Alterations in the mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor(MET)gene are critical drivers of non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC).In recent years advances in precision therapies targeting MET alterations have significant...Alterations in the mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor(MET)gene are critical drivers of non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC).In recent years advances in precision therapies targeting MET alterations have significantly expanded treatment options for NSCLC patients.These alterations include MET exon 14 skipping mutations(MET exon 14 skipping),MET gene amplifications,MET point mutations(primarily kinase domain mutations),and MET protein overexpression.Accurate identification of these alterations and appropriate selection of patient populations and targeted therapies are essential for improving clinical outcomes.The East China Lung Cancer Group,Youth Committee(ECLUNG YOUNG,Yangtze River Delta Lung Cancer Cooperation Group)has synthesized insights from China’s innovative drug development landscape and clinical practice to formulate an expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of NSCLC patients with MET alterations.This consensus addresses key areas,such as optimal testing timing,testing methods,testing strategies,quality control measures,and treatment approaches.By offering standardized recommendations,this guidance aims to streamline diagnostic and therapeutic processes and enhance clinical decision-making for NSCLC with MET alterations.展开更多
Integrated continuous stirred-tank reactors and distillation columns with recycle(CSTR-DC-recycle)are essential components in chemical processes.This paper proposes a method to establish a normal operating zone(NOZ)mo...Integrated continuous stirred-tank reactors and distillation columns with recycle(CSTR-DC-recycle)are essential components in chemical processes.This paper proposes a method to establish a normal operating zone(NOZ)model to represent allowable variations of the CSTR-DC-recycle chemical processes.The NOZ is a geometric space containing all safe operating points of the CSTR-DC-recycle chemical processes,so that it is an effective model for process monitoring.The novelty of the proposed method is to establish the NOZ model based on boundary points.The boundary points make it possible to capture the actual geometric space irrespective of the space shape.In contrast,existing methods represent the NOZ of processes by fixed mathematical models such as ellipsoidal and convex-hull models;they are not suitable for the CSTR-DC-recycle chemical processes whose NOZs cannot be exactly defined by fixed mathematical structures.Simulated case studies based on Aspen Hysys software are given to illustrate the proposed method.展开更多
Utilizing coarse aggregates containing mining waste rock for backfilling addresses the strength requirements and reduces the expenses associated with binder and solid waste treatment.However,this type of material is p...Utilizing coarse aggregates containing mining waste rock for backfilling addresses the strength requirements and reduces the expenses associated with binder and solid waste treatment.However,this type of material is prone to aggregate segregation,which can lead to uneven deformation and damage to the backfill.We employed an image-segmentation method that incorporated machine learning to analyze the distribution information of the aggregates on the splitting surface of the test blocks.The results revealed a nonlinear rela-tionship between aggregate segregation and variations in solid concentration(SC)and cement/aggregate ratio(C/A).The SC of 81wt%-82wt%and C/A of 10.00wt%-12.50wt%reflect surges in fluid dynamics,friction effects,and shifts in their dominance.A uniaxial compression experiment,supplemented with additional strain gauges and digital image correlation technology,enabled us to analyze the mechanical properties and failure mechanism under the influence of aggregate segregation.It was found that the uniaxial compressive strength,ranging from 1.75 MPa to 12.65 MPa,is linearly related to both the SC and C/A,and exhibits no significant relation-ship with the degree of segregation in numerical terms.However,the degree of segregation affects the development trend of the elastic modulus to a certain extent,and a standard deviation of the aggregate area ratio of less than 1.63 clearly indicates a higher elastic modu-lus.In the pouring direction,the top area of the test block tended to form a macroscopic fracture surface earlier.By contrast,the compressibility of the bottom area was greater than that of the top area.The intensification of aggregate segregation widened the differences in the deformation and failure characteristics between the different areas.For samples with different uniformities,significant differences in local deformation ranging from 515.00μεto 1693.70μεwere observed during the stable deformation stage.The extreme unevenness of the aggregate leads to rapid crack penetration in the sample,causing macroscopic tensile failure and resulting in premature structural failure.展开更多
Cemented paste backfill(CPB)has been one of the best practical approaches for tailings management and underground goaf treatment.Paste rheology is a science to study the flow and deformation behaviors of paste or fill...Cemented paste backfill(CPB)has been one of the best practical approaches for tailings management and underground goaf treatment.Paste rheology is a science to study the flow and deformation behaviors of paste or filling body under the effects of stress,strain,temperature,and time during the CPB process.The goal of studying paste rheology is to solve the engineering problems existing in four key processes;that is,paste rheology should meet the engineering demands of thickening,mixing,transportation,and backfilling.However,paste rheology is extremely complicated due to its high concentration,materials complexity,and engineering characteristics of non-stratification,nonsegregation,and non-bleeding.The rheological behavior of full tailings in deep thickening,rheological behavior of paste in mixing and pipeline transportation,and rheological behavior of filling body are introduced and discussed:(1)gel point,compressive yield stress,and the hindered settling function are adopted to characterize the rheological properties of full tailings in deep thickening.Combination of Coe-Clevenger theory and Buscall-White theory can also analyze the thickening performance in the whole area of deep cone thickener;(2)yield stress and viscosity are consistent with the evolution trend of the relative structure coefficient of paste in mixing;(3)coupling effect of wall slip and time-temperature dependency has a significant influence on the rheological properties and pipeline transportation;(4)damage variable is introduced to the Burgers model to describe the creep damage of the filling body.However,in-depth and systematic studies were still needed to establish a complete theoretical system of paste rheology in metal mines.展开更多
Particle swarm optimization （PSO） is a new heuristic algorithm which has been applied to many optimization problems successfully. Attribute reduction is a key studying point of the rough set theory, and it has been ...Particle swarm optimization （PSO） is a new heuristic algorithm which has been applied to many optimization problems successfully. Attribute reduction is a key studying point of the rough set theory, and it has been proven that computing minimal reduc- tion of decision tables is a non-derterministic polynomial （NP）-hard problem. A new cooperative extended attribute reduction algorithm named Co-PSAR based on improved PSO is proposed, in which the cooperative evolutionary strategy with suitable fitness func- tions is involved to learn a good hypothesis for accelerating the optimization of searching minimal attribute reduction. Experiments on Benchmark functions and University of California, Irvine （UCI） data sets, compared with other algorithms, verify the superiority of the Co-PSAR algorithm in terms of the convergence speed, efficiency and accuracy for the attribute reduction.展开更多
