,the Non-dominated Sorting Differential Evolution(NSDE)is used to generate placement strategies.The simulation experiments show that PWP achieves the best trade-off among data acquisition time,power consumption,load distribution and privacy preservation,confirming that PWP is effective for the placement problem.展开更多
Traumatic brain injury （TBI） and spinal cord injury （SCI） causes significant cell death （Raghupathi et al., 1995; DeKosky et al., 1998; Hall et al., 2005; Farkas and Povlishock, 2007） and tissue lesion in the ne...Traumatic brain injury （TBI） and spinal cord injury （SCI） causes significant cell death （Raghupathi et al., 1995; DeKosky et al., 1998; Hall et al., 2005; Farkas and Povlishock, 2007） and tissue lesion in the neocortex （Lighthall et al., 1989; Lyeth et al., 1990）, leaving many patients with substantial motor dis- ability and cognitive impairment （Harem et al., 1992; Scheff et al., 1997）. Unfortunately, at present, there are no clinically demonstrated FDA approved drug therapies for treatment of TBI and SCI patients that reduce the neurological injuries. Thus, TBI and SCI are serious health problems. The devel- opment of therapeutic approaches to prevent neuronal death and enhance neuroregeneration for promoting post-traumat- ic functional recovery would be of enormous clinical, social, and economic benefits. The reviews in this specific issue focus largely on the current progress on diagnosis, neuroprotection, and potential neurorepair with stem cells.展开更多
Somatic cells respond to considerable stress,and go through a series of phytohormone pathways,then forming an embryo.The developmental process is recorded as somatic embryogenesis(SE).One of the key components regulat...Somatic cells respond to considerable stress,and go through a series of phytohormone pathways,then forming an embryo.The developmental process is recorded as somatic embryogenesis(SE).One of the key components regulating SE are the microRNAs(miRNAs).Despite previous studies,it is still not clear exactly how miRNAs exert their function of regulating targets during conditionally activated early SE.Here,we use Liriodendron sino-americanum as a model system and perform a combined analysis of microfluidic chips and degradome sequencing to study this process.We identified a total of 386 conserved miRNAs and 153 novel miRNAs during early SE.According to the ANOVA test,239 miRNAs showed 12 distinct expression patterns.Through degradome sequencing,419 targets and 198 targets were identified for 136 known miRNAs and 37 novel miRNAs,respectively.Gene Ontology(GO)and metabolism pathway enrichment analysis revealed that these targets were significantly involved in oxidation-reduction processes,calmodulin-mediated signal transduction pathways and carbohydrate metabolism.The genes that were related to stress responses,phytohormone pathways and plant metabolism were identified within the targets of miR319,miR395,miR408,miR472,miR482,miR390,miR2055,miR156,miR157,miR171,miR396,miR397,miR529,miR535 and miR159.According to promoter analysis,various cis-acting elements related to plant growth and development,phytohormones response and stress response were present in the promoter of the miRNAs.The differential expression patterns of 11 miRNA-target modules were confirmed by real-time quantitative PCR.The study demonstrated that the miRNA plays an important role in the early SE process by regulating its target and then participating in carbohydrate metabolism and stress response.It also provided a valuable resource for further research in determining the genetic mechanism of SE,and then facilitating breeding programs on plants.展开更多
Flowering is crucial to plant reproduction and controlled by multiple factors.However,the mechanisms underlying the regulation of flowering in perennial plants are still largely unknown.Here,we first report a super lo...Flowering is crucial to plant reproduction and controlled by multiple factors.However,the mechanisms underlying the regulation of flowering in perennial plants are still largely unknown.Here,we first report a super long blooming 1(slbl)mutant of the relict tree Liriodendron chinense possessing a prolonged blooming period of more than 5 months,in contrast to the 1 month blooming period in the wild type(WT).Phenotypic characterization showed that earlier maturation of lateral shoots was caused by accelerated axillary bud fate,leading to the phenotype of continuous flowering in slbl mutants.The transcriptional activity of genes related to hormone signaling(auxin,cytokinin,and strigolactone),nutrient availability,and oxidative stress relief further indicated active outgrowth of lateral buds in slbl mutants.Interestingly,we discovered a unique FT splicing variant with intron retention specific to slbl mutants,representing a potential causal mutation in the slbl mutants.Surprisingly,most slbl inbred offspring flowered precociously with shorter juvenility(~4 months)than that(usually 8-10 years)required in WT plants,indicating heritable variation underlying continuous flowering in slbl mutants.This study reports an example of a perennial tree mutant that flowers continuously,providing a rare resource for both breeding and genetic research.展开更多
With Qingxiang pear as test material,we study the effect of different pollination varieties on Qingxiang pear fruit quality. The results show that Xinshiji,Xizilu,Cuiguan and Yuanhuang as the pollination varieties for...With Qingxiang pear as test material,we study the effect of different pollination varieties on Qingxiang pear fruit quality. The results show that Xinshiji,Xizilu,Cuiguan and Yuanhuang as the pollination varieties for Qingxiang pear can create the best comprehensive quality,and these varieties can be chosen in production as the pollination varieties for Qingxiang pear,followed by Cuilu and Xishui.展开更多
