Obesity,a global health concern,is associated with severe health issues like type 2 diabetes,heart disease,and respiratory complications.It also increases the risk of various cancers,including melanoma,endometrial,pro...Obesity,a global health concern,is associated with severe health issues like type 2 diabetes,heart disease,and respiratory complications.It also increases the risk of various cancers,including melanoma,endometrial,prostate,pancreatic,esophageal adenocarcinoma,colorectal carcinoma,renal adenocarcinoma,and pre-and post-menopausal breast cancer.Obesity-induced cellular changes,such as impaired CD8^(+)T cell function,dyslipi-demia,hypercholesterolemia,insulin resistance,mild hyperglycemia,and fluctuating levels of leptin,resistin,adiponectin,and IL-6,contribute to cancer development by promoting inflammation and creating a tumor-promoting microenvironment rich in adipocytes.Adipocytes release leptin,a pro-inflammatory substance that stimulates cancer cell proliferation,inflammation,and invasion,altering the tumor cell metabolic pathway.Adiponectin,an insulin-sensitizing adipokine,is typically downregulated in obese individuals.It has antipro-liferative,proapoptotic,and antiangiogenic properties,making it a potential cancer treatment.This narrative review offers a comprehensive examination of the molecular interconnections between obesity and cancer,draw-ing on an extensive,though non-systematic,survey of the recent literature.This approach allows us to integrate and synthesize findings from various studies,offering a cohesive perspective on emerging themes and potential therapeutic targets.The review explores the metabolic disturbances,cellular alterations,inflammatory responses,and shifts in the tumor microenvironment that contribute to the obesity-cancer link.Finally,it discusses poten-tial therapeutic strategies aimed at disrupting these connections,offering valuable insights into future research directions and the development of targeted interventions.展开更多
Extracellular vesicles(EVs)are nano-sized,membranous structures secreted into the extracellular space.They exhibit diverse sizes,contents,and surface markers and are ubiquitously released from cells under normal and p...Extracellular vesicles(EVs)are nano-sized,membranous structures secreted into the extracellular space.They exhibit diverse sizes,contents,and surface markers and are ubiquitously released from cells under normal and pathological conditions.Human serum is a rich source of these EVs,though their isolation from serum proteins and non-EV lipid particles poses challenges.These vesicles transport various cellular components such as proteins,mRNAs,miRNAs,DNA,and lipids across distances,influencing numerous physiological and pathological events,including those within the tumor microenvironment(TME).Their pivotal roles in cellular communication make EVs promising candidates for therapeutic agents,drug delivery systems,and disease biomarkers.Especially in cancer diagnostics,EV detection can pave the way for early identification and offers potential as diagnostic biomarkers.Moreover,various EV subtypes are emerging as targeted drug delivery tools,highlighting their potential clinical significance.The need for non-invasive biomarkers to monitor biological processes for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes remains unfulfilled.Tapping into the unique composition of EVs could unlock advanced diagnostic and therapeutic avenues in the future.In this review,we discuss in detail the roles of EVs across various conditions,including cancers(encompassing head and neck,lung,gastric,breast,and hepatocellular carcinoma),neurodegenerative disorders,diabetes,viral infections,autoimmune and renal diseases,emphasizing the potential advancements in molecular diagnostics and drug delivery.展开更多
基金supported by Sidra Medicine Research Fund to Ajaz A.Bhat(grant number:SDR400190)Ammira S.Al-Shabeeb Akil(grant number:SDR400175).
文摘Obesity,a global health concern,is associated with severe health issues like type 2 diabetes,heart disease,and respiratory complications.It also increases the risk of various cancers,including melanoma,endometrial,prostate,pancreatic,esophageal adenocarcinoma,colorectal carcinoma,renal adenocarcinoma,and pre-and post-menopausal breast cancer.Obesity-induced cellular changes,such as impaired CD8^(+)T cell function,dyslipi-demia,hypercholesterolemia,insulin resistance,mild hyperglycemia,and fluctuating levels of leptin,resistin,adiponectin,and IL-6,contribute to cancer development by promoting inflammation and creating a tumor-promoting microenvironment rich in adipocytes.Adipocytes release leptin,a pro-inflammatory substance that stimulates cancer cell proliferation,inflammation,and invasion,altering the tumor cell metabolic pathway.Adiponectin,an insulin-sensitizing adipokine,is typically downregulated in obese individuals.It has antipro-liferative,proapoptotic,and antiangiogenic properties,making it a potential cancer treatment.This narrative review offers a comprehensive examination of the molecular interconnections between obesity and cancer,draw-ing on an extensive,though non-systematic,survey of the recent literature.This approach allows us to integrate and synthesize findings from various studies,offering a cohesive perspective on emerging themes and potential therapeutic targets.The review explores the metabolic disturbances,cellular alterations,inflammatory responses,and shifts in the tumor microenvironment that contribute to the obesity-cancer link.Finally,it discusses poten-tial therapeutic strategies aimed at disrupting these connections,offering valuable insights into future research directions and the development of targeted interventions.
基金Sidra Medicine Research Fund funded this study to A.A.B.[SDR400105]and A.S.A.S.A.[SDR400175]Ramalingaswami Fellowship(Grant number:D.O.NO.BT/HRD/35/02/2006)from the Department of Biotechnology,&Core Research Grant(CRG/2021/003805)from Science and Engineering Research Board,Govt.of India,New Delhi to M.A.M.Promotion of University Research and Scientific Excellence(PURSE)(SR/PURSE/2022/121)grant from the Department of Science and Technology,Govt.of India,New Delhi,to the Islamic University of Science and Technology(IUST),Awantipora.Open Access funding provided by the Qatar National Library。
文摘Extracellular vesicles(EVs)are nano-sized,membranous structures secreted into the extracellular space.They exhibit diverse sizes,contents,and surface markers and are ubiquitously released from cells under normal and pathological conditions.Human serum is a rich source of these EVs,though their isolation from serum proteins and non-EV lipid particles poses challenges.These vesicles transport various cellular components such as proteins,mRNAs,miRNAs,DNA,and lipids across distances,influencing numerous physiological and pathological events,including those within the tumor microenvironment(TME).Their pivotal roles in cellular communication make EVs promising candidates for therapeutic agents,drug delivery systems,and disease biomarkers.Especially in cancer diagnostics,EV detection can pave the way for early identification and offers potential as diagnostic biomarkers.Moreover,various EV subtypes are emerging as targeted drug delivery tools,highlighting their potential clinical significance.The need for non-invasive biomarkers to monitor biological processes for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes remains unfulfilled.Tapping into the unique composition of EVs could unlock advanced diagnostic and therapeutic avenues in the future.In this review,we discuss in detail the roles of EVs across various conditions,including cancers(encompassing head and neck,lung,gastric,breast,and hepatocellular carcinoma),neurodegenerative disorders,diabetes,viral infections,autoimmune and renal diseases,emphasizing the potential advancements in molecular diagnostics and drug delivery.