Attribute reduction in the rough set theory is an important feature selection method, but finding a minimum attribute reduction has been proven to be a non-deterministic polynomial （NP）-hard problem. Therefore, it i...Attribute reduction in the rough set theory is an important feature selection method, but finding a minimum attribute reduction has been proven to be a non-deterministic polynomial （NP）-hard problem. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate some fast and effective approximate algorithms. A novel and enhanced quantum-inspired shuffled frog leaping based minimum attribute reduction algorithm （QSFLAR） is proposed. Evolutionary frogs are represented by multi-state quantum bits, and both quantum rotation gate and quantum mutation operators are used to exploit the mechanisms of frog population diversity and convergence to the global optimum. The decomposed attribute subsets are co-evolved by the elitist frogs with a quantum-inspired shuffled frog leaping algorithm. The experimental results validate the better feasibility and effectiveness of QSFLAR, comparing with some representa- tive algorithms. Therefore, QSFLAR can be considered as a more competitive algorithm on the efficiency and accuracy for minimum attribute reduction.展开更多
The purpose of this study is to analyze the climatic characteristics and long-term spatial and temporal variations of haze occurrence in China. The impact factors of haze trends are also discussed. Meteorological data...The purpose of this study is to analyze the climatic characteristics and long-term spatial and temporal variations of haze occurrence in China. The impact factors of haze trends are also discussed. Meteorological data from 1961 to 2012 and daily PM10 concentrations from2003 to 2012 were employed in this study. The results indicate that the annual-average hazy days at all stations have been increasing rapidly from 4 days in 1961 to 18 days in 2012. The maximum number of haze days occur in winter（41.1%） while the minimum occur in summer（10.4%）. During 1961-2012, the high occurrence areas of haze shifted from central to south and east regions of China. The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei（Jing-Jin-Ji） region, Shanxi,Shaanxi, and Henan Province are the high occurrence areas for haze, while the Yangtze River Delta（YRD） and the Pearl River Delta（PRD） have become regions with high haze occurrences in the last 25 years. Temperature and pressure are positively correlated with the number of haze days. However, wind, relative humidity, precipitation, and sunshine duration are negatively correlated with the number of haze days. The key meteorological factors affecting the formation and dissipation of haze vary for high and low altitudes, and are closely related to anthropogenic activities. In recent years, anthropogenic activities have played a more important role in haze occurrences compared with meteorological factors.展开更多
To accelerate the selection process of feature subsets in the rough set theory （RST）, an ensemble elitist roles based quantum game （EERQG） algorithm is proposed for feature selec- tion. Firstly, the multilevel eli...To accelerate the selection process of feature subsets in the rough set theory （RST）, an ensemble elitist roles based quantum game （EERQG） algorithm is proposed for feature selec- tion. Firstly, the multilevel elitist roles based dynamics equilibrium strategy is established, and both immigration and emigration of elitists are able to be self-adaptive to balance between exploration and exploitation for feature selection. Secondly, the utility matrix of trust margins is introduced to the model of multilevel elitist roles to enhance various elitist roles＇ performance of searching the optimal feature subsets, and the win-win utility solutions for feature selec- tion can be attained. Meanwhile, a novel ensemble quantum game strategy is designed as an intriguing exhibiting structure to perfect the dynamics equilibrium of multilevel elitist roles. Finally, the en- semble manner of multilevel elitist roles is employed to achieve the global minimal feature subset, which will greatly improve the fea- sibility and effectiveness. Experiment results show the proposed EERQG algorithm has superiority compared to the existing feature selection algorithms.展开更多
Dear Editor,This letter proposes a new pattern matching method based on word embedding and dynamic time warping(DTW)to identify groups of similar alarm floods.First,alarm messages are transformed into numeric values t...Dear Editor,This letter proposes a new pattern matching method based on word embedding and dynamic time warping(DTW)to identify groups of similar alarm floods.First,alarm messages are transformed into numeric values that represent alarms and also reflect the relationships between alarm occurrences.Then,similarities between numerically encoded alarm flood sequences are calculated by DTW and groups of similar floods are identified via clustering.The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by a case study with alarm&event data obtained from a public industrial simulation model.展开更多
Significant heterogeneity exists in hormone receptor(HR)-positive/HER2-positive(HR+/HER2+)breast cancer,contributing to suboptimal pathological complete response rates with conventional neoadjuvant treatment regimens....Significant heterogeneity exists in hormone receptor(HR)-positive/HER2-positive(HR+/HER2+)breast cancer,contributing to suboptimal pathological complete response rates with conventional neoadjuvant treatment regimens.Overcoming this challenge requires precise molecular classification,which is pivotal for the development of targeted therapies.We conducted molecular typing on a cohort of 211 patients with HR^(+)/HER2^(+) breast cancer and performed a comprehensive analysis of the efficacy of various neoadjuvant treatment regimens.Our findings revealed four distinct molecular subtypes,each exhibiting unique characteristics and therapeutic implications.The HER2-enriched subtype,marked by activation of the HER2 signaling and hypoxiainducible factor 1(HIF-1)pathway,may benefit from intensified anti-HER2-targeted therapy.Estrogen receptor(ER)-activated subtype demonstrated potential sensitivity to combined therapeutic strategies targeting both ER and HER2 pathways.Characterized by high immune cell infiltration,the immunomodulatory subtype showed sensitivity to HER2-targeted antibody-drug conjugates(ADCs)and promise for immune checkpoint therapy.The highly heterogeneous subtype requires a multifaceted therapeutic approach.Organoid susceptibility assays suggested phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitors may be a potential treatment option.These findings underscore the importance of molecular subtyping in HR^(+)/HER2^(+) breast cancer,offering a framework for developing precise and personalized treatment strategies.By addressing the heterogeneity of the disease,these approaches have the potential to optimize therapeutic outcomes and improve patient care.展开更多
