1.Introduction With the increasing demand for petroleum and natural gas resources,along with technological advancements in exploration and production,the primary frontier of oil and gas resources has shifted from conv...1.Introduction With the increasing demand for petroleum and natural gas resources,along with technological advancements in exploration and production,the primary frontier of oil and gas resources has shifted from conventional oil and gas development to the domains of“Two Deeps,One Unconventional,One Mature,”which include deep onshore,deepwater,unconventional resources,and mature oilfields[1].展开更多
In recent years,large language models(LLMs)have demonstrated immense potential in practical applications to enhance work efficiency and decision-making capabilities.However,specialized LLMs in the oil and gas engineer...In recent years,large language models(LLMs)have demonstrated immense potential in practical applications to enhance work efficiency and decision-making capabilities.However,specialized LLMs in the oil and gas engineering area are rarely developed.To aid in exploring and developing deep and ultra-deep unconventional reservoirs,there is a call for a personalized LLM on oil-and gas-related rock mechanics,which may handle complex professional data and make intelligent predictions and decisions.To that end,herein,we overview general and industry-specific LLMs.Then,a systematic workflow is proposed for building this domain-specific LLM for oil and gas engineering,including data collection and processing,model construction and training,model validation,and implementation in the specific domain.Moreover,three application scenarios are investigated:knowledge extraction from textural resources,field operation with multidisciplinary integration,and intelligent decision assistance.Finally,several challenges in developing this domain-specific LLM are highlighted.Our key findings are that geological surveys,laboratory experiments,field tests,and numerical simulations form the four original sources of rock mechanics data.Those data must flow through collection,storage,processing,and governance before being fed into LLM training.This domain-specific LLM can be trained by fine-tuning a general open-source LLM with professional data and constraints such as rock mechanics datasets and principles.The LLM can then follow the commonly used training and validation processes before being implemented in the oil and gas field.However,there are three primary challenges in building this domain-specific LLM:data standardization,data security and access,and striking a compromise between physics and data when building the model structure.Some of these challenges are administrative rather than technical,and overcoming those requires close collaboration between the different interested parties and various professional practitioners.展开更多
China began to build its national shale gas demonstration area in 2012.The central exploration,drilling,and development technologies for medium and shallow marine shale reservoirs with less than 3,500m of buried depth...China began to build its national shale gas demonstration area in 2012.The central exploration,drilling,and development technologies for medium and shallow marine shale reservoirs with less than 3,500m of buried depth in Changning-Weiyuan,Zhaotong,and other regions had matured.In this study,we macroscopically investigated the development history of shale gas in the United States and China and compared the physical and mechanical conditions of deep and shallow reservoirs.The comparative results revealed that themain reasons for the order-ofmagnitude difference between China’s annual shale gas output and the United States could be attributed to three aspects:reservoir buried depth,reservoir physical and mechanical properties,and engineering technology level.The current engineering technology level of China could not meet the requirements of increasing production and reducing costs for deep shale gas reservoirs;they had reached the beneficial threshold development stage and lacked the capacity for large-scale commercial production.We identified several physical and mechanical reasons for this threshold development stage.Deep shale reservoirs were affected by the bedding fracture,low brittleness index,low clay mineral content,and significant areal differences,as well as by the transformation from elasticity to plasticity,difficulty in sanding,and high mechanical and strength parameters.Simultaneously,they were accompanied by six high values of formation temperature,horizontal principal stress difference,pore pressure,fracture pressure,extension pressure,and closure pressure.The key to deep shale gas horizontal well fracturing was to improve the complexity of the hydraulic fracture network,formadequate proppant support of fracture surface,and increase the practical stimulated reservoir volume(SRV),which accompanied visual hydraulic discrete network monitoring.On this basis,we proposed several ideas to improve China’s deep shale gas development involving advanced technology systems,developing tools,and supporting technologies in shale gas exploration and development in the United States.These ideas primarily involved stimulation technologies,such as vertically integrated dessert identification and optimization,horizontal well multistage/multicluster fracturing,staged tools development for horizontal wells,fractures network morphology monitoring by microseismic and distributed optical fiber,shale hydration expansion,soak well,and fracturing fluid flow back.China initially developed the critical technology of horizontal well large-scale and high-strength volume fracturing with a core of“staged fracturing with dense cutting+shorter cluster spacing+fracture reorientation by pitching+forced-sand addition+increasing diameter perforating+proppant combination by high strength and small particle size particles”.We concluded that China should continue to conduct critical research on theories and technical methods of horizontal well fracturing,suitable for domestic deep and ultra-deep marine and marine-continental sedimentary shale,to support and promote the efficient development of shale gas in China in the future.It is essential to balance the relationship between the overall utilization degree of the gas reservoir and associated economic benefits and to localize some essential tools and supporting technologies.These findings can contribute to the flourishing developments of China’s deep shale gas.展开更多
