目的基于多组学数据解析动脉粥样硬化型缺血性卒中的免疫特征。方法通过孟德尔随机化联合转录组数据筛选动脉粥样硬化型缺血性卒中的相关基因。采用基因富集分析(gene set enrichment analysis,GSEA)和基因集变异分析(gene set variatio...目的基于多组学数据解析动脉粥样硬化型缺血性卒中的免疫特征。方法通过孟德尔随机化联合转录组数据筛选动脉粥样硬化型缺血性卒中的相关基因。采用基因富集分析(gene set enrichment analysis,GSEA)和基因集变异分析(gene set variation analysis,GSVA)解析基因和通路功能。通过基因/蛋白质相互作用检索工具(search tool for the retrieval of interacting genes/proteins,STRING)数据库构建蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用网络,并通过Cytoscape软件筛选核心基因;使用单细胞测序(SingleR、CellChat包)分析细胞分化轨迹与通信网络;采用估算核糖核酸转录本相对子集细胞识别工具(cell-type identification by estimating relative subsets of ribonucleic acid transcripts,CIBERSORT)基于转录组数据推断免疫细胞组分与亚群丰度,并计算基因表达与免疫细胞浸润水平的相关性。结果共筛选出133个动脉粥样硬化型缺血性卒中相关基因,功能富集显示其参与血管平滑肌发育(基因本体论:0097084)等生物过程。细胞通信分析显示,动脉粥样硬化型缺血性卒中相关基因通过分泌型磷蛋白1和半乳糖凝集素通路的8组配体-受体调控小胶质细胞、单核细胞等免疫细胞的细胞通信。蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用网络核心基因解旋酶(senataxin,SETX)、含缬酪肽蛋白(val osi n containing protein,VCP)、Fcγ受体ⅡB(Fc fragment of IgG receptorⅡb,FCGR2B)、分化簇44(cl uster of differentiation 44,CD44)与动脉粥样硬化型缺血性卒中呈正因果关系;CXC趋化因子受体2(C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 2,CXCR2)和自噬适配体蛋白1(sequestosome 1,SQSTM1)与动脉粥样硬化型缺血性卒中呈负因果关系。上述核心基因参与调控免疫细胞分化并影响辅助型T2细胞调节、抗原炎症反应抑制等生物过程。CIBERSORT评估显示CD8+T细胞、活化自然杀伤(natural killer,NK)细胞、巨噬细胞M0、静息肥大细胞和中性粒细胞与动脉粥样硬化型缺血性卒中相关,其中SETX表达与中性粒细胞浸润呈正相关(ρ=0.29);CD44表达与活化NK细胞浸润呈正相关(ρ=0.29),与中性粒细胞浸润呈负相关(ρ=-0.41)。结论SETX、VCP、FCGR2B、CD44、CXCR2和SQSTM1等核心基因通过调控中枢与外周免疫细胞分化及血管平滑肌功能,参与动脉粥样硬化型缺血性卒中的病理过程,是其潜在的生物标志物。展开更多
The Sulige gas field is a typical low-pressure low-permeability tight sandstone gas reservoir. The reservoir has poor seepage capacity, strong heterogeneity, high mineralization of formation water and extremely scarce...The Sulige gas field is a typical low-pressure low-permeability tight sandstone gas reservoir. The reservoir has poor seepage capacity, strong heterogeneity, high mineralization of formation water and extremely scarce water resources on the site. These unfavorable factors have brought great difficulties to the on-site mining process. Now, a nano-composite green environmental protection slick water fracturing fluid system CQFR can be quickly dissolved because of the larger specific surface area, and the small molecular size makes the damage to the reservoir less than 5%, and the average drag reduction effect can reach more than 73%. It can quickly and well dissolve and maintain performance under high salinity conditions and fracturing flowback fluids. It responds well to the complex reservoir conditions on the construction site and makes the flowback fluid recyable, which greatly reduces the consumption of water resources on the construction site and effectively improves the construction efficiency and economic benefits.展开更多
The purpose of this study is to characterize the re-epithelialization of wound healing in canine prostatic urethra and to evaluate the effect of this re-epithelialization way after two-micron laser resection of the pr...The purpose of this study is to characterize the re-epithelialization of wound healing in canine prostatic urethra and to evaluate the effect of this re-epithelialization way after two-micron laser resection of the prostate （TmLRP）. TmLRP and partial bladder neck mucosa were performed in 15 healthy adult male crossbred canines. Wound specimens were harvested at 3 days, and 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks after operation, respectively. The histopathologic characteristics were observed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. The expression of cytokeratin 14 （CK14）, CK5, CK18, synaptophysin （Syn）, chromogranin A （CgA）, uroplakin, transforming growth factor-β1 （TGF-β1）, and TGF-β type Ⅱ receptor in prostatic urethra wound were examined by immunohistochemistry and real-time polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Van Gieson staining was performed to determine the expression of collagen fibers in prostatic urethra and bladder neck would. The results showed that the re-epithelialization of the prostatic urethra resulted from the mobilization of proliferating epithelial cells from residual prostate tissue under the wound. The proliferating cells expressed CK14, CK5, but not CK18, Syn, and CgA and re-epithelialize expressed uroplakin since 3 weeks. There were enhanced TGF-β1 and TGF-β type Ⅱ receptor expression in proliferating cells and regenerated cells, which correlated with specific phases of re-epithelialization. Compared with the re-epithelialization of the bladder neck, re-epithelialization of canine prostatic urethra was faster, and the expression of collagen fibers was relatively low. In conclusion, re-epithelialization in canine prostatic urethra resulted from prostate basal cells after TmLRP and this re-epithelialization way may represent the ideal healing method from anatomic repair to functional recovery after injury.展开更多
BACKGROUND Dieulafoy's lesion is a rare vascular abnormality characterized by a small abnormally dilated artery that runs a tortuous course in the submucosa.There is usually no ulcer present in Dieulafoy's les...BACKGROUND Dieulafoy's lesion is a rare vascular abnormality characterized by a small abnormally dilated artery that runs a tortuous course in the submucosa.There is usually no ulcer present in Dieulafoy's lesions and the overlying mucosa is most often normal.Bleeding caused by a Dieulafoy's lesion is usually urgent,massive,life-threatening and prone to recurrence.Dieulafoy's lesions have been reported throughout the digestive tract although the majority of them have been found in the upper digestive tract especially the stomach and duodenum.However,a Dieulafoy's lesion occurring inside a duodenal diverticulum is very rare.CASE SUMMARY A 74-year-old Asian male with epigastric pain,hematemesis and melena was admitted to our clinic.Before admission,the patient had vomited 500 m L of dark red blood,and passed 200 g of black tarry stool.Conservative management was first undertaken as the patient had not been fasting.However,hemorrhage recurred and the patient went into shock.Urgent endoscopy was performed and a diverticulum of 1.8 cm×1.2 cm×0.8 cm was found on the anterior wall of the descending duodenum.The diverticulum was covered with a blood clot.After the clot was removed,an artery stump was observed in the diverticulum with a diameter of 2-3 mm.Two titanium hemostatic clips were inserted to clamp the vessel stump.The patient was discharged 7 d post-endoscopy and followed for 6 mo with no recurrence.CONCLUSION This case was diagnosed with a Dieulafoy's lesion inside a duodenal diverticulum which has rarely been reported.Hematemesis was stopped by clamping the vessel stump with titanium clips.No complications occurred.展开更多
Molten salt is often used for heat transfer and thermal energy storage in concentrated solar power.Molten salt leakage and migration is a significant issue in its application.Molten salt migration and solidification i...Molten salt is often used for heat transfer and thermal energy storage in concentrated solar power.Molten salt leakage and migration is a significant issue in its application.Molten salt migration and solidification in thermal porous foundation materials through cracks are experimentally investigated.The impact of factors,including crack length and width,operation temperature,and leakage mass of molten salt,are studied through an experimental device modeling the leakage of the actual molten salt storage tank.Experimental results show that the crack width and length slightly affect the migration depth,but