Biochar addition(BA)has been considered a promising strategy for mitigating soil greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions.However,it is essential to assess whether the benefits are retained under different water and fertilizer st...Biochar addition(BA)has been considered a promising strategy for mitigating soil greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions.However,it is essential to assess whether the benefits are retained under different water and fertilizer strategies(WFSs),particularly under the biogas slurry strategy(BSS),and the specific effects of different BA ratios on GHG emissions must also be assessed.This study examined the effects of two WFSs on soil GHGs emissions and bacterial subcommunities under different BA ratios and investigated their potential mechanisms using soil column experiments.Under the conventional chemical fertilizer strategy(CFS),BA reduced CO_(2)emissions by 29.19–36.51%,but simultaneously increased CH_(4)emissions by 21.62–135.08%and N2O emissions by 48.16–51.31%.Transitioning from CFS to BSS led to a 14.89%reduction in CO_(2)emissions and a 71.83%reduction in N2O emissions,whereas the CH_(4)emissions increased by 101.72%.Concurrently,BA concentrations of 4%and 6%intensified the modulatory effect of BSS on these GHGs,whereas a 2%BA concentration had an opposing regulatory effect.Both BSS and BA were also found to enhance the abundance of rare bacterial sub-communities within the soil.Furthermore,this study revealed that BSS reshaped the GHG emission pathway regulated by BA through bacterial sub-communities,emphasizing the"priority effect"of these communities in controlling GHG emissions.This study has also highlighted the integral role of carbon and nitrogen turnover processes within bacterial sub-communities for the regulation of GHGs emissions.In conclusion,this study demonstrates that the effectiveness of BA in reducing soil GHGs emissions depends on the WFS.展开更多
The enzyme immobilization technique has been widely applied in biotechnology,biomedicine,and environmental remediation.In this research,carboxylated bamboo-based cellulose nanofibers(BCNFs)were obtained by one-step ox...The enzyme immobilization technique has been widely applied in biotechnology,biomedicine,and environmental remediation.In this research,carboxylated bamboo-based cellulose nanofibers(BCNFs)were obtained by one-step oxidation modification of bamboo fibers using ammonium persulphate.The surface carboxyl groups of the BCNFs were modified by a crosslinking agent and then combined with polyethylene imine(PEI)functionalized magnetic nanoparticles to con-struct a microreactor system for enzyme loading by the methods of electrostatic self-assembly and physical adsorption.Contrasted with freeβ-glucosidase,the microreactor possesses higher relative enzyme activity at pH 5.5 and 50℃,and the storage stability is significantly higher,with>75%relative enzyme activity after storage at 4℃ for 15 d.In addition,theβ-glucosidase loaded on the microreactor facilitates its separation from the reaction medium and subsequent reuse.After completing five cycles of use,it retained 76.47%of its initial activity.The biotransforma-tion of geniposide reached 93.10%,and the genipin concentration increased 1.2 folds higher than that in the original plant extract.Therefore,PEI@Fe3 O4@BCNFs microreactor immobilized withβ-glucosidase can be successfully used to produce higher activity aglucone such as genipin from geniposide,and it might also have the potential to convert phytochemicals by the immobilized enzyme microreactor system with bamboo-based cellulose nanofibers in the natural production field.展开更多
The rapid and accurate identification of biological tissue types in resected specimens is critical to ensure complete tumor excision during surgery.By leveraging inherent electromagnetic property variations among tiss...The rapid and accurate identification of biological tissue types in resected specimens is critical to ensure complete tumor excision during surgery.By leveraging inherent electromagnetic property variations among tissues,this study presents a novel dual-port electromagnetic method that employs two-port S-parameters for quantitative tissue discrimination.The proposed technology leverages differences in the broadband electromagnetic properties among biological tissues,which are manifested as distinct attenu-ation characteristics during signal transmission.This approach allows for the successful differentiation of various tissue types,such as skin,muscle,fat,and tumor tissues,in ex vivo tumor-bearing mouse models.Specifically designed for biological tissue detection,this dual-port framework is the first to achieve a calibration-free operation and facilitate the detection of tumors with a size as small as 0.1 mm.Experimental validation in tumor-bearing mouse models demonstrated robust differentiation among skin,fat,muscle,and tumor tissues.Consistent measurements across multiple orientations were achieved,with a specific absorption rate below 0.0091 W/kg confirming operational safety.The transmission characteristics reveal significant bioelectromagnetic interactions,providing physical insights into tissue dielectric properties.This method provides a promising platform for clinical diagnostics and precision surgical guidance.展开更多
In the class imbalanced learning scenario, traditional machine learning algorithms focusing on optimizing the overall accuracy tend to achieve poor classification performance especially for the minority class in which...In the class imbalanced learning scenario, traditional machine learning algorithms focusing on optimizing the overall accuracy tend to achieve poor classification performance especially for the minority class in which we are most interested. To solve this problem, many effective approaches have been proposed. Among them, the bagging ensemble methods with integration of the under-sampling techniques have demonstrated better performance than some other ones including the bagging ensemble methods integrated with the over-sampling techniques, the cost-sensitive methods, etc. Although these under-sampling techniques promote the diversity among the generated base classifiers with the help of random partition or sampling for the majority class, they do not take any measure to ensure the individual classification performance, consequently affecting the achievability of better ensemble performance. On the other hand, evolutionary under-sampling EUS as a novel under- sampling technique has been successfully applied in searching for the best majority class subset for training a good- performance nearest neighbor classifier. Inspired by EUS, in this paper, we try to introduce it into the under-sampling bagging framework and propose an EUS based bagging ensemble method EUS-Bag by designing a new fitness function considering three factors to make EUS better suited to the framework. With our fitness function, EUS-Bag could generate a set of accurate and diverse base classifiers. To verify the effectiveness of EUS-Bag, we conduct a series of comparison experiments on 22 two-class imbalanced classification problems. Experimental results measured using recall, geometric mean and AUC all demonstrate its superior performance.展开更多
Efficient air quality management is critical to protect public health from the adverse impacts of air pollution. To evaluate the effectiveness of air pollution control strategies, the US Environmental Protection Agen...Efficient air quality management is critical to protect public health from the adverse impacts of air pollution. To evaluate the effectiveness of air pollution control strategies, the US Environmental Protection Agency （US EPA） has developed the Software for Model Attainment Test-Community Edition （SMAT-CE） to assess the air quality attainment of emission reductions, and the Environmental Benefits Mapping and Analysis Program- Community Edition （BenMAP-CE） to evaluate the health and economic benefits of air quality improvement respectively. Since scientific decision-making requires timely and coherent information, developing the linkage between SMAT-CE and BenMAP-CE into an integrated assessment platform is desirable. To address this need, a new module linking SMAT-CE to BenMAP-CE has been developed and tested. The new module streamlines the assessment of air quality and human health benefits for a proposed air pollution control strategy. It also implements an optimized data gridding algorithm which significantly enhances the computational efficiency without compro- mising accuracy. The performance of the integrated software package is demonstrated through a case study that evaluates the air quality and associated economic benefits of a national-level control strategy of PM2.5. The results of the case study show that the proposed emission reduction reduces the number of nonattainment sites from 379 to 25 based on the US National Ambient Air Quality Standards, leading to more than USS334billion ofeconomic benefits annually from improved public health. The integration of the science-based software tools in this study enhances the efficiency of developing effective and optimized emission control strategies for policy makers.展开更多