Visual system homeobox-1 （vsxl） is important in retinal progenitor proliferation, differentiation, and function maintenance of bipolar cells in vertebrates. Recent study in Xenopus laevis has shown that vsxl 3＇ unt...Visual system homeobox-1 （vsxl） is important in retinal progenitor proliferation, differentiation, and function maintenance of bipolar cells in vertebrates. Recent study in Xenopus laevis has shown that vsxl 3＇ untranslated region （3＇ UTR） can mediate cell-specific translation of vsxl mRNA in the bipolar cells of the retinal inner nuclear layer （INL）. vsxl is also transcribed at the early developmental stages prior to eye formation and its spatiotemporal expression patterns are conserved in all the examined vertebrates. In order to determine whether the vsxl 3＇ UTR has a role in regulating the spatiotemporal expression of vsxl during early embryogenesis, we constructed a vsxl UTR-controlled green fluorescent protein （GFP） reporter gene system and examined the GFP expression pattern in goldfish, Carassius auratus, at different developmental stages, Our results indicated that both the vsxl 5＇ UTR and the vsxl 3＇ UTR remarkably repressed GFP expression at transcription level but did not regulate tissue-specific translation at early developmental stages. GFP protein was ubiquitously expressed in the embryos injected with GFP-sensors containing vsxl UTRs before 60 h post-fertilization （hpf）. From hatching stage （72 hpf） onwards, however, GFP protein was specifically expressed in the bipolar cells of the retinal 1NL in the vsxl 3＇UTR-GFP-sensor embryos, but was still ubiquitously expressed in the embryos injected with GFP-sensor lacking vsxl 3＇ UTR. These observations showed a significant difference of vsxl 3＇ UTR-mediated translation between early and late developmental stages and suggested that vsxl 3＇ UTR might not be involved in regulating the spatiotemporal expression of vsxl until hatching stage during embryogenesis.展开更多
Cinnamomum japonicum Sieb.is an excellent roadside tree and medicinal tree species with considerable ornamental and economic value.In this study,we successfully developed a large-scale micropropagation protocol for C....Cinnamomum japonicum Sieb.is an excellent roadside tree and medicinal tree species with considerable ornamental and economic value.In this study,we successfully developed a large-scale micropropagation protocol for C.japonicum for the first time.Sterilized shoots were excised and used as explants for shoot induction on several basal media,supplemented with different concentrations of plant growth regulators(PGRs),such as Thidiazuron(TDZ),N^(6)-Benzyladenine(6-benzylaminopurine)(BA),α-naphthaleneacetic acid(NAA)and Gibberellic acid(GA_(3)).After comparison,the most efficient medium for shoot regeneration was 1/2 Murashige and Skoog(MS)medium containing 0.5 mg L^(-1)BA,0.05 mg L^(-1)NAA and 0.2 mg L^(-1)GA_(3),which resulted in an average number of induced shoots per explant and shoot length of 5.2 and 1.62 cm at 28 d,respectively.Then,elongated adventitious shoots were transferred to induce roots.86.7%of shoots was able to root on 1/2 MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg L^(-1)NAA and 0.1 mg L^(-1)BA.The earliest rooting time observed was after 21 d and the average root length was up to 3.3 cm after 28 d.Our study shows that C.japonicum can be successfully regenerated through de novo organogenesis,which lays a foundation for future transformation research on this tree.展开更多
The discovery that somatic mammalian cells can be epigeneti- cally reprogrammed to induced pluripotent stem cells （iPSCs） through the exogenous expression of the Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc （OSKM） has demonstrated ...The discovery that somatic mammalian cells can be epigeneti- cally reprogrammed to induced pluripotent stem cells （iPSCs） through the exogenous expression of the Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc （OSKM） has demonstrated a new way for cell-replace- ment therapy in regenerative medicine （Li et al., 2013; Nishimura and Takahashi, 2013; Takahashi and Yamanaka, 2013）. This novel technology has opened new therapeutic opportunities to gener- ate stem cells in any tissue for cell replacement therapy in a num- ber of disorders （Yamanaka, 2012; Li et al., 2013; Nishimura and Takahashi, 2013; Takahashi and Yamanaka, 2013）. Just last week, two papers published in Nature, describing a surprisingly sim- ple method to turn mature cells into embryonic-like stem ceils by culturing cells in a low pH medium （Obokata et al., 2014a, 2014b）. This method by Obokata and colleagues is truly the sim- plest, cheapest, and fastest method ever achieved for reprogram- min~ somatic cells into multiootent stem cells.展开更多