Low back pain(LBP)is the world's leading cause of disability and is increasing in prevalence more rapidly than any other pain condition.Intervertebral disc(IVD)degeneration and facet joint osteoarthritis(FJOA)are ...Low back pain(LBP)is the world's leading cause of disability and is increasing in prevalence more rapidly than any other pain condition.Intervertebral disc(IVD)degeneration and facet joint osteoarthritis(FJOA)are two common causes of LBP,and both occur more frequently in elderly women than in other populations.Moreover,osteoarthritis(OA)and OA pain,regardless of the joint,are experienced by up to twice as many women as men,and this difference is amplified during menopause.Changes in estrogen may be an important contributor to these pain states.Receptors for estrogen have been found within IVD tissue and nearby joints,highlighting the potential roles of estrogen within and surrounding the IVDs and joints.In addition,estrogen supplementation has been shown to be effective at ameliorating IVD degeneration and OA progression,indicating its potential use as a therapeutic agent for people with LBP and OA pain.This review comprehensively examines the relationship between estrogen and these pain conditions by summarizing recent preclinical and clinical findings.The potential molecular mechanisms by which estrogen may relieve LBP associated with IVD degeneration and FJOA and OA pain are discussed.展开更多
Hydraulic fracturing has become the main technology for the efficient development of geothermal energy in hot dry rock(HDR),however,few studies on the propagation behavior and mechanism of HDR hydraulic fractures unde...Hydraulic fracturing has become the main technology for the efficient development of geothermal energy in hot dry rock(HDR),however,few studies on the propagation behavior and mechanism of HDR hydraulic fractures under high-temperature conditions have investigated.In this paper,a large-size high-temperature true triaxial hydraulic fracturing physical modeling apparatus is designed,and hydraulic fracturing experiments with it are performed to investigate the fracture initiation and propagation behavior in natural granite samples collected from Gonghe Basin,thefirst HDR site in China.The experimental results show that the designed high-temperature apparatus provides a constant-temperature condition during the whole hydraulic fracturing process and the maximum temperature can reach 600℃,showing its ability to simulate realistic temperatures and pressures in both ultra-deep and HDR formations.Although the tensile strength of the rock samples remains almost unchanged at a temperature of 200℃,the cooling effects of the fracturingfluid in high-temperature rock can induce the formation of microfractures and significantly reduce the rock strength,thus lowering the breakdown pressure and increasing the complexity of the hydraulic fracture morphology.Compared with traditional oil and gas reservoirs,the hydraulic fractures in HDR are rougher and the specific surface area of a single fracture is larger,which can be helpful for heat extraction.This study provides a basis for understanding hydraulic fracture geometries andfield construction design in HDRs.展开更多
基金the Science Foundation of China University of Petroleum,Beijing(Grant No.2462024YJRC021)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.U24B2031 and 52104013).
文摘1.Introduction With the increasing demand for petroleum and natural gas resources,along with technological advancements in exploration and production,the primary frontier of oil and gas resources has shifted from conventional oil and gas development to the domains of“Two Deeps,One Unconventional,One Mature,”which include deep onshore,deepwater,unconventional resources,and mature oilfields[1].
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(no.42277122)the Science Foun-dation of the China University of Petroleum,Beijing(No.2462024BJRC013).
文摘In recent years,large language models(LLMs)have demonstrated immense potential in practical applications to enhance work efficiency and decision-making capabilities.However,specialized LLMs in the oil and gas engineering area are rarely developed.To aid in exploring and developing deep and ultra-deep unconventional reservoirs,there is a call for a personalized LLM on oil-and gas-related rock mechanics,which may handle complex professional data and make intelligent predictions and decisions.To that end,herein,we overview general and industry-specific LLMs.Then,a systematic workflow is proposed for building this domain-specific LLM for oil and gas engineering,including data collection and processing,model construction and training,model validation,and implementation in the specific domain.Moreover,three application scenarios are investigated:knowledge extraction from textural resources,field operation with multidisciplinary integration,and intelligent decision assistance.Finally,several challenges in developing this domain-specific LLM are highlighted.Our key findings are that geological surveys,laboratory experiments,field tests,and numerical simulations form the four original sources of rock mechanics data.Those data must flow through collection,storage,processing,and governance before being fed into LLM training.This domain-specific LLM can be trained by fine-tuning a general open-source LLM with professional data and constraints such as rock mechanics datasets and principles.The LLM can then follow the commonly used training and validation processes before being implemented in the oil and gas field.However,there are three primary challenges in building this domain-specific LLM:data standardization,data security and access,and striking a compromise between physics and data when building the model structure.Some of these challenges are administrative rather than technical,and overcoming those requires close collaboration between the different interested parties and various professional practitioners.
基金funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China under Grant No.2020YFC1808102the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51874328,U1762215)the Strategic Cooperation Technology Projects of CNPC and CUPB(Grant No.ZLZX2020-02).