Field experiments were conducted for two consecutive years(2013-2014 and 2014-2015)to study the effects of straw mulching on microclimate characteristics,energy flux,soil evaporation(Es)and evapotranspiration of winte...Field experiments were conducted for two consecutive years(2013-2014 and 2014-2015)to study the effects of straw mulching on microclimate characteristics,energy flux,soil evaporation(Es)and evapotranspiration of winter wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)under adequate drip irrigation in North China Plain(NCP).The results revealed that straw mulching affected air temperature(T_(a))and dew point temperature(T_(d))near the soil surface but had little effect on relative humidity(RH)compared with non-mulched fields.Straw mulching increased the turbulent exchange coefficient(K),and K within the canopy was higher than that above the canopy.Straw mulching clearly increased the sensible heat flux(H)distribution in April-June,and part of the energy needed for evapotranspiration was provided by transfer from the warmer air aloft.There was a linear functional relationship between H and T_(a)measured above and within the canopy.The straw mulching decreased Es but increased crop transpiration(T).Mulched treatment(TM)can decrease the total irrigation amount by about 7%-15%compared with the non-mulched treatment(TN).There were no significant differences(p>0.05)in cumulative crop evapotranspiration(ETc)between TM and TN treatments under adequate drip irrigation,and the use of mulch may need to be combined with an optimal deficit drip irrigation schedule for managing the declining water table in NCP.展开更多
The BRAF gene is an important signaling molecule in human cells that is involved in the regulation of cell growth,differentiation,and survival.When the BRAF gene mutates,it can lead to abnormal activation of the signa...The BRAF gene is an important signaling molecule in human cells that is involved in the regulation of cell growth,differentiation,and survival.When the BRAF gene mutates,it can lead to abnormal activation of the signaling pathway,which promotes cell proliferation,inhibits cell apoptosis,and ultimately contributes to the occurrence and development of cancer.BRAF mutations are widely present in various cancers,including malignant melanoma,thyroid cancer,colorectal cancer,non-small cell lung cancer,and hairy cell leukemia,among others.BRAF is an important target for the treatment of various solid tumors,and targeted combination therapies,represented by BRAF inhibitors,have become one of the main treatment modalities for a variety of BRAF-mutation-positive solid tumors.展开更多
To reduce or eliminate environmental damage during mining processes,green mining practices have emerged as a focal point in China's metal mining research.Cemented paste backfll technology plays a pivotal role in p...To reduce or eliminate environmental damage during mining processes,green mining practices have emerged as a focal point in China's metal mining research.Cemented paste backfll technology plays a pivotal role in promoting green mining within the metal industry.The technology allows safely backflling of surface tailings into underground mining airspaces,effectively addressing the challenges associated with tailings storage and underground goaves.In this paper,we introduce the paste rheology theory system,which forms the theoretical backbone of cemented paste backfll.We delve into key technologies such as paste thickening,mixing,transportation,and the use of economical,low-carbon materials.Additionally,we analyze macro and micromechanical properties,in-situ performance monitoring,barricade construction,intelligent control,and numerical simulations of the process.We establish several demonstration projects,both domestic and international,that utilize cemented paste backfill technology to foster greener mining practices.Cemented paste backfill technology is widely used all over the world.It has evolved from its initial stages to being recognized as an advanced application by various ministries and commissions:Ultimately,we propose future research directions for cemented paste backfill technology in the context of eco-friendly metal mining.These perspectives encompass theory,technology,equipment,and mode,which can strongly contribute to the sustainability of the mining industry in China.展开更多
Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei area is the most air polluted region in China and the three neighborhood southern Hebei cities, Shijiazhuang, Xingtai, and Handan, are listed in the top ten polluted cities with severe PM2.5 poll...Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei area is the most air polluted region in China and the three neighborhood southern Hebei cities, Shijiazhuang, Xingtai, and Handan, are listed in the top ten polluted cities with severe PM2.5 pollution. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the impacts of aerosol direct effects on air aualitv over the southern Hebei cities, as well as the im0acts when considering those effects on source apportionment using three dimensional air quality models. The WRF/Chem model was applied over the East Asia and northern China at 36 and 12 km horizontal grid resolutions, respectively, for the period of January 2013, with two sets of simulations with or without aerosol-meteorology feedbacks. The source contributions of power plants, industrial, domestic, transportation, and agriculture are evaluated using the Brute-Force Method （BFM） under the two simulation configurations. Our results indicate that, although the increases in PM2.5 concentrations due to those effects over the three southern Hebei cities are only 3%-9% on monthly average they are much more significant under high PM2.5 Ioadmgs （-50 gg.m - when PM25 concentrations are higher than 400μg.m^-3）. When considering the aerosol feedbacks, the contributions of industrial and domestic sources assessed using the BFM will obviously increase （e.g., from 30% 34% to 32%-37% for industrial）, especiallY3under high PM2.5 loadings （e.g., from 36%-44% to 43%-47% for domestic when PM2.5〉400μg·m^-3）. Our results imply that the aerosol direct effects should not be ignored during severe pollution episodes, especially in short-term source apportionment using the BFM.展开更多
文摘Alterations in the mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor(MET)gene are critical drivers of non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC).In recent years advances in precision therapies targeting MET alterations have significantly expanded treatment options for NSCLC patients.These alterations include MET exon 14 skipping mutations(MET exon 14 skipping),MET gene amplifications,MET point mutations(primarily kinase domain mutations),and MET protein overexpression.Accurate identification of these alterations and appropriate selection of patient populations and targeted therapies are essential for improving clinical outcomes.The East China Lung Cancer Group,Youth Committee(ECLUNG YOUNG,Yangtze River Delta Lung Cancer Cooperation Group)has synthesized insights from China’s innovative drug development landscape and clinical practice to formulate an expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of NSCLC patients with MET alterations.This consensus addresses key areas,such as optimal testing timing,testing methods,testing strategies,quality control measures,and treatment approaches.By offering standardized recommendations,this guidance aims to streamline diagnostic and therapeutic processes and enhance clinical decision-making for NSCLC with MET alterations.