This study explores CAMTA genes in the rare and endangered Chinese plant species,Liriodendron chinense.Despite the completion of whole-genome sequencing,the roles of CAMTA genes in calcium regulation and stress respon...This study explores CAMTA genes in the rare and endangered Chinese plant species,Liriodendron chinense.Despite the completion of whole-genome sequencing,the roles of CAMTA genes in calcium regulation and stress responses in this species remain largely unexplored.Within the L.chinense genome,we identified two CAMTA genes,Lchi09764 and Lchi222536,characterized by four functional domains:CG-1,TIG,ANK repeats,and IQ motifs.Our analyses,including phylogenetic investigations,cis-regulatory element analyses,and chromosomal location studies,aim to elucidate the defining features of CAMTA genes in L.chinense.Applying Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis(WGCNA),we explored the impact of CAMTA genes on different organs and their regulation under abiotic stress conditions.The identification of significant gene modules and the prediction of promoter binding sites revealed co-expressed genes associated with CAMTA transcription factors.In summary,this study provides initial insights into CAMTA genes in L.chinense,laying the groundwork for future research on their evolution and biological roles.This knowledge enhancement contributes to a better understanding of plant responses to environmental stress—an essential aspect of plant biology.展开更多
The auxin polar transporter,PIN-FORMED 2(PIN2)plays an important role in root development.However,it remains unclear whether PIN2 genes form two Liriodendron species,L.chinense(LcPIN2)and L.tulipifera(LtPIN2),are both...The auxin polar transporter,PIN-FORMED 2(PIN2)plays an important role in root development.However,it remains unclear whether PIN2 genes form two Liriodendron species,L.chinense(LcPIN2)and L.tulipifera(LtPIN2),are both involved in root development and whether and to what extent these two genes diverge in function.Here,we cloned and overexpressed LcPIN2 and LtPIN2 in Arabidopsis thaliana wild-type(WT)and Atpin2 mutant.Phylogenetic and sequence analysis showed a small degree of differentiation between these two Liriodendron PIN2 genes.Tissue-specific gene expression analysis indicated that both Liriodendron PIN2 genes were highly expressed in roots,implying a potential role in root development.Finally,heterologous overexpression of LcPIN2 and LtPIN2 in Arabidopsis both significantly increased the root length compared to wild-type and empty vector.Furthermore,the root length defect in Atpin2 was complemented both by LcPIN2 and LtPIN2.However,heterologous overexpression of LcPIN2 and LtPIN2 cannot rescue the defect in root gravitropism of Atpin2 mutants.Taken together,ourfindings unravel PIN2 genes from the magnoliids plant Liriodendron were functionally conserved with AtPIN2 in the dicotyledonous plant Arabidopsis in regard to the regulation of root length,but not root gravitropism.This study also provides a potential target for genetic improvement of the root system in these valuable forest trees Liriodendron.展开更多
Cerasus Campanulata is one of several species belonging to the Prunoideae focke,a subfamily of the flowering plant Rosaceae.We investigated the details of its chloroplast genome which may reveal its genus independent ...Cerasus Campanulata is one of several species belonging to the Prunoideae focke,a subfamily of the flowering plant Rosaceae.We investigated the details of its chloroplast genome which may reveal its genus independent of morphological determination.Here,we determined the complete chloroplast(cp)genome sequence of C.campanulata and performed sequence analysis to reveal the presence of 18 forward repeats,20 palindrome repeats,2 complement repeats,4 reverse repeats and 93 simple sequence repeats(SSRs).We additionally performed a comparative study of C.campanulata and seven other Prunoideae focke species.Then,maximum parsimony(MP)and maximum likelihood(ML)phylogenetic analyses were carried out in the little part of Rosaceae,respectively.The results strongly support a position of C.campanulata as a member of the Cerasus in the Rosaceae family.Moreover,the complete cp genome can be used for plant phylogenetic and evolutionary studies that will provide insight into the degree of gene conservation.展开更多
Correction to:Radiation Detection Technology and Methods(2024)8:1-1105.https://doi.org/10.1007/s41605-024-00463-y.In this article all authors name was missing in the springer link.It has been corrected.The original ar...Correction to:Radiation Detection Technology and Methods(2024)8:1-1105.https://doi.org/10.1007/s41605-024-00463-y.In this article all authors name was missing in the springer link.It has been corrected.The original article has been corrected.展开更多
Optical microcavities combined with different materials have inspired many kinds of functional photonic devices,such as lasers,memories,and sensors.Among them,optofluidic microbubble resonators with intrinsic micro-ch...Optical microcavities combined with different materials have inspired many kinds of functional photonic devices,such as lasers,memories,and sensors.Among them,optofluidic microbubble resonators with intrinsic micro-channels and high-quality factors(high-Q)have been considered intriguing platforms for the combination with liquid materials,such as the hydrogel and liquid crystal.Here,we demonstrate a water-infiltrated hybrid optofluidic microcavity for the precise multidimensional measurement of the external laser field.The laser power can be precisely measured based on the photo-thermal conversion,while the wavelength-resolved measurement is realized with the intrinsic absorption spectrum of water.Empowered by machine learning,the laser power and wavelength are precisely decoupled with almost all predictions falling within the 99%prediction bands.The correlation coefficient R2 of the laser power and wavelength are as high as 0.99985 and 0.99954,respectively.This work provides a new platform for high-precision multidimensional measurement of the laser field,which can be further expanded to arbitrary band laser measurement by combining different materials.展开更多
基金The work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31971682,31770715)Distinguished Professor Project of Jiangsu province and Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD).
