Sulfur isotopes of S-bearing materials are powerful tools to trace various geological processes and sulfur sources in earth sciences,especially in ore deposits where sulfide-sulfate pair coprecipitates widely.However,...Sulfur isotopes of S-bearing materials are powerful tools to trace various geological processes and sulfur sources in earth sciences,especially in ore deposits where sulfide-sulfate pair coprecipitates widely.However,in-situ S isotope determination of barite is challenging without natural matrix-matched reference material.In this study,we present two natural barite reference materials(1-YS and 294-YS)for in-situ sulfur isotopic analysis.Independent LA-MC-ICP-MS laboratories were utilized to test theδ34S micron-scale homogeneity of 1-YS and 294-YS barites that have 2s repeatabilities of better than±0.45‰and±0.41‰,respectively.Meanwhile,the in-situ analysis results are consistent with the results of the bulk analysis by GS-IRMS within uncertainty.The grand meanδ~(34)S values of 1-YS(13.37‰±0.42‰,2s)and 294-YS(14.38‰±0.44‰,2s)are the final recommended values obtained from four independent laboratories.All the results confirm the suitability of 1-YS and 294-YS barite used as calibration materials with respect to in-situ S isotopic analysis.Moreover,the new developed barite reference materials were used as matrix-matched standard to calibrate the barite samples from the Huayangchuan carbonatite-hosted U-polymetallic deposit(Qinling orogenic belt,western China)to obtainδ34S values.Utilizing the temperaturedependentδ34S fractionation of barite-pyrite pair,we calculate the formation temperature of barite(i.e.,506 to 537°C)and theδ34S value of mineralizing fluid(i.e.,-7.11‰to-7.59‰)in the Huayangchuan deposit.The results indicate an involvement of sedimentary sulfur,presumably acting as a potential uranium source(e.g.,upper crustal materials)for the giant Huayangchuan deposit.展开更多
The purpose of this paper is to categorize the research on Level 3 and Hybrid Level 3;map how the research focus on ERTMS Level 3 has developed over time;summarize key assumptions in research on Level 3 and Hybrid Lev...The purpose of this paper is to categorize the research on Level 3 and Hybrid Level 3;map how the research focus on ERTMS Level 3 has developed over time;summarize key assumptions in research on Level 3 and Hybrid Level 3.This study uses a scoping review approach.This review method provides a comprehensive overview of the literature in a selected field.The literature searches in this study were primarily conducted in Scopus and Web of Science and were complemented with a follow-up search in Google Scholar.The topics are divided into two thematic areas:Effects on the Railway System and Technical Requirements.The thematic area Technical Requirements is further divided into the following subcategories:train,trackside,and communication.The effects on the railway system are measured using performance indicators:capacity,stability/robustness,and safety.ERTMS Level 3 has developed from a pure Level 3 to Hybrid Level 3.Hybrid Level 3 represents a pragmatic solution,but it may emerge as a threat to the long-term objective of the Level 3 moving block.Studies of Level 3 are based on a moving block solution,while studies of Hybrid Level 3 are mainly based on virtual sub-sections.Both Level 3 and Hybrid Level 3 studies tend to make assumptions that risk missing wider aspects of the railway system.There is also a need to correctly represent different ERTMS Level 3 configurations to ensure expected capacity gains.For a better understanding of the development and future path of ERTMS Level 3,it is interesting to study the following aspects:the historical development of ERTMS Level 3 research,the assumptions made about ERTMS Level 3,and the conditions and restrictions under which ERTMS Level 3 will be implemented.Assumptions and simplifications are necessary for modeling work,but there is also a need to highlight underlying assumptions in analyses of different ERTMS Level 3 configurations.展开更多
Purpose–This paper aims to explore whether drivers would adapt their behavior when they drive among automated vehicles(AVs)compared to driving among manually driven vehicles(MVs).Understanding behavioral adaptation o...Purpose–This paper aims to explore whether drivers would adapt their behavior when they drive among automated vehicles(AVs)compared to driving among manually driven vehicles(MVs).Understanding behavioral adaptation of drivers when they encounter AVs is crucial for assessing impacts of AVs in mixed-traffic situations.Here,mixed-traffic situations refer to situations where AVs share the roads with existing nonautomated vehicles such as conventional MVs.Design/methodology/approach–A driving simulator study is designed to explore whether such behavioral adaptations exist.Two different driving scenarios were explored on a three-lane highway:driving on the main highway and merging from an on-ramp.For this study,18 research participants were recruited.Findings–Behavioral adaptation can be observed in terms of car-following speed,car-following time gap,number of lane change and overall driving speed.The adaptations are dependent on the driving scenario and whether the surrounding traffic was AVs or MVs.Although significant differences in behavior were found in more than 90%of the research participants,they adapted their behavior differently,and thus,magnitude of the behavioral adaptation remains unclear.Originality/value–The observed behavioral adaptations in this paper were dependent on the driving scenario rather than the time gap between surrounding vehicles.This finding differs from previous studies,which have shown that drivers tend to adapt their behaviors with respect to the surrounding vehicles.Furthermore,the surrounding vehicles in this study are more“free flow’”compared to previous studies with a fixed formation such as platoons.Nevertheless,long-term observations are required to further support this claim.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42003014,42363004,42073051,42303023)Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation(No.20232BAB213070)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(No.ZR2022QD050)。