基金partially funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62273215)。
文摘Integrated continuous stirred-tank reactors and distillation columns with recycle(CSTR-DC-recycle)are essential components in chemical processes.This paper proposes a method to establish a normal operating zone(NOZ)model to represent allowable variations of the CSTR-DC-recycle chemical processes.The NOZ is a geometric space containing all safe operating points of the CSTR-DC-recycle chemical processes,so that it is an effective model for process monitoring.The novelty of the proposed method is to establish the NOZ model based on boundary points.The boundary points make it possible to capture the actual geometric space irrespective of the space shape.In contrast,existing methods represent the NOZ of processes by fixed mathematical models such as ellipsoidal and convex-hull models;they are not suitable for the CSTR-DC-recycle chemical processes whose NOZs cannot be exactly defined by fixed mathematical structures.Simulated case studies based on Aspen Hysys software are given to illustrate the proposed method.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52130404 and 52304121)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(No.FRF-TP-22-112A1).
文摘Utilizing coarse aggregates containing mining waste rock for backfilling addresses the strength requirements and reduces the expenses associated with binder and solid waste treatment.However,this type of material is prone to aggregate segregation,which can lead to uneven deformation and damage to the backfill.We employed an image-segmentation method that incorporated machine learning to analyze the distribution information of the aggregates on the splitting surface of the test blocks.The results revealed a nonlinear rela-tionship between aggregate segregation and variations in solid concentration(SC)and cement/aggregate ratio(C/A).The SC of 81wt%-82wt%and C/A of 10.00wt%-12.50wt%reflect surges in fluid dynamics,friction effects,and shifts in their dominance.A uniaxial compression experiment,supplemented with additional strain gauges and digital image correlation technology,enabled us to analyze the mechanical properties and failure mechanism under the influence of aggregate segregation.It was found that the uniaxial compressive strength,ranging from 1.75 MPa to 12.65 MPa,is linearly related to both the SC and C/A,and exhibits no significant relation-ship with the degree of segregation in numerical terms.However,the degree of segregation affects the development trend of the elastic modulus to a certain extent,and a standard deviation of the aggregate area ratio of less than 1.63 clearly indicates a higher elastic modu-lus.In the pouring direction,the top area of the test block tended to form a macroscopic fracture surface earlier.By contrast,the compressibility of the bottom area was greater than that of the top area.The intensification of aggregate segregation widened the differences in the deformation and failure characteristics between the different areas.For samples with different uniformities,significant differences in local deformation ranging from 515.00μεto 1693.70μεwere observed during the stable deformation stage.The extreme unevenness of the aggregate leads to rapid crack penetration in the sample,causing macroscopic tensile failure and resulting in premature structural failure.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52130404 and 51774039)the Project funded by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2021M690011)+1 种基金the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2021A 1515110161)the Postdoctor Research Foundation of Shunde Graduate School of University of Science and Technology Beijing(No.2021BH011)。
文摘Cemented paste backfill(CPB)has been one of the best practical approaches for tailings management and underground goaf treatment.Paste rheology is a science to study the flow and deformation behaviors of paste or filling body under the effects of stress,strain,temperature,and time during the CPB process.The goal of studying paste rheology is to solve the engineering problems existing in four key processes;that is,paste rheology should meet the engineering demands of thickening,mixing,transportation,and backfilling.However,paste rheology is extremely complicated due to its high concentration,materials complexity,and engineering characteristics of non-stratification,nonsegregation,and non-bleeding.The rheological behavior of full tailings in deep thickening,rheological behavior of paste in mixing and pipeline transportation,and rheological behavior of filling body are introduced and discussed:(1)gel point,compressive yield stress,and the hindered settling function are adopted to characterize the rheological properties of full tailings in deep thickening.Combination of Coe-Clevenger theory and Buscall-White theory can also analyze the thickening performance in the whole area of deep cone thickener;(2)yield stress and viscosity are consistent with the evolution trend of the relative structure coefficient of paste in mixing;(3)coupling effect of wall slip and time-temperature dependency has a significant influence on the rheological properties and pipeline transportation;(4)damage variable is introduced to the Burgers model to describe the creep damage of the filling body.However,in-depth and systematic studies were still needed to establish a complete theoretical system of paste rheology in metal mines.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (60873069 61171132)+3 种基金the Jiangsu Government Scholarship for Overseas Studies (JS-2010-K005)the Funding of Jiangsu Innovation Program for Graduate Education (CXZZ11 0219)the Open Project Program of Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Computer Information Processing Technology (KJS1023)the Applying Study Foundation of Nantong (BK2011062)
文摘Particle swarm optimization （PSO） is a new heuristic algorithm which has been applied to many optimization problems successfully. Attribute reduction is a key studying point of the rough set theory, and it has been proven that computing minimal reduc- tion of decision tables is a non-derterministic polynomial （NP）-hard problem. A new cooperative extended attribute reduction algorithm named Co-PSAR based on improved PSO is proposed, in which the cooperative evolutionary strategy with suitable fitness func- tions is involved to learn a good hypothesis for accelerating the optimization of searching minimal attribute reduction. Experiments on Benchmark functions and University of California, Irvine （UCI） data sets, compared with other algorithms, verify the superiority of the Co-PSAR algorithm in terms of the convergence speed, efficiency and accuracy for the attribute reduction.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(6113900261171132)+4 种基金the Funding of Jiangsu Innovation Program for Graduate Education(CXZZ11 0219)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Education Department(12KJB520013)the Applying Study Foundation of Nantong(BK2011062)the Open Project Program of State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology,Nanjing University(KFKT2012B28)the Natural Science Pre-Research Foundation of Nantong University(12ZY016)
文摘Attribute reduction in the rough set theory is an important feature selection method, but finding a minimum attribute reduction has been proven to be a non-deterministic polynomial （NP）-hard problem. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate some fast and effective approximate algorithms. A novel and enhanced quantum-inspired shuffled frog leaping based minimum attribute reduction algorithm （QSFLAR） is proposed. Evolutionary frogs are represented by multi-state quantum bits, and both quantum rotation gate and quantum mutation operators are used to exploit the mechanisms of frog population diversity and convergence to the global optimum. The decomposed attribute subsets are co-evolved by the elitist frogs with a quantum-inspired shuffled frog leaping algorithm. The experimental results validate the better feasibility and effectiveness of QSFLAR, comparing with some representa- tive algorithms. Therefore, QSFLAR can be considered as a more competitive algorithm on the efficiency and accuracy for minimum attribute reduction.