文摘Cold-resistance pathways that operate in model plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa have been studied extensively.It has been found that CBF genes play an important role in plant cold resistance.Liriodendron chinense,a tree known for its graceful tree shape and widely spread in south China,has weak cold tolerance.However,little is known about its response to cold.To further study the function of L.chinense CBF gene family,we started by characterizing all members of this gene family in the L.chinense genome and their expression profiling.Phylogenetic analysis found that 14 CBF genes in L.chinense are more closely related to their homologues in woody plants and A.thaliana than those in O.sativa.Cis-acting elements and GO analysis showed that some LcCBF genes participated in the biological process of cold stress response.The transcriptomic and RT-qPCR data showed that most of LcCBF genes displayed an initially increasing and subsequently decreasing trend during cold stress course and the expression profile of each member was different.Some LcCBF genes exhibited a different abundance in callus,root,stem and leaf tissues.The structure and expression characteristics of LcCBF genes imply that they may have similar and different functions in response to cold stress conditions.The identification and analysis of LcCBF gene family have laid the foundation for future studies into L.chinense cold stress mechanisms and for the cultivation of cold-resistance cultivars.
基金supported by the Key Research and Development Plan of Jiangsu Province(BE2017376)the Foundation of Jiangsu Forestry Bureau(LYKJ[2017]42)the Qinglan Project of Jiangsu Province,and the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD).
文摘Liriodendron tulipifera,also known as tuliptree,is a popular ornamental horticultural plant with extraordinary tulipshaped flowers characterized by an orange band near their base.The mechanisms underlying petal band-specific pigmentation during L.tulipifera flower development are unclear.Here,we combined nontargeted and targeted metabolomics and transcriptomics to identify a pathway cascade leading to carotenoid biosynthesis that is specifically activated in the petal band.The comparative analysis of carotenoid metabolites between L.tulipifera and Liriodendron hybrids indicates thatγ-carotene,a rare carotene in plants,is the most likely orange pigment responsible for the coloration of the petal band.Phenotypic and transcriptomic analyses of developing petals reveal that the band area is first predefined by the loss of green color.Later,the band is maintained by locally activating and repressing carotenoid and chlorophyll biosynthesis genes,respectively.Two rate-limiting genes of carotene biosynthesis,carotenoid isomerase(CRTISO)and epsilon lycopene cyclase(ε-LCY),encode the core enzymes responsible for petal band-specific orange pigmentation in L.tulipifera.In particular,a putative additionalε-LCY copy specific to L.tulipifera may contribute to the distinct petal coloration pattern,compared with L.chinense.Taken together,our work provides a first glimpse of the metabolome and transcriptome dynamics in tuliptree flower coloration and provides a valuable resource for flower breeding or metabolic engineering as well as for understanding flower evolution in an early woody angiosperm.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31701777)the National Natural Science Foundation for International Exchanges(NSFC-RS)(31911530181)+1 种基金the Fujian Provincial Science and Technology Key Project(2022NZ030014)Key Plant Protection Disciplinary Development Project(Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,103-722022001)to Mo Wang.
文摘Ferredoxins(Fds)in plastids are the most upstream stromal electron receptors shuttling electrons to downstream metabolic systems and function in various physiological processes of dicots,but their roles in monocots’response to stresses are still unclear.In this study,the functions of OsFd4,the major non-photosynthetic type Fd in rice,were characterized under oxidative stress and Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae(Xoo)infection.OsFd4-knockout mutants displayed no defects in key agronomic traits and blast resistance,but were more sensitive to hydrogen peroxide(H2O2)treatment than the wild type.Transient expression of OsFd4 alleviated H2O2-induced rice cell death,suggesting that OsFd4 contributes to rice tolerance to exogenous oxidative stress.Deletion of OsFd4 enhanced rice immune responses against Xoo.OsFd4 formed a complex in vivo with itself and OsFd1,the major photosynthetic Fd in rice,and OsFd1 transcripts were increased in leaf and root tissues of the OsFd4-knockout mutants.These results indicate that OsFd4 is involved in regulating rice defense against stresses and interplays with OsFd1.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32071784 and 31770715)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20181176)Qinglan project of Jiangsu province,Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions.