directly affect the shape of the agglomeration of solidified salt and porous foundation material.The most important factor affecting the migration depth of molten salt leaking through cracks is the tank operating temperature.The molten salt migration depth when the operating temperature is 500℃ is 95.8% higher than that with an operating temperature of 300℃.As the leakage molten salt mass reached 400 g,the average migration width increased by 23.6%,but the migration depth only increased by 5.2%.It is found that the foundation material temperatures after leakage accidents increase with an increase in the mass of leaked molten salt.展开更多
A 325-MHz continuous-wave(CW) four-vane radiofrequency quadrupole(RFQ) is employed in Injector-I of the China Accelerator-Driven Subcritical System. The radiofrequency tuning and beam commissioning were performed from...A 325-MHz continuous-wave(CW) four-vane radiofrequency quadrupole(RFQ) is employed in Injector-I of the China Accelerator-Driven Subcritical System. The radiofrequency tuning and beam commissioning were performed from January 2014 to January 2017. In a cold test, a stability study showed that the design of the segmented resonantly coupling and dipole stabilizer rods can shift the harmful quadrupole and dipole mode from the fundamental mode to above 2.6 MHz. We also found a simplified tuning method for the field unflatness, involving changing the inserted length of a few plug tuners. For achieving CW-beam commissioning, two full-size RFQs were constructed successively. The commissioning results indicate that the beam transmission rate decreased by approximately 3% as the normalized field unflatness decreased by 1%. A 10-MeV CW proton beam with an average beam current of 2.1 m A was achieved at the target of Injector-I, and the output beam energy of the RFQ was3.18 MeV.展开更多
The High Energy Photon Source(HEPS)is a 6 GeV diffraction-limited storage ring light source under construction.The swap-out injection is adopted with the depleted bunch recycled via high-energy accumulation in the boo...The High Energy Photon Source(HEPS)is a 6 GeV diffraction-limited storage ring light source under construction.The swap-out injection is adopted with the depleted bunch recycled via high-energy accumulation in the booster.The extremely high beam energy density of the bunches with an ultra-low emittance(about 30 pm horizontally and 3 pm vertically)and high bunch charges(from 1.33 to 14.4 nC)extracted from the storage ring could cause hazardous damage to the extraction Lambertson magnet in case of extraction kicker failure.To this end,we proposed the use of a pre-kicker to spoil the bunches prior to extraction,significantly reducing the maximum beam energy density down to within a safe region while still maintaining highly efficient extractions.The main parameters of the pre-kicker are simulated and discussed.展开更多
The 10-MeV Accelerator-Driven Subcritical(ADS)system Injector-I test stand at the Institute of High Energy Physics(IHEP)is a testing facility dedicated to demonstrating the feasibility of the spoke-based super-conduct...The 10-MeV Accelerator-Driven Subcritical(ADS)system Injector-I test stand at the Institute of High Energy Physics(IHEP)is a testing facility dedicated to demonstrating the feasibility of the spoke-based super-conducting(SC)linear accelerator(linac)for the ADS project in China.The injector adopted a four-vane copper structure radio frequency quadrupole(RFQ)with an output energy of 3.2 MeV and an SC section accommodating 14 β_(g)=0.12 single spoke cavities,14 SC solenoids,and 14 cold beam position monitors(BPMs).A 10-MeV pulsed beam with a beam current of 10 mA and a 2-mA continuous wave(CW)beam were successfully shooting through.The commissioning results confirmed the feasibility of using a 325-MHz spoke-type cavity for accelerating the proton beam in the low β and medium β sections.This paper describes the results achieved,the difficulties encountered,and the experiences obtained during commissioning.展开更多