文摘China began to build its national shale gas demonstration area in 2012.The central exploration,drilling,and development technologies for medium and shallow marine shale reservoirs with less than 3,500m of buried depth in Changning-Weiyuan,Zhaotong,and other regions had matured.In this study,we macroscopically investigated the development history of shale gas in the United States and China and compared the physical and mechanical conditions of deep and shallow reservoirs.The comparative results revealed that themain reasons for the order-ofmagnitude difference between China’s annual shale gas output and the United States could be attributed to three aspects:reservoir buried depth,reservoir physical and mechanical properties,and engineering technology level.The current engineering technology level of China could not meet the requirements of increasing production and reducing costs for deep shale gas reservoirs;they had reached the beneficial threshold development stage and lacked the capacity for large-scale commercial production.We identified several physical and mechanical reasons for this threshold development stage.Deep shale reservoirs were affected by the bedding fracture,low brittleness index,low clay mineral content,and significant areal differences,as well as by the transformation from elasticity to plasticity,difficulty in sanding,and high mechanical and strength parameters.Simultaneously,they were accompanied by six high values of formation temperature,horizontal principal stress difference,pore pressure,fracture pressure,extension pressure,and closure pressure.The key to deep shale gas horizontal well fracturing was to improve the complexity of the hydraulic fracture network,formadequate proppant support of fracture surface,and increase the practical stimulated reservoir volume(SRV),which accompanied visual hydraulic discrete network monitoring.On this basis,we proposed several ideas to improve China’s deep shale gas development involving advanced technology systems,developing tools,and supporting technologies in shale gas exploration and development in the United States.These ideas primarily involved stimulation technologies,such as vertically integrated dessert identification and optimization,horizontal well multistage/multicluster fracturing,staged tools development for horizontal wells,fractures network morphology monitoring by microseismic and distributed optical fiber,shale hydration expansion,soak well,and fracturing fluid flow back.China initially developed the critical technology of horizontal well large-scale and high-strength volume fracturing with a core of“staged fracturing with dense cutting+shorter cluster spacing+fracture reorientation by pitching+forced-sand addition+increasing diameter perforating+proppant combination by high strength and small particle size particles”.We concluded that China should continue to conduct critical research on theories and technical methods of horizontal well fracturing,suitable for domestic deep and ultra-deep marine and marine-continental sedimentary shale,to support and promote the efficient development of shale gas in China in the future.It is essential to balance the relationship between the overall utilization degree of the gas reservoir and associated economic benefits and to localize some essential tools and supporting technologies.These findings can contribute to the flourishing developments of China’s deep shale gas.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (No.81871800 and 82072496)granted to W.D.the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province (No.H2020206203)granted to S.Y.+1 种基金a National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC)Australia Ideas Grant (No.2011398) granted to D.H.supported by the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs endorsed by the US Department of Defense through the FY19 Chronic Pain Management Research Program (D.M.K:award no.W81XWH2010909)。
文摘Low back pain(LBP)is the world's leading cause of disability and is increasing in prevalence more rapidly than any other pain condition.Intervertebral disc(IVD)degeneration and facet joint osteoarthritis(FJOA)are two common causes of LBP,and both occur more frequently in elderly women than in other populations.Moreover,osteoarthritis(OA)and OA pain,regardless of the joint,are experienced by up to twice as many women as men,and this difference is amplified during menopause.Changes in estrogen may be an important contributor to these pain states.Receptors for estrogen have been found within IVD tissue and nearby joints,highlighting the potential roles of estrogen within and surrounding the IVDs and joints.In addition,estrogen supplementation has been shown to be effective at ameliorating IVD degeneration and OA progression,indicating its potential use as a therapeutic agent for people with LBP and OA pain.This review comprehensively examines the relationship between estrogen and these pain conditions by summarizing recent preclinical and clinical findings.The potential molecular mechanisms by which estrogen may relieve LBP associated with IVD degeneration and FJOA and OA pain are discussed.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52104013 and 51490651)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2022T150724).
文摘Hydraulic fracturing has become the main technology for the efficient development of geothermal energy in hot dry rock(HDR),however,few studies on the propagation behavior and mechanism of HDR hydraulic fractures under high-temperature conditions have investigated.In this paper,a large-size high-temperature true triaxial hydraulic fracturing physical modeling apparatus is designed,and hydraulic fracturing experiments with it are performed to investigate the fracture initiation and propagation behavior in natural granite samples collected from Gonghe Basin,thefirst HDR site in China.The experimental results show that the designed high-temperature apparatus provides a constant-temperature condition during the whole hydraulic fracturing process and the maximum temperature can reach 600℃,showing its ability to simulate realistic temperatures and pressures in both ultra-deep and HDR formations.Although the tensile strength of the rock samples remains almost unchanged at a temperature of 200℃,the cooling effects of the fracturingfluid in high-temperature rock can induce the formation of microfractures and significantly reduce the rock strength,thus lowering the breakdown pressure and increasing the complexity of the hydraulic fracture morphology.Compared with traditional oil and gas reservoirs,the hydraulic fractures in HDR are rougher and the specific surface area of a single fracture is larger,which can be helpful for heat extraction.This study provides a basis for understanding hydraulic fracture geometries andfield construction design in HDRs.