文摘The aluminum(Al)cation Al^(3+)in acidic soil shows severe rhizotoxicity that inhibits plant growth and development.Most woody plants adapted to acidic soils have evolved specific strategies against Al^(3+)toxicity,but the underlying mechanism remains elusive.The four-carbon amino acid gamma-aminobutyric acid(GABA)has been well studied in mammals as an inhibitory neurotransmitter;GABA also controls many physiological responses during environmental or biotic stress.The woody plant hybrid Liriodendron(L.chinense×tulipifera)is widely cultivated in China as a horticultural tree and provides high-quality timber;studying its adaptation to high Al stress is important for harnessing its ecological and economic potential.Here,we performed quantitative iTRAQ(isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification)to study how protein expression is altered in hybrid Liriodendron leaves subjected to Al stress.Hybrid Liriodendron shows differential accumulation of several proteins related to cell wall biosynthesis,sugar and proline metabolism,antioxidant activity,cell autophagy,protein ubiquitination degradation,and anion transport in response to Al damage.We observed that Al stress upregulated glutamate decarboxylase(GAD)and its activity,leading to increased GABA biosynthesis.Additional GABA synergistically increased Al-induced antioxidant enzyme activity to efficiently scavenge ROS,enhanced proline biosynthesis,and upregulated the expression of MATE1/2,which subsequently promoted the efflux of citrate for chelation of Al^(3+).We also showed similar effects of GABA on enhanced Al^(3+)tolerance in Arabidopsis.Thus,our findings suggest a function of GABA signaling in enhancing hybrid Liriodendron tolerance to Al stress through promoting organic acid transport and sustaining the cellular redox and osmotic balance.
基金This research was supported by Foundation of Jiangsu forestry bureau(LYKJ[2017]42)Key research and development plan of Jiangsu Province(BE2017376)+2 种基金the Nature Science Foundation of China(31770715)the Qinglan project of Jiangsu province,Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions,Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20181176)the Joint Fund of the Natural Science Foundation of China and the Karst Science Research Center of Guizhou Province(Grant No.U1812401).
文摘In order to study how exogenous hormones in C.lanceolata(gymnosperm)regulate somatic embryogenesis,we measured the endogenous phytohormones of two genotypes with different somatic embryogenesis efficiency and found that an increase in endogenous concentrations of IAA and ABA may be correlated to more efficient somatic embryogenesis.By applying exogenous spermidine,we found that exogenous hormones may affect somatic embryogenesis efficiency through affecting the endogenous phytohormone content.Based on these results,further studies can be conducted whereby the concentration of exogenous hormones or the levels of endogenous phytohormones by molecular methods are regulated to promote somatic embryogenesis.Our research may benefit the long-term economic output of the forestry industry and lays the foundation to studying the molecular mechanism that controls somatic embryogenesis efficiency.
基金financially supported by the National Key R & D Program of China (Nos. 2017YFC0601500, 2017YFC0601504, 2011BAB06B08-2)the China Geological Survey (No. 1212011120986)
文摘Fault identification in vegetated area(e.g.,grassland) is a major challenge compared to that in outcrop areas. To identify concealed faults in a grassland covered area,a hybrid method combining the temperature vegetation dryness index(TVDI) and the singularity index was proposed in this paper to extract TVDI anomalies associated with concealed fractures in the Sonid Left Banner Grassland,Inner Mongolia,North China. In the triangle space of LST/NDVI(land surface temperature/normalized difference vegetation index),scattered points were concentrated in the areas of partial and full cover,while few data points were in the areas of bare soil with low values of NDVI and high values of LST;this result is consistent with the semiarid grassland landscape of the study area. Although TVDI imaging shows an obvious linear pattern with an NE-NNE trend,which indicates the existence of concealed faults,the surrounding background weakened and reduced the significance of the anomalies.To better delineate the concealed faults,the singularity index was employed to remove the influence of the background and enhance the TVDI anomalies associated with the concealed faults. The TVDI imaging and singularity index mapping showed NNE and NE orientations;this finding is consistent with the regional tectonic framework. Geological mapping footprints showed that the hybrid method is useful to identify concealed faults in covered areas of grassland.
基金supported by NIH/NINDS R01-NS043246,P30-NS045758the International Spinal Research Trust(STR-100)the Ohio State University College of Medicine
文摘Stem cells have the remarkable potential to develop into many different cell types, essentially with- out limit to replenish other cells as long as the person or animal is still alive, offering immense hope of curing Alzheimer＇s disease, repairing damaged spinal cords, treating kidney, liver and lung diseases and making damaged hearts whole. Until recently, scientists primarily worked with two kinds of stem cells from animals and humans： embryonic stem cells and non-embryonic ＂somatic＂ or ＂adult＂ stem cells. Recent breakthrough make it possible to convert or ＂reprogram＂ specialized adult cells to assume a stem stem-like cells with different technologies. The review will briefly dis- cuss the recent progresses in this area.
基金supported by the Financial and Science Technology Plan Project of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps under grant no.2020DB005 and no.2017DB005.
