Background The objective of this study was to investigate the impacts of different dietary soybean meal(SBM)levels on jejunal immunity in nursery pigs at different days post-weaning.Methods Forty-eight pigs(6.2±0...Background The objective of this study was to investigate the impacts of different dietary soybean meal(SBM)levels on jejunal immunity in nursery pigs at different days post-weaning.Methods Forty-eight pigs(6.2±0.3 kg),weaned at 21 days of age,were assigned to 2 dietary treatments(n=12)in a randomized complete block design and fed for 20 or 42 d in 3 phases(10,10,and 22 d,respectively).The dietary treatments consisted of low and high SBM diets.On d 20 and 42,jejunal mucosa and tissue samples were collected.Treatments were arranged in 2×2 factors with dietary SBM levels(low and high SBM diets)and days post-weaning(20 d and 42 d post-weaning).Results Pigs fed high SBM diets had greater(P<0.05)relative abundance(RA)of jejunal Prevotella,tended to have greater(P=0.091)jejunal IgA,had greater(P<0.05)crypt depth,and tended to have lower(P=0.064)villus height to crypt depth ratio(VH:CD)than pigs fed low SBM diets.Pigs at 20 d post-weaning had greater(P<0.05)RA of jejunal Lactobacillus and had greater(P<0.05)jejunal IL-8 and protein carbonyl than pigs at 42 d post-weaning.Pigs at 20 d post-weaning tended to have greater(P=0.090)jejunal IgG,tended to have lower(P=0.059)jejunal IgA,and had greater(P<0.05)proportion(%)of Ki-67+cells in the jejunal crypt than pigs at 42 d post-weaning.Conclusion Pigs fed high SBM diets showed greater RA of Staphylococcus,a greater immune response,and a decreased VH:CD in the jejunum than pigs fed low SBM diets.Pigs at 20 d post-weaning were more susceptible to jejunal inflammation and intestinal damage than pigs at 42 d post-weaning,but the negative impacts of high SBM diets on jejunal inflammation and intestinal damage were consistent compared to low SBM diets at 20 d and 42 d post-weaning.展开更多
Background Xylanase andβ-glucanase combination(XG)hydrolyzes soluble non-starch polysaccharides that are anti-nutritional compounds.This study aimed to evaluate the effects of increasing levels of XG on intestinal he...Background Xylanase andβ-glucanase combination(XG)hydrolyzes soluble non-starch polysaccharides that are anti-nutritional compounds.This study aimed to evaluate the effects of increasing levels of XG on intestinal health and growth performance of nursery pigs.Methods Forty pigs(6.5±0.4 kg)were assigned to 5 dietary treatments and fed for 35 d in 3 phases(11,9,and 15 d,respectively).Basal diets mainly included corn,soybean meal,and corn distiller's dried grains with solubles,contained phytase(750 FTU/kg),and were supplemented with 5 levels of XG at(1)0,(2)280 TXU/kg xylanase and 125 TGU/kgβ-glucanase,(3)560 and 250,(4)840 and 375,or(5)1,120 and 500,respectively.Growth performance was measured.On d 35,all pigs were euthanized and jejunal mucosa,jejunal digesta,jejunal tissues,and ileal digesta were collected to determine the effects of increasing XG levels and XG intake on intestinal health.Results Increasing XG intake tended to quadratically decrease(P=0.059)viscosity of jejunal digesta(min:1.74 m Pa·s at 751/335(TXU/TGU)/kg).Increasing levels of XG quadratically decreased(P<0.05)Prevotellaceae(min:0.6%at 630/281(TXU/TGU)/kg)in the jejunal mucosa.Increasing XG intake quadratically increased(P<0.05)Lactobacillaceae(max:40.3%at 608/271(TXU/TGU)/kg)in the jejunal mucosa.Increasing XG intake quadratically decreased(P<0.05)Helicobacteraceae(min:1.6%at 560/250(TXU/TGU)/kg)in the jejunal mucosa.Increasing levels of XG tended to linearly decrease(P=0.073)jejunal Ig G and tended to quadratically increase(P=0.085)jejunal villus height to crypt depth ratio(max:2.62 at 560/250(TXU/TGU)/kg).Increasing XG intake tended to linearly increase the apparent ileal digestibility of dry matter(P=0.087)and ether extract(P=0.065).Increasing XG intake linearly increased(P<0.05)average daily gain.Conclusions A combinational use of xylanase andβ-glucanase would hydrolyze the non-starch polysaccharides fractions,positively modulating the jejunal mucosa-associated microbiota.Increased intake of these enzyme combination possibly reduced digesta viscosity and humoral immune response in the jejunum resulting in improved intestinal structure,and ileal digestibility of nutrients,and finally improving growth of nursery pigs.The beneficial effects were maximized at a combination of 550 to 800 TXU/kg xylanase and 250 to 360 TGU/kgβ-glucanase.展开更多