基金supported by the CMA’s special Funds for climate change(No.CCSF201439)the CMA’s special Funds for key technology(No.CMAGJ2015M79)the MEP’s Special Funds for Research on Public Welfares(No.201409002)
文摘The purpose of this study is to analyze the climatic characteristics and long-term spatial and temporal variations of haze occurrence in China. The impact factors of haze trends are also discussed. Meteorological data from 1961 to 2012 and daily PM10 concentrations from2003 to 2012 were employed in this study. The results indicate that the annual-average hazy days at all stations have been increasing rapidly from 4 days in 1961 to 18 days in 2012. The maximum number of haze days occur in winter（41.1%） while the minimum occur in summer（10.4%）. During 1961-2012, the high occurrence areas of haze shifted from central to south and east regions of China. The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei（Jing-Jin-Ji） region, Shanxi,Shaanxi, and Henan Province are the high occurrence areas for haze, while the Yangtze River Delta（YRD） and the Pearl River Delta（PRD） have become regions with high haze occurrences in the last 25 years. Temperature and pressure are positively correlated with the number of haze days. However, wind, relative humidity, precipitation, and sunshine duration are negatively correlated with the number of haze days. The key meteorological factors affecting the formation and dissipation of haze vary for high and low altitudes, and are closely related to anthropogenic activities. In recent years, anthropogenic activities have played a more important role in haze occurrences compared with meteorological factors.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(6113900261501229+1 种基金11547040)the Guangdong Natural Science Foundation(2016A030310051)
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(6113900261171132+4 种基金61300167)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Education Department(12KJB520013)the Open Project Program of Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Computer Information Processing Technologythe Qing Lan Project of Jiangsu Provincethe Starting Foundation for Doctoral Scientific Research,Nantong University(14B20)
文摘To accelerate the selection process of feature subsets in the rough set theory （RST）, an ensemble elitist roles based quantum game （EERQG） algorithm is proposed for feature selec- tion. Firstly, the multilevel elitist roles based dynamics equilibrium strategy is established, and both immigration and emigration of elitists are able to be self-adaptive to balance between exploration and exploitation for feature selection. Secondly, the utility matrix of trust margins is introduced to the model of multilevel elitist roles to enhance various elitist roles＇ performance of searching the optimal feature subsets, and the win-win utility solutions for feature selec- tion can be attained. Meanwhile, a novel ensemble quantum game strategy is designed as an intriguing exhibiting structure to perfect the dynamics equilibrium of multilevel elitist roles. Finally, the en- semble manner of multilevel elitist roles is employed to achieve the global minimal feature subset, which will greatly improve the fea- sibility and effectiveness. Experiment results show the proposed EERQG algorithm has superiority compared to the existing feature selection algorithms.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61903345)the Knowledge Innovation Program of Wuhan-Shuguang Project (2022010801020208)
文摘Dear Editor,This letter proposes a new pattern matching method based on word embedding and dynamic time warping(DTW)to identify groups of similar alarm floods.First,alarm messages are transformed into numeric values that represent alarms and also reflect the relationships between alarm occurrences.Then,similarities between numerically encoded alarm flood sequences are calculated by DTW and groups of similar floods are identified via clustering.The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by a case study with alarm&event data obtained from a public industrial simulation model.
基金supported by the National Natural ScienceFoundation of China(Grant Nos.U20A20381,82203804,82403918)the National Natural ScienceFoundation of Liaoning Province(Grant No.2024-MS-053)China Medical Education Association Subject(2016001).
文摘Significant heterogeneity exists in hormone receptor(HR)-positive/HER2-positive(HR+/HER2+)breast cancer,contributing to suboptimal pathological complete response rates with conventional neoadjuvant treatment regimens.Overcoming this challenge requires precise molecular classification,which is pivotal for the development of targeted therapies.We conducted molecular typing on a cohort of 211 patients with HR^(+)/HER2^(+) breast cancer and performed a comprehensive analysis of the efficacy of various neoadjuvant treatment regimens.Our findings revealed four distinct molecular subtypes,each exhibiting unique characteristics and therapeutic implications.The HER2-enriched subtype,marked by activation of the HER2 signaling and hypoxiainducible factor 1(HIF-1)pathway,may benefit from intensified anti-HER2-targeted therapy.Estrogen receptor(ER)-activated subtype demonstrated potential sensitivity to combined therapeutic strategies targeting both ER and HER2 pathways.Characterized by high immune cell infiltration,the immunomodulatory subtype showed sensitivity to HER2-targeted antibody-drug conjugates(ADCs)and promise for immune checkpoint therapy.The highly heterogeneous subtype requires a multifaceted therapeutic approach.Organoid susceptibility assays suggested phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitors may be a potential treatment option.These findings underscore the importance of molecular subtyping in HR^(+)/HER2^(+) breast cancer,offering a framework for developing precise and personalized treatment strategies.By addressing the heterogeneity of the disease,these approaches have the potential to optimize therapeutic outcomes and improve patient care.
基金supported by grants from the Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund(No.Y2025YC35)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program(CAAS-ZDRW202417)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52379055)the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF under Grant Number GZC20233056the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2024T171018&2024M763602).