Hypoxia is closely related to many diseases and often leads to death.Early detection andidentification of the hypoxia causes may help to promptly determine the right rescue plan andreduce the mortality.We proposed a n...Hypoxia is closely related to many diseases and often leads to death.Early detection andidentification of the hypoxia causes may help to promptly determine the right rescue plan andreduce the mortality.We proposed a new multiparametric monitoring method employingmitochondrial reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide(NA DH)fluorescence,regional reflectance,regional cerebral blood flow(CBF),electrocardiography(ECG),and respiration under sixkinds of acute hypoxia in four categories to investigate a correlation bet ween the parametervariances and the hypoxia causes.The variation patterns of the paramet ers were discussed,andthe combination of NADH and CBF may contribute to the identification of the causes of hypoxia.展开更多
The Appellate Body report in January 2012 had supported the decision of Panel in the"China-measures related to the exportation of various raw materials"case(WT/DS394,395,398)and affirmed that China's res...The Appellate Body report in January 2012 had supported the decision of Panel in the"China-measures related to the exportation of various raw materials"case(WT/DS394,395,398)and affirmed that China's restrictions(such as tariffs and quota measures)on the exportation of raw materials violated rules put forth by the WTO,which were required to be modified.In this case China's right to invoke Article 20 of GATT1994("general exception")to justify its exemption from the guidelines in Article 11.3 of the WTO Accession Protocol was denied by the Panel and the Appellate Body.This was due to the fact that the phrasing in Article 11.3 of Protocol failed to mention"GATT."This was the consequence of the two interpretation approaches the Dispute Settlement Body(DSB)adopted-a narrow textual interpretation and a subjective presumption of"legislative silence."The inappropriate use of the two methods of interpretation lead to an imbalance between the right and obligation of China under the additional obligations that were imposed upon China by the WTO,which create a negative impact on China's rare earth case and the protection of domestic natural resources.展开更多
文摘目的基于多组学数据解析动脉粥样硬化型缺血性卒中的免疫特征。方法通过孟德尔随机化联合转录组数据筛选动脉粥样硬化型缺血性卒中的相关基因。采用基因富集分析(gene set enrichment analysis,GSEA)和基因集变异分析(gene set variation analysis,GSVA)解析基因和通路功能。通过基因/蛋白质相互作用检索工具(search tool for the retrieval of interacting genes/proteins,STRING)数据库构建蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用网络,并通过Cytoscape软件筛选核心基因;使用单细胞测序(SingleR、CellChat包)分析细胞分化轨迹与通信网络;采用估算核糖核酸转录本相对子集细胞识别工具(cell-type identification by estimating relative subsets of ribonucleic acid transcripts,CIBERSORT)基于转录组数据推断免疫细胞组分与亚群丰度,并计算基因表达与免疫细胞浸润水平的相关性。结果共筛选出133个动脉粥样硬化型缺血性卒中相关基因,功能富集显示其参与血管平滑肌发育(基因本体论:0097084)等生物过程。细胞通信分析显示,动脉粥样硬化型缺血性卒中相关基因通过分泌型磷蛋白1和半乳糖凝集素通路的8组配体-受体调控小胶质细胞、单核细胞等免疫细胞的细胞通信。蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用网络核心基因解旋酶(senataxin,SETX)、含缬酪肽蛋白(val osi n containing protein,VCP)、Fcγ受体ⅡB(Fc fragment of IgG receptorⅡb,FCGR2B)、分化簇44(cl uster of differentiation 44,CD44)与动脉粥样硬化型缺血性卒中呈正因果关系;CXC趋化因子受体2(C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 2,CXCR2)和自噬适配体蛋白1(sequestosome 1,SQSTM1)与动脉粥样硬化型缺血性卒中呈负因果关系。上述核心基因参与调控免疫细胞分化并影响辅助型T2细胞调节、抗原炎症反应抑制等生物过程。CIBERSORT评估显示CD8+T细胞、活化自然杀伤(natural killer,NK)细胞、巨噬细胞M0、静息肥大细胞和中性粒细胞与动脉粥样硬化型缺血性卒中相关,其中SETX表达与中性粒细胞浸润呈正相关(ρ=0.29);CD44表达与活化NK细胞浸润呈正相关(ρ=0.29),与中性粒细胞浸润呈负相关(ρ=-0.41)。结论SETX、VCP、FCGR2B、CD44、CXCR2和SQSTM1等核心基因通过调控中枢与外周免疫细胞分化及血管平滑肌功能,参与动脉粥样硬化型缺血性卒中的病理过程,是其潜在的生物标志物。
