Statins [(3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, HMG-CoA reductase, abbreviated HMGCR) inhibitors] inhibit cholesterol synthesis and are commonly used in the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular diseas...Statins [(3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, HMG-CoA reductase, abbreviated HMGCR) inhibitors] inhibit cholesterol synthesis and are commonly used in the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Preclinical and clinical studies have shown that the drug can be effective in several cancers including breast cancer which is the second most frequent cancer in the world and the commonest one among women. In breast cancer cell lines statins reduce proliferation, increase apoptosis, decrease invasion and sensitize them to radiation. Clinical trials in breast cancer patients have shown positive outcome in terms of decreased recurrence rate, decreased mortality and positive role as neoadjuvant agent. They may have a particular role in treatment-resistant cases like triple-negative or inflammatory breast cancer which have a poorer prognosis. There is also evidence of their potential use in metastatic bone disease from breast cancer. When statins inhibit 3-hydroxy-3-methylgutaryl CoA reductase which is the rate-limiting enzyme of the mevalonate pathway, the levels of mevalonate as well as its downstream products are decreased. Hence cancer growth is inhibited by reduced prenylation of CAAX proteins, N-Glycosylation of growth factor receptors and synthesis of membrane and steroid among others. Also statins are relatively cheap and can contribute to decrease the high cost of cancer treatment. However studies till now have not shown any association with decreased breast cancer incidence. In addition there are doubts regarding safety of statins when used over a prolonged period of time. Although statins are relatively safe with myotoxicity and hepatotoxicity being their major side effects, evidence regarding issues like drug interactions with anti-cancer drugs is lacking.展开更多
Recent strides in non-invasive drug delivery have spurred innovation in alternatives to traditional needle injections.Transdermal drug delivery systems(TDDs)have emerged as a particularly promising avenue,boasting min...Recent strides in non-invasive drug delivery have spurred innovation in alternatives to traditional needle injections.Transdermal drug delivery systems(TDDs)have emerged as a particularly promising avenue,boasting minimal rejection rates,user-friendly administration,and enhanced patient adherence.Beyond pharmaceuticals,TDDs show potential in skincare and cosmetics,leveraging their ability to facilitate localized drug delivery while minimizing systemic exposure.Nonetheless,the intricate physicochemical nature of the skin presents formidable obstacles,prompting intensive exploration to overcome these barriers.This comprehensive review delves into the landscape of TDDs methodologies,critically analyzing their respective advantages,limitations,characterization methodologies,and prospective applications.Recent advancements underscore the robust efficacy of TDDs,positioning it as a versatile and indispensable modality poised for widespread integration across multifarious fields.展开更多
文摘Statins [(3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, HMG-CoA reductase, abbreviated HMGCR) inhibitors] inhibit cholesterol synthesis and are commonly used in the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Preclinical and clinical studies have shown that the drug can be effective in several cancers including breast cancer which is the second most frequent cancer in the world and the commonest one among women. In breast cancer cell lines statins reduce proliferation, increase apoptosis, decrease invasion and sensitize them to radiation. Clinical trials in breast cancer patients have shown positive outcome in terms of decreased recurrence rate, decreased mortality and positive role as neoadjuvant agent. They may have a particular role in treatment-resistant cases like triple-negative or inflammatory breast cancer which have a poorer prognosis. There is also evidence of their potential use in metastatic bone disease from breast cancer. When statins inhibit 3-hydroxy-3-methylgutaryl CoA reductase which is the rate-limiting enzyme of the mevalonate pathway, the levels of mevalonate as well as its downstream products are decreased. Hence cancer growth is inhibited by reduced prenylation of CAAX proteins, N-Glycosylation of growth factor receptors and synthesis of membrane and steroid among others. Also statins are relatively cheap and can contribute to decrease the high cost of cancer treatment. However studies till now have not shown any association with decreased breast cancer incidence. In addition there are doubts regarding safety of statins when used over a prolonged period of time. Although statins are relatively safe with myotoxicity and hepatotoxicity being their major side effects, evidence regarding issues like drug interactions with anti-cancer drugs is lacking.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Number:52372265Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province,Grant/Award Numbers:2022A1515010098,2024A1515030132+1 种基金Open Project of Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering,Grant/Award Number:GDKLBEM202202the start-up packages of the Guangzhou Medical University。
文摘Recent strides in non-invasive drug delivery have spurred innovation in alternatives to traditional needle injections.Transdermal drug delivery systems(TDDs)have emerged as a particularly promising avenue,boasting minimal rejection rates,user-friendly administration,and enhanced patient adherence.Beyond pharmaceuticals,TDDs show potential in skincare and cosmetics,leveraging their ability to facilitate localized drug delivery while minimizing systemic exposure.Nonetheless,the intricate physicochemical nature of the skin presents formidable obstacles,prompting intensive exploration to overcome these barriers.This comprehensive review delves into the landscape of TDDs methodologies,critically analyzing their respective advantages,limitations,characterization methodologies,and prospective applications.Recent advancements underscore the robust efficacy of TDDs,positioning it as a versatile and indispensable modality poised for widespread integration across multifarious fields.