文摘Biochar addition(BA)has been considered a promising strategy for mitigating soil greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions.However,it is essential to assess whether the benefits are retained under different water and fertilizer strategies(WFSs),particularly under the biogas slurry strategy(BSS),and the specific effects of different BA ratios on GHG emissions must also be assessed.This study examined the effects of two WFSs on soil GHGs emissions and bacterial subcommunities under different BA ratios and investigated their potential mechanisms using soil column experiments.Under the conventional chemical fertilizer strategy(CFS),BA reduced CO_(2)emissions by 29.19–36.51%,but simultaneously increased CH_(4)emissions by 21.62–135.08%and N2O emissions by 48.16–51.31%.Transitioning from CFS to BSS led to a 14.89%reduction in CO_(2)emissions and a 71.83%reduction in N2O emissions,whereas the CH_(4)emissions increased by 101.72%.Concurrently,BA concentrations of 4%and 6%intensified the modulatory effect of BSS on these GHGs,whereas a 2%BA concentration had an opposing regulatory effect.Both BSS and BA were also found to enhance the abundance of rare bacterial sub-communities within the soil.Furthermore,this study revealed that BSS reshaped the GHG emission pathway regulated by BA through bacterial sub-communities,emphasizing the"priority effect"of these communities in controlling GHG emissions.This study has also highlighted the integral role of carbon and nitrogen turnover processes within bacterial sub-communities for the regulation of GHGs emissions.In conclusion,this study demonstrates that the effectiveness of BA in reducing soil GHGs emissions depends on the WFS.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32271805)National Science and Technology Innovation Project(No.2022XACX1100)+2 种基金National Key R&D Program of China(No.2022YFD2200602)the 111 Center(No.B20088)5·5 Engineering Research&Innovation Team Project of Beijing Forestry University(No.BLRC2023A01).
文摘The enzyme immobilization technique has been widely applied in biotechnology,biomedicine,and environmental remediation.In this research,carboxylated bamboo-based cellulose nanofibers(BCNFs)were obtained by one-step oxidation modification of bamboo fibers using ammonium persulphate.The surface carboxyl groups of the BCNFs were modified by a crosslinking agent and then combined with polyethylene imine(PEI)functionalized magnetic nanoparticles to con-struct a microreactor system for enzyme loading by the methods of electrostatic self-assembly and physical adsorption.Contrasted with freeβ-glucosidase,the microreactor possesses higher relative enzyme activity at pH 5.5 and 50℃,and the storage stability is significantly higher,with>75%relative enzyme activity after storage at 4℃ for 15 d.In addition,theβ-glucosidase loaded on the microreactor facilitates its separation from the reaction medium and subsequent reuse.After completing five cycles of use,it retained 76.47%of its initial activity.The biotransforma-tion of geniposide reached 93.10%,and the genipin concentration increased 1.2 folds higher than that in the original plant extract.Therefore,PEI@Fe3 O4@BCNFs microreactor immobilized withβ-glucosidase can be successfully used to produce higher activity aglucone such as genipin from geniposide,and it might also have the potential to convert phytochemicals by the immobilized enzyme microreactor system with bamboo-based cellulose nanofibers in the natural production field.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.62476285)the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.GZC20252693).
文摘The rapid and accurate identification of biological tissue types in resected specimens is critical to ensure complete tumor excision during surgery.By leveraging inherent electromagnetic property variations among tissues,this study presents a novel dual-port electromagnetic method that employs two-port S-parameters for quantitative tissue discrimination.The proposed technology leverages differences in the broadband electromagnetic properties among biological tissues,which are manifested as distinct attenu-ation characteristics during signal transmission.This approach allows for the successful differentiation of various tissue types,such as skin,muscle,fat,and tumor tissues,in ex vivo tumor-bearing mouse models.Specifically designed for biological tissue detection,this dual-port framework is the first to achieve a calibration-free operation and facilitate the detection of tumors with a size as small as 0.1 mm.Experimental validation in tumor-bearing mouse models demonstrated robust differentiation among skin,fat,muscle,and tumor tissues.Consistent measurements across multiple orientations were achieved,with a specific absorption rate below 0.0091 W/kg confirming operational safety.The transmission characteristics reveal significant bioelectromagnetic interactions,providing physical insights into tissue dielectric properties.This method provides a promising platform for clinical diagnostics and precision surgical guidance.
基金Acknowledgements We would like to express our gratitude to both the associate editor and the anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments that improved the quality of our manuscript to a large extent. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant No.61501229） and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities （NS2015091, NS2014067, NJ20160013）.
文摘In the class imbalanced learning scenario, traditional machine learning algorithms focusing on optimizing the overall accuracy tend to achieve poor classification performance especially for the minority class in which we are most interested. To solve this problem, many effective approaches have been proposed. Among them, the bagging ensemble methods with integration of the under-sampling techniques have demonstrated better performance than some other ones including the bagging ensemble methods integrated with the over-sampling techniques, the cost-sensitive methods, etc. Although these under-sampling techniques promote the diversity among the generated base classifiers with the help of random partition or sampling for the majority class, they do not take any measure to ensure the individual classification performance, consequently affecting the achievability of better ensemble performance. On the other hand, evolutionary under-sampling EUS as a novel under- sampling technique has been successfully applied in searching for the best majority class subset for training a good- performance nearest neighbor classifier. Inspired by EUS, in this paper, we try to introduce it into the under-sampling bagging framework and propose an EUS based bagging ensemble method EUS-Bag by designing a new fitness function considering three factors to make EUS better suited to the framework. With our fitness function, EUS-Bag could generate a set of accurate and diverse base classifiers. To verify the effectiveness of EUS-Bag, we conduct a series of comparison experiments on 22 two-class imbalanced classification problems. Experimental results measured using recall, geometric mean and AUC all demonstrate its superior performance.