文摘Aiming to meet the growing demand for observation and analysis in power systems that based on Internet of Things(IoT),machine learning technology has been adopted to deal with the data-intensive power electronics applications in IoT.By feeding previous power electronic data into the learning model,accurate information is drawn,and the quality of IoT-based power services is improved.Generally,the data-intensive electronic applications with machine learning are split into numerous data/control constrained tasks by workflow technology.The efficient execution of this data-intensive Power Workflow(PW)needs massive computing resources,which are available in the cloud infrastructure.Nevertheless,the execution efficiency of PW decreases due to inappropriate sub-task and data placement.In addition,the power consumption explodes due to massive data acquisition.To address these challenges,a PW placement method named PWP is devised.Specifically,the Non-dominated Sorting Differential Evolution(NSDE)is used to generate placement strategies.The simulation experiments show that PWP achieves the best trade-off among data acquisition time,power consumption,load distribution and privacy preservation,confirming that PWP is effective for the placement problem.
文摘Traumatic brain injury （TBI） and spinal cord injury （SCI） causes significant cell death （Raghupathi et al., 1995; DeKosky et al., 1998; Hall et al., 2005; Farkas and Povlishock, 2007） and tissue lesion in the neocortex （Lighthall et al., 1989; Lyeth et al., 1990）, leaving many patients with substantial motor dis- ability and cognitive impairment （Harem et al., 1992; Scheff et al., 1997）. Unfortunately, at present, there are no clinically demonstrated FDA approved drug therapies for treatment of TBI and SCI patients that reduce the neurological injuries. Thus, TBI and SCI are serious health problems. The devel- opment of therapeutic approaches to prevent neuronal death and enhance neuroregeneration for promoting post-traumat- ic functional recovery would be of enormous clinical, social, and economic benefits. The reviews in this specific issue focus largely on the current progress on diagnosis, neuroprotection, and potential neurorepair with stem cells.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China[32071784]the Qinglan Project of Jiangsu Provincethe Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD).
文摘Somatic cells respond to considerable stress,and go through a series of phytohormone pathways,then forming an embryo.The developmental process is recorded as somatic embryogenesis(SE).One of the key components regulating SE are the microRNAs(miRNAs).Despite previous studies,it is still not clear exactly how miRNAs exert their function of regulating targets during conditionally activated early SE.Here,we use Liriodendron sino-americanum as a model system and perform a combined analysis of microfluidic chips and degradome sequencing to study this process.We identified a total of 386 conserved miRNAs and 153 novel miRNAs during early SE.According to the ANOVA test,239 miRNAs showed 12 distinct expression patterns.Through degradome sequencing,419 targets and 198 targets were identified for 136 known miRNAs and 37 novel miRNAs,respectively.Gene Ontology(GO)and metabolism pathway enrichment analysis revealed that these targets were significantly involved in oxidation-reduction processes,calmodulin-mediated signal transduction pathways and carbohydrate metabolism.The genes that were related to stress responses,phytohormone pathways and plant metabolism were identified within the targets of miR319,miR395,miR408,miR472,miR482,miR390,miR2055,miR156,miR157,miR171,miR396,miR397,miR529,miR535 and miR159.According to promoter analysis,various cis-acting elements related to plant growth and development,phytohormones response and stress response were present in the promoter of the miRNAs.The differential expression patterns of 11 miRNA-target modules were confirmed by real-time quantitative PCR.The study demonstrated that the miRNA plays an important role in the early SE process by regulating its target and then participating in carbohydrate metabolism and stress response.It also provided a valuable resource for further research in determining the genetic mechanism of SE,and then facilitating breeding programs on plants.
基金This work was funded by the Natural Science Foundation of China(32071784,31770715)the Key Research and Development Plan of Jiangsu Province(BE2017376)the Qinglan Project of Jiangsu Province,the Distinguished Professor Project of Jiangsu and the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD).
文摘Flowering is crucial to plant reproduction and controlled by multiple factors.However,the mechanisms underlying the regulation of flowering in perennial plants are still largely unknown.Here,we first report a super long blooming 1(slbl)mutant of the relict tree Liriodendron chinense possessing a prolonged blooming period of more than 5 months,in contrast to the 1 month blooming period in the wild type(WT).Phenotypic characterization showed that earlier maturation of lateral shoots was caused by accelerated axillary bud fate,leading to the phenotype of continuous flowering in slbl mutants.The transcriptional activity of genes related to hormone signaling(auxin,cytokinin,and strigolactone),nutrient availability,and oxidative stress relief further indicated active outgrowth of lateral buds in slbl mutants.Interestingly,we discovered a unique FT splicing variant with intron retention specific to slbl mutants,representing a potential causal mutation in the slbl mutants.Surprisingly,most slbl inbred offspring flowered precociously with shorter juvenility(~4 months)than that(usually 8-10 years)required in WT plants,indicating heritable variation underlying continuous flowering in slbl mutants.This study reports an example of a perennial tree mutant that flowers continuously,providing a rare resource for both breeding and genetic research.