The objective of this study was to develop equations for estimating ileal digestible crude protein(CP)and metabolizable energy(ME)contents of meat meal(MM)and meat and bone meal(MBM)as feed in-gredients for pigs based...The objective of this study was to develop equations for estimating ileal digestible crude protein(CP)and metabolizable energy(ME)contents of meat meal(MM)and meat and bone meal(MBM)as feed in-gredients for pigs based on in vitro assays.Test ingredients were 4 sources of MM and 3 sources of MBM.Ash and CP contents of the ingredients ranged from 3.8%to 33.1%and 46.8%to 82.9%(as-is basis),respectively.In vitro ileal disappearance(IVID)of CP was determined and ileal digestible CP content was calculated by multiplying CP content by IVID of CP.In vitro total tract disappearance(IVTTD)of dry matter(DM)was determined and ME was calculated using gross energy,CP contents,and IVTTD of DM.The IVID of CP and IVTTD of DM ranged from 77.2%to 88.7%and from 82.7%to 92.4%,respectively.Calculated ileal digestible CP and ME contents ranged from 37.8%to 73.5%DM and 2,405 to 3,905 kcal/kg DM,respectively.Ash contents were negatively correlated(P<0.001)with CP(r=-0.99),in vitro ileal digestible CP(r=-0.97),gross energy(r-1.00),in vitro digestible energy(r=-0.97),and adjusted ME(r=-0.97).The most fitting equations for ileal digestible CP and adjusted ME were:ileal digestible CP(%DM)=11.91-0.90×Ash(%DM)+0.74×IVID of CP(%)(R2=0.99)and adjusted ME(kcal/kg DM)=130.85-50.90×ash(%DM)+47.06×IVTTD of DM(%)(R2=0.99).To validate the accuracy of the prediction equations for ME,mean bias and linear bias were determined using a regression analysis.Calculated ME values of MM and MBM were in a good agreement with data obtained from animal ex-periments based on a statistically insignificant bias in the models.In conclusion,ME concentrations of MM and MBM as swine feed ingredients can be calculated using ash concentration and in vitro disap-pearance of dry matter.展开更多
文摘Background The objective of this study was to investigate the impacts of different dietary soybean meal(SBM)levels on jejunal immunity in nursery pigs at different days post-weaning.Methods Forty-eight pigs(6.2±0.3 kg),weaned at 21 days of age,were assigned to 2 dietary treatments(n=12)in a randomized complete block design and fed for 20 or 42 d in 3 phases(10,10,and 22 d,respectively).The dietary treatments consisted of low and high SBM diets.On d 20 and 42,jejunal mucosa and tissue samples were collected.Treatments were arranged in 2×2 factors with dietary SBM levels(low and high SBM diets)and days post-weaning(20 d and 42 d post-weaning).Results Pigs fed high SBM diets had greater(P<0.05)relative abundance(RA)of jejunal Prevotella,tended to have greater(P=0.091)jejunal IgA,had greater(P<0.05)crypt depth,and tended to have lower(P=0.064)villus height to crypt depth ratio(VH:CD)than pigs fed low SBM diets.Pigs at 20 d post-weaning had greater(P<0.05)RA of jejunal Lactobacillus and had greater(P<0.05)jejunal IL-8 and protein carbonyl than pigs at 42 d post-weaning.Pigs at 20 d post-weaning tended to have greater(P=0.090)jejunal IgG,tended to have lower(P=0.059)jejunal IgA,and had greater(P<0.05)proportion(%)of Ki-67+cells in the jejunal crypt than pigs at 42 d post-weaning.Conclusion Pigs fed high SBM diets showed greater RA of Staphylococcus,a greater immune response,and a decreased VH:CD in the jejunum than pigs fed low SBM diets.Pigs at 20 d post-weaning were more susceptible to jejunal inflammation and intestinal damage than pigs at 42 d post-weaning,but the negative impacts of high SBM diets on jejunal inflammation and intestinal damage were consistent compared to low SBM diets at 20 d and 42 d post-weaning.