文摘Efficient air quality management is critical to protect public health from the adverse impacts of air pollution. To evaluate the effectiveness of air pollution control strategies, the US Environmental Protection Agency （US EPA） has developed the Software for Model Attainment Test-Community Edition （SMAT-CE） to assess the air quality attainment of emission reductions, and the Environmental Benefits Mapping and Analysis Program- Community Edition （BenMAP-CE） to evaluate the health and economic benefits of air quality improvement respectively. Since scientific decision-making requires timely and coherent information, developing the linkage between SMAT-CE and BenMAP-CE into an integrated assessment platform is desirable. To address this need, a new module linking SMAT-CE to BenMAP-CE has been developed and tested. The new module streamlines the assessment of air quality and human health benefits for a proposed air pollution control strategy. It also implements an optimized data gridding algorithm which significantly enhances the computational efficiency without compro- mising accuracy. The performance of the integrated software package is demonstrated through a case study that evaluates the air quality and associated economic benefits of a national-level control strategy of PM2.5. The results of the case study show that the proposed emission reduction reduces the number of nonattainment sites from 379 to 25 based on the US National Ambient Air Quality Standards, leading to more than USS334billion ofeconomic benefits annually from improved public health. The integration of the science-based software tools in this study enhances the efficiency of developing effective and optimized emission control strategies for policy makers.
基金supported by the National“12th Five-Year Plan”Scientific and Technological Project of China(2014BAD12B05)the IWHR Innovative Team Project(ID0145B602017).
文摘Field experiments were conducted for two consecutive years(2013-2014 and 2014-2015)to study the effects of straw mulching on microclimate characteristics,energy flux,soil evaporation(Es)and evapotranspiration of winter wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)under adequate drip irrigation in North China Plain(NCP).The results revealed that straw mulching affected air temperature(T_(a))and dew point temperature(T_(d))near the soil surface but had little effect on relative humidity(RH)compared with non-mulched fields.Straw mulching increased the turbulent exchange coefficient(K),and K within the canopy was higher than that above the canopy.Straw mulching clearly increased the sensible heat flux(H)distribution in April-June,and part of the energy needed for evapotranspiration was provided by transfer from the warmer air aloft.There was a linear functional relationship between H and T_(a)measured above and within the canopy.The straw mulching decreased Es but increased crop transpiration(T).Mulched treatment(TM)can decrease the total irrigation amount by about 7%-15%compared with the non-mulched treatment(TN).There were no significant differences(p>0.05)in cumulative crop evapotranspiration(ETc)between TM and TN treatments under adequate drip irrigation,and the use of mulch may need to be combined with an optimal deficit drip irrigation schedule for managing the declining water table in NCP.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(grant number 82002456)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(grant number 2022M723207)+10 种基金the Medical Scientific Research Foundation of Zhejiang Province,China(grant number 2023KY666)Zhejiang Traditional Chinese Medicine Science Fund Project(grant number 2024ZL372)Qiantang Cross Fund Project(grant number 2023-16)National Natural Science Foundation of China of Zhejiang Cancer Hospital Cultivation Project(grant number PY2023006)the Medical Scientific Research Foundation of Zhejiang Province,China(grant number 2024KY812)the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(grant number LQ24H160036)Beijing Health Technologies Promotion Program[grant number BHTPP2022041]Peking University Clinical Scientist Training Program and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities[grant number BMU2024PYJH010]Science Foundation of Peking University Cancer Hospital[grant number PY202333]the Beijing Natural Science Foundation[grant number 7232248]Beijing Hospitals Authority Youth Programme[grant number QML20231902].
文摘The BRAF gene is an important signaling molecule in human cells that is involved in the regulation of cell growth,differentiation,and survival.When the BRAF gene mutates,it can lead to abnormal activation of the signaling pathway,which promotes cell proliferation,inhibits cell apoptosis,and ultimately contributes to the occurrence and development of cancer.BRAF mutations are widely present in various cancers,including malignant melanoma,thyroid cancer,colorectal cancer,non-small cell lung cancer,and hairy cell leukemia,among others.BRAF is an important target for the treatment of various solid tumors,and targeted combination therapies,represented by BRAF inhibitors,have become one of the main treatment modalities for a variety of BRAF-mutation-positive solid tumors.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.52130404)the Interdisciplinary Research Project for Young Teachers of USTB (Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities),China (No.FRF-IDRY-GD22-004).
文摘To reduce or eliminate environmental damage during mining processes,green mining practices have emerged as a focal point in China's metal mining research.Cemented paste backfll technology plays a pivotal role in promoting green mining within the metal industry.The technology allows safely backflling of surface tailings into underground mining airspaces,effectively addressing the challenges associated with tailings storage and underground goaves.In this paper,we introduce the paste rheology theory system,which forms the theoretical backbone of cemented paste backfll.We delve into key technologies such as paste thickening,mixing,transportation,and the use of economical,low-carbon materials.Additionally,we analyze macro and micromechanical properties,in-situ performance monitoring,barricade construction,intelligent control,and numerical simulations of the process.We establish several demonstration projects,both domestic and international,that utilize cemented paste backfill technology to foster greener mining practices.Cemented paste backfill technology is widely used all over the world.It has evolved from its initial stages to being recognized as an advanced application by various ministries and commissions:Ultimately,we propose future research directions for cemented paste backfill technology in the context of eco-friendly metal mining.These perspectives encompass theory,technology,equipment,and mode,which can strongly contribute to the sustainability of the mining industry in China.
文摘Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei area is the most air polluted region in China and the three neighborhood southern Hebei cities, Shijiazhuang, Xingtai, and Handan, are listed in the top ten polluted cities with severe PM2.5 pollution. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the impacts of aerosol direct effects on air aualitv over the southern Hebei cities, as well as the im0acts when considering those effects on source apportionment using three dimensional air quality models. The WRF/Chem model was applied over the East Asia and northern China at 36 and 12 km horizontal grid resolutions, respectively, for the period of January 2013, with two sets of simulations with or without aerosol-meteorology feedbacks. The source contributions of power plants, industrial, domestic, transportation, and agriculture are evaluated using the Brute-Force Method （BFM） under the two simulation configurations. Our results indicate that, although the increases in PM2.5 concentrations due to those effects over the three southern Hebei cities are only 3%-9% on monthly average they are much more significant under high PM2.5 Ioadmgs （-50 gg.m - when PM25 concentrations are higher than 400μg.m^-3）. When considering the aerosol feedbacks, the contributions of industrial and domestic sources assessed using the BFM will obviously increase （e.g., from 30% 34% to 32%-37% for industrial）, especiallY3under high PM2.5 loadings （e.g., from 36%-44% to 43%-47% for domestic when PM2.5〉400μg·m^-3）. Our results imply that the aerosol direct effects should not be ignored during severe pollution episodes, especially in short-term source apportionment using the BFM.