基金Supported by Ningbo Agricultural Science and Education Project(2011NK422008NK32)
文摘With Qingxiang pear as test material,we study the effect of different pollination varieties on Qingxiang pear fruit quality. The results show that Xinshiji,Xizilu,Cuiguan and Yuanhuang as the pollination varieties for Qingxiang pear can create the best comprehensive quality,and these varieties can be chosen in production as the pollination varieties for Qingxiang pear,followed by Cuilu and Xishui.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China (No.30430370)the State Key Basic Research Project of China (No.2004CB117401)
文摘Visual system homeobox-1 （vsxl） is important in retinal progenitor proliferation, differentiation, and function maintenance of bipolar cells in vertebrates. Recent study in Xenopus laevis has shown that vsxl 3＇ untranslated region （3＇ UTR） can mediate cell-specific translation of vsxl mRNA in the bipolar cells of the retinal inner nuclear layer （INL）. vsxl is also transcribed at the early developmental stages prior to eye formation and its spatiotemporal expression patterns are conserved in all the examined vertebrates. In order to determine whether the vsxl 3＇ UTR has a role in regulating the spatiotemporal expression of vsxl during early embryogenesis, we constructed a vsxl UTR-controlled green fluorescent protein （GFP） reporter gene system and examined the GFP expression pattern in goldfish, Carassius auratus, at different developmental stages, Our results indicated that both the vsxl 5＇ UTR and the vsxl 3＇ UTR remarkably repressed GFP expression at transcription level but did not regulate tissue-specific translation at early developmental stages. GFP protein was ubiquitously expressed in the embryos injected with GFP-sensors containing vsxl UTRs before 60 h post-fertilization （hpf）. From hatching stage （72 hpf） onwards, however, GFP protein was specifically expressed in the bipolar cells of the retinal 1NL in the vsxl 3＇UTR-GFP-sensor embryos, but was still ubiquitously expressed in the embryos injected with GFP-sensor lacking vsxl 3＇ UTR. These observations showed a significant difference of vsxl 3＇ UTR-mediated translation between early and late developmental stages and suggested that vsxl 3＇ UTR might not be involved in regulating the spatiotemporal expression of vsxl until hatching stage during embryogenesis.
基金This research is supported by Key research and development plan of Jiangsu Province(BE2017376)Foundation of Jiangsu forestry bureau(LYKJ[2017]42)the Qinglan project of Jiangsu province and Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions to J.H.Chen,and the Nature Science Foundation of China(31770715)to T.L.Cheng.
文摘Cinnamomum japonicum Sieb.is an excellent roadside tree and medicinal tree species with considerable ornamental and economic value.In this study,we successfully developed a large-scale micropropagation protocol for C.japonicum for the first time.Sterilized shoots were excised and used as explants for shoot induction on several basal media,supplemented with different concentrations of plant growth regulators(PGRs),such as Thidiazuron(TDZ),N^(6)-Benzyladenine(6-benzylaminopurine)(BA),α-naphthaleneacetic acid(NAA)and Gibberellic acid(GA_(3)).After comparison,the most efficient medium for shoot regeneration was 1/2 Murashige and Skoog(MS)medium containing 0.5 mg L^(-1)BA,0.05 mg L^(-1)NAA and 0.2 mg L^(-1)GA_(3),which resulted in an average number of induced shoots per explant and shoot length of 5.2 and 1.62 cm at 28 d,respectively.Then,elongated adventitious shoots were transferred to induce roots.86.7%of shoots was able to root on 1/2 MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg L^(-1)NAA and 0.1 mg L^(-1)BA.The earliest rooting time observed was after 21 d and the average root length was up to 3.3 cm after 28 d.Our study shows that C.japonicum can be successfully regenerated through de novo organogenesis,which lays a foundation for future transformation research on this tree.
文摘The discovery that somatic mammalian cells can be epigeneti- cally reprogrammed to induced pluripotent stem cells （iPSCs） through the exogenous expression of the Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc （OSKM） has demonstrated a new way for cell-replace- ment therapy in regenerative medicine （Li et al., 2013; Nishimura and Takahashi, 2013; Takahashi and Yamanaka, 2013）. This novel technology has opened new therapeutic opportunities to gener- ate stem cells in any tissue for cell replacement therapy in a num- ber of disorders （Yamanaka, 2012; Li et al., 2013; Nishimura and Takahashi, 2013; Takahashi and Yamanaka, 2013）. Just last week, two papers published in Nature, describing a surprisingly sim- ple method to turn mature cells into embryonic-like stem ceils by culturing cells in a low pH medium （Obokata et al., 2014a, 2014b）. This method by Obokata and colleagues is truly the sim- plest, cheapest, and fastest method ever achieved for reprogram- min~ somatic cells into multiootent stem cells.
基金This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31971682)the Research Startup Fund for High-Level and High-Educated Talents of Nanjing Forestry University.