文摘Sulfur isotopes of S-bearing materials are powerful tools to trace various geological processes and sulfur sources in earth sciences,especially in ore deposits where sulfide-sulfate pair coprecipitates widely.However,in-situ S isotope determination of barite is challenging without natural matrix-matched reference material.In this study,we present two natural barite reference materials(1-YS and 294-YS)for in-situ sulfur isotopic analysis.Independent LA-MC-ICP-MS laboratories were utilized to test theδ34S micron-scale homogeneity of 1-YS and 294-YS barites that have 2s repeatabilities of better than±0.45‰and±0.41‰,respectively.Meanwhile,the in-situ analysis results are consistent with the results of the bulk analysis by GS-IRMS within uncertainty.The grand meanδ~(34)S values of 1-YS(13.37‰±0.42‰,2s)and 294-YS(14.38‰±0.44‰,2s)are the final recommended values obtained from four independent laboratories.All the results confirm the suitability of 1-YS and 294-YS barite used as calibration materials with respect to in-situ S isotopic analysis.Moreover,the new developed barite reference materials were used as matrix-matched standard to calibrate the barite samples from the Huayangchuan carbonatite-hosted U-polymetallic deposit(Qinling orogenic belt,western China)to obtainδ34S values.Utilizing the temperaturedependentδ34S fractionation of barite-pyrite pair,we calculate the formation temperature of barite(i.e.,506 to 537°C)and theδ34S value of mineralizing fluid(i.e.,-7.11‰to-7.59‰)in the Huayangchuan deposit.The results indicate an involvement of sedimentary sulfur,presumably acting as a potential uranium source(e.g.,upper crustal materials)for the giant Huayangchuan deposit.
文摘The purpose of this paper is to categorize the research on Level 3 and Hybrid Level 3;map how the research focus on ERTMS Level 3 has developed over time;summarize key assumptions in research on Level 3 and Hybrid Level 3.This study uses a scoping review approach.This review method provides a comprehensive overview of the literature in a selected field.The literature searches in this study were primarily conducted in Scopus and Web of Science and were complemented with a follow-up search in Google Scholar.The topics are divided into two thematic areas:Effects on the Railway System and Technical Requirements.The thematic area Technical Requirements is further divided into the following subcategories:train,trackside,and communication.The effects on the railway system are measured using performance indicators:capacity,stability/robustness,and safety.ERTMS Level 3 has developed from a pure Level 3 to Hybrid Level 3.Hybrid Level 3 represents a pragmatic solution,but it may emerge as a threat to the long-term objective of the Level 3 moving block.Studies of Level 3 are based on a moving block solution,while studies of Hybrid Level 3 are mainly based on virtual sub-sections.Both Level 3 and Hybrid Level 3 studies tend to make assumptions that risk missing wider aspects of the railway system.There is also a need to correctly represent different ERTMS Level 3 configurations to ensure expected capacity gains.For a better understanding of the development and future path of ERTMS Level 3,it is interesting to study the following aspects:the historical development of ERTMS Level 3 research,the assumptions made about ERTMS Level 3,and the conditions and restrictions under which ERTMS Level 3 will be implemented.Assumptions and simplifications are necessary for modeling work,but there is also a need to highlight underlying assumptions in analyses of different ERTMS Level 3 configurations.
基金the Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation Systems(Vinnovagrant no.2018-02891).
文摘Purpose–This paper aims to explore whether drivers would adapt their behavior when they drive among automated vehicles(AVs)compared to driving among manually driven vehicles(MVs).Understanding behavioral adaptation of drivers when they encounter AVs is crucial for assessing impacts of AVs in mixed-traffic situations.Here,mixed-traffic situations refer to situations where AVs share the roads with existing nonautomated vehicles such as conventional MVs.Design/methodology/approach–A driving simulator study is designed to explore whether such behavioral adaptations exist.Two different driving scenarios were explored on a three-lane highway:driving on the main highway and merging from an on-ramp.For this study,18 research participants were recruited.Findings–Behavioral adaptation can be observed in terms of car-following speed,car-following time gap,number of lane change and overall driving speed.The adaptations are dependent on the driving scenario and whether the surrounding traffic was AVs or MVs.Although significant differences in behavior were found in more than 90%of the research participants,they adapted their behavior differently,and thus,magnitude of the behavioral adaptation remains unclear.Originality/value–The observed behavioral adaptations in this paper were dependent on the driving scenario rather than the time gap between surrounding vehicles.This finding differs from previous studies,which have shown that drivers tend to adapt their behaviors with respect to the surrounding vehicles.Furthermore,the surrounding vehicles in this study are more“free flow’”compared to previous studies with a fixed formation such as platoons.Nevertheless,long-term observations are required to further support this claim.
