Over the past two decades,rapid urbanization and industrialization in Uganda have generated wastewater containing emerging contaminants including per-and poly-fluoroalkyl substances(PFASs).This study assessed PFASs co...Over the past two decades,rapid urbanization and industrialization in Uganda have generated wastewater containing emerging contaminants including per-and poly-fluoroalkyl substances(PFASs).This study assessed PFASs contamination of wastewater from Bugolobi(Kampala)and Kirinya(Jinja)wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs)by analyzing 80 influent and effluent samples for 15 PFASs using LC-MS/MS.We quantified 10 PFASs,with levels ranging from non-detectable(n.d)up to 372.4 ng/L(mean:20.94±0.42 ng/L).At Bugolobi WWTP,influent levels ranged from n.d to 190.01 ng/L(60.85±1.03 ng/L)while effluents varied from n.d to 372.4 ng/L(237.91±7.06 ng/L).At Kirinya WWTP,influent levels ranged from n.d to 29.37 ng/L(17.58±3.54 ng/L)and effluents up to 30.21 ng/L(7.79±0.85 ng/L).Short-chain PFASs(PFBS,PFBA)were more predominant,suggesting their possible use or degradation of the long-chain PFASs.Total mass loadings were higher at Bugolobi WWTP(5353.56 mg/day),serving the more densely populated Kampala,than at Kirinya WWTP(93.62 mg/day).PFSAs exhibited higher removal(72.45%Bugolobi;36.45%Kirinya)than PFCAs(-127.38%Bugolobi;-20.50% Kirinya),which could be attributed to their stronger hydrophobic adsorption and partial biodegradation.Bugolobi,with ~82.59% total removal outperformed Kirinya(~25.19%)due to its advanced conventional treatment.Ecological risk assessment revealed higher risks at lower trophic levels at Bugolobi compared to Kirinya,likely due to lower influx and partial mitigation by its pondbased system.These findings highlight the role of WWTPs as critical point sources of PFASs,posing ecological risks to aquatic ecosystems.展开更多
基金supported by the Makerere University Research and Innovation Fund(Grant No.RIF/080/22,MAKRIF/CH/01/21,MAKRIF/CH/02/21)Slovak Research and Development Agency(Grant No.APVV-21-0178)+4 种基金Alexander von Humboldt Foundation(Grant No.UGA-1185413-GF-E)Austrian Partnership Programme in Higher Education and Research(APPEAR)under project 249-Environmental Chemistry for Sustainable Development(ECSDevelop)Erasmus+International Credit Mobility programme(Grant No.2022-1-SK01-KA171-HED-000077735)African Water Resources Mobility Network(Grant No.20191973/004-001)the European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures(ESFRI)for project EIRENE(Grant No.101079789).
文摘Over the past two decades,rapid urbanization and industrialization in Uganda have generated wastewater containing emerging contaminants including per-and poly-fluoroalkyl substances(PFASs).This study assessed PFASs contamination of wastewater from Bugolobi(Kampala)and Kirinya(Jinja)wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs)by analyzing 80 influent and effluent samples for 15 PFASs using LC-MS/MS.We quantified 10 PFASs,with levels ranging from non-detectable(n.d)up to 372.4 ng/L(mean:20.94±0.42 ng/L).At Bugolobi WWTP,influent levels ranged from n.d to 190.01 ng/L(60.85±1.03 ng/L)while effluents varied from n.d to 372.4 ng/L(237.91±7.06 ng/L).At Kirinya WWTP,influent levels ranged from n.d to 29.37 ng/L(17.58±3.54 ng/L)and effluents up to 30.21 ng/L(7.79±0.85 ng/L).Short-chain PFASs(PFBS,PFBA)were more predominant,suggesting their possible use or degradation of the long-chain PFASs.Total mass loadings were higher at Bugolobi WWTP(5353.56 mg/day),serving the more densely populated Kampala,than at Kirinya WWTP(93.62 mg/day).PFSAs exhibited higher removal(72.45%Bugolobi;36.45%Kirinya)than PFCAs(-127.38%Bugolobi;-20.50% Kirinya),which could be attributed to their stronger hydrophobic adsorption and partial biodegradation.Bugolobi,with ~82.59% total removal outperformed Kirinya(~25.19%)due to its advanced conventional treatment.Ecological risk assessment revealed higher risks at lower trophic levels at Bugolobi compared to Kirinya,likely due to lower influx and partial mitigation by its pondbased system.These findings highlight the role of WWTPs as critical point sources of PFASs,posing ecological risks to aquatic ecosystems.