文摘This study explores CAMTA genes in the rare and endangered Chinese plant species,Liriodendron chinense.Despite the completion of whole-genome sequencing,the roles of CAMTA genes in calcium regulation and stress responses in this species remain largely unexplored.Within the L.chinense genome,we identified two CAMTA genes,Lchi09764 and Lchi222536,characterized by four functional domains:CG-1,TIG,ANK repeats,and IQ motifs.Our analyses,including phylogenetic investigations,cis-regulatory element analyses,and chromosomal location studies,aim to elucidate the defining features of CAMTA genes in L.chinense.Applying Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis(WGCNA),we explored the impact of CAMTA genes on different organs and their regulation under abiotic stress conditions.The identification of significant gene modules and the prediction of promoter binding sites revealed co-expressed genes associated with CAMTA transcription factors.In summary,this study provides initial insights into CAMTA genes in L.chinense,laying the groundwork for future research on their evolution and biological roles.This knowledge enhancement contributes to a better understanding of plant responses to environmental stress—an essential aspect of plant biology.
基金supported by the Youth Foundation of the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20210614)the Nature Science Foundation of China(32071784)+1 种基金Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD)the Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(KYCX21_0921).
文摘The auxin polar transporter,PIN-FORMED 2(PIN2)plays an important role in root development.However,it remains unclear whether PIN2 genes form two Liriodendron species,L.chinense(LcPIN2)and L.tulipifera(LtPIN2),are both involved in root development and whether and to what extent these two genes diverge in function.Here,we cloned and overexpressed LcPIN2 and LtPIN2 in Arabidopsis thaliana wild-type(WT)and Atpin2 mutant.Phylogenetic and sequence analysis showed a small degree of differentiation between these two Liriodendron PIN2 genes.Tissue-specific gene expression analysis indicated that both Liriodendron PIN2 genes were highly expressed in roots,implying a potential role in root development.Finally,heterologous overexpression of LcPIN2 and LtPIN2 in Arabidopsis both significantly increased the root length compared to wild-type and empty vector.Furthermore,the root length defect in Atpin2 was complemented both by LcPIN2 and LtPIN2.However,heterologous overexpression of LcPIN2 and LtPIN2 cannot rescue the defect in root gravitropism of Atpin2 mutants.Taken together,ourfindings unravel PIN2 genes from the magnoliids plant Liriodendron were functionally conserved with AtPIN2 in the dicotyledonous plant Arabidopsis in regard to the regulation of root length,but not root gravitropism.This study also provides a potential target for genetic improvement of the root system in these valuable forest trees Liriodendron.
基金This work was supported by key research and development plan of Foundation of Jiangsu Forestry Bureau(LYKJ[2017]42),Jiangsu Province(BE2017376)the Nature Science Foundation of China(31770715)the Qinglan project of Jiangsu Province,and Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions.
文摘Cerasus Campanulata is one of several species belonging to the Prunoideae focke,a subfamily of the flowering plant Rosaceae.We investigated the details of its chloroplast genome which may reveal its genus independent of morphological determination.Here,we determined the complete chloroplast(cp)genome sequence of C.campanulata and performed sequence analysis to reveal the presence of 18 forward repeats,20 palindrome repeats,2 complement repeats,4 reverse repeats and 93 simple sequence repeats(SSRs).We additionally performed a comparative study of C.campanulata and seven other Prunoideae focke species.Then,maximum parsimony(MP)and maximum likelihood(ML)phylogenetic analyses were carried out in the little part of Rosaceae,respectively.The results strongly support a position of C.campanulata as a member of the Cerasus in the Rosaceae family.Moreover,the complete cp genome can be used for plant phylogenetic and evolutionary studies that will provide insight into the degree of gene conservation.
文摘Correction to:Radiation Detection Technology and Methods(2024)8:1-1105.https://doi.org/10.1007/s41605-024-00463-y.In this article all authors name was missing in the springer link.It has been corrected.The original article has been corrected.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program,China(Grant No.SQ2023YFB2805600)Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation,China(Grant No.Z210004)+3 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12474372 and 12474429)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(Grant No.2243300003)Beijing Nova Program from Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission,China(Grant No.20230484433)State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications,Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications,China(Grant No.IPOC2021ZT01).
文摘Optical microcavities combined with different materials have inspired many kinds of functional photonic devices,such as lasers,memories,and sensors.Among them,optofluidic microbubble resonators with intrinsic micro-channels and high-quality factors(high-Q)have been considered intriguing platforms for the combination with liquid materials,such as the hydrogel and liquid crystal.Here,we demonstrate a water-infiltrated hybrid optofluidic microcavity for the precise multidimensional measurement of the external laser field.The laser power can be precisely measured based on the photo-thermal conversion,while the wavelength-resolved measurement is realized with the intrinsic absorption spectrum of water.Empowered by machine learning,the laser power and wavelength are precisely decoupled with almost all predictions falling within the 99%prediction bands.The correlation coefficient R2 of the laser power and wavelength are as high as 0.99985 and 0.99954,respectively.This work provides a new platform for high-precision multidimensional measurement of the laser field,which can be further expanded to arbitrary band laser measurement by combining different materials.