基金North Carolina Agricultural Foundation(#660101,Raleigh,NC,USA)USDANIFA(Hatch#02893,Washing DC,USA)Financial support for this research from BASF SE(Ludwigshafen,Germany)。
文摘Background Xylanase andβ-glucanase combination(XG)hydrolyzes soluble non-starch polysaccharides that are anti-nutritional compounds.This study aimed to evaluate the effects of increasing levels of XG on intestinal health and growth performance of nursery pigs.Methods Forty pigs(6.5±0.4 kg)were assigned to 5 dietary treatments and fed for 35 d in 3 phases(11,9,and 15 d,respectively).Basal diets mainly included corn,soybean meal,and corn distiller's dried grains with solubles,contained phytase(750 FTU/kg),and were supplemented with 5 levels of XG at(1)0,(2)280 TXU/kg xylanase and 125 TGU/kgβ-glucanase,(3)560 and 250,(4)840 and 375,or(5)1,120 and 500,respectively.Growth performance was measured.On d 35,all pigs were euthanized and jejunal mucosa,jejunal digesta,jejunal tissues,and ileal digesta were collected to determine the effects of increasing XG levels and XG intake on intestinal health.Results Increasing XG intake tended to quadratically decrease(P=0.059)viscosity of jejunal digesta(min:1.74 m Pa·s at 751/335(TXU/TGU)/kg).Increasing levels of XG quadratically decreased(P<0.05)Prevotellaceae(min:0.6%at 630/281(TXU/TGU)/kg)in the jejunal mucosa.Increasing XG intake quadratically increased(P<0.05)Lactobacillaceae(max:40.3%at 608/271(TXU/TGU)/kg)in the jejunal mucosa.Increasing XG intake quadratically decreased(P<0.05)Helicobacteraceae(min:1.6%at 560/250(TXU/TGU)/kg)in the jejunal mucosa.Increasing levels of XG tended to linearly decrease(P=0.073)jejunal Ig G and tended to quadratically increase(P=0.085)jejunal villus height to crypt depth ratio(max:2.62 at 560/250(TXU/TGU)/kg).Increasing XG intake tended to linearly increase the apparent ileal digestibility of dry matter(P=0.087)and ether extract(P=0.065).Increasing XG intake linearly increased(P<0.05)average daily gain.Conclusions A combinational use of xylanase andβ-glucanase would hydrolyze the non-starch polysaccharides fractions,positively modulating the jejunal mucosa-associated microbiota.Increased intake of these enzyme combination possibly reduced digesta viscosity and humoral immune response in the jejunum resulting in improved intestinal structure,and ileal digestibility of nutrients,and finally improving growth of nursery pigs.The beneficial effects were maximized at a combination of 550 to 800 TXU/kg xylanase and 250 to 360 TGU/kgβ-glucanase.
文摘The objective of this study was to develop equations for estimating ileal digestible crude protein(CP)and metabolizable energy(ME)contents of meat meal(MM)and meat and bone meal(MBM)as feed in-gredients for pigs based on in vitro assays.Test ingredients were 4 sources of MM and 3 sources of MBM.Ash and CP contents of the ingredients ranged from 3.8%to 33.1%and 46.8%to 82.9%(as-is basis),respectively.In vitro ileal disappearance(IVID)of CP was determined and ileal digestible CP content was calculated by multiplying CP content by IVID of CP.In vitro total tract disappearance(IVTTD)of dry matter(DM)was determined and ME was calculated using gross energy,CP contents,and IVTTD of DM.The IVID of CP and IVTTD of DM ranged from 77.2%to 88.7%and from 82.7%to 92.4%,respectively.Calculated ileal digestible CP and ME contents ranged from 37.8%to 73.5%DM and 2,405 to 3,905 kcal/kg DM,respectively.Ash contents were negatively correlated(P<0.001)with CP(r=-0.99),in vitro ileal digestible CP(r=-0.97),gross energy(r-1.00),in vitro digestible energy(r=-0.97),and adjusted ME(r=-0.97).The most fitting equations for ileal digestible CP and adjusted ME were:ileal digestible CP(%DM)=11.91-0.90×Ash(%DM)+0.74×IVID of CP(%)(R2=0.99)and adjusted ME(kcal/kg DM)=130.85-50.90×ash(%DM)+47.06×IVTTD of DM(%)(R2=0.99).To validate the accuracy of the prediction equations for ME,mean bias and linear bias were determined using a regression analysis.Calculated ME values of MM and MBM were in a good agreement with data obtained from animal ex-periments based on a statistically insignificant bias in the models.In conclusion,ME concentrations of MM and MBM as swine feed ingredients can be calculated using ash concentration and in vitro disap-pearance of dry matter.