文摘The Sulige gas field is a typical low-pressure low-permeability tight sandstone gas reservoir. The reservoir has poor seepage capacity, strong heterogeneity, high mineralization of formation water and extremely scarce water resources on the site. These unfavorable factors have brought great difficulties to the on-site mining process. Now, a nano-composite green environmental protection slick water fracturing fluid system CQFR can be quickly dissolved because of the larger specific surface area, and the small molecular size makes the damage to the reservoir less than 5%, and the average drag reduction effect can reach more than 73%. It can quickly and well dissolve and maintain performance under high salinity conditions and fracturing flowback fluids. It responds well to the complex reservoir conditions on the construction site and makes the flowback fluid recyable, which greatly reduces the consumption of water resources on the construction site and effectively improves the construction efficiency and economic benefits.
文摘The purpose of this study is to characterize the re-epithelialization of wound healing in canine prostatic urethra and to evaluate the effect of this re-epithelialization way after two-micron laser resection of the prostate （TmLRP）. TmLRP and partial bladder neck mucosa were performed in 15 healthy adult male crossbred canines. Wound specimens were harvested at 3 days, and 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks after operation, respectively. The histopathologic characteristics were observed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. The expression of cytokeratin 14 （CK14）, CK5, CK18, synaptophysin （Syn）, chromogranin A （CgA）, uroplakin, transforming growth factor-β1 （TGF-β1）, and TGF-β type Ⅱ receptor in prostatic urethra wound were examined by immunohistochemistry and real-time polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Van Gieson staining was performed to determine the expression of collagen fibers in prostatic urethra and bladder neck would. The results showed that the re-epithelialization of the prostatic urethra resulted from the mobilization of proliferating epithelial cells from residual prostate tissue under the wound. The proliferating cells expressed CK14, CK5, but not CK18, Syn, and CgA and re-epithelialize expressed uroplakin since 3 weeks. There were enhanced TGF-β1 and TGF-β type Ⅱ receptor expression in proliferating cells and regenerated cells, which correlated with specific phases of re-epithelialization. Compared with the re-epithelialization of the bladder neck, re-epithelialization of canine prostatic urethra was faster, and the expression of collagen fibers was relatively low. In conclusion, re-epithelialization in canine prostatic urethra resulted from prostate basal cells after TmLRP and this re-epithelialization way may represent the ideal healing method from anatomic repair to functional recovery after injury.
文摘BACKGROUND Dieulafoy's lesion is a rare vascular abnormality characterized by a small abnormally dilated artery that runs a tortuous course in the submucosa.There is usually no ulcer present in Dieulafoy's lesions and the overlying mucosa is most often normal.Bleeding caused by a Dieulafoy's lesion is usually urgent,massive,life-threatening and prone to recurrence.Dieulafoy's lesions have been reported throughout the digestive tract although the majority of them have been found in the upper digestive tract especially the stomach and duodenum.However,a Dieulafoy's lesion occurring inside a duodenal diverticulum is very rare.CASE SUMMARY A 74-year-old Asian male with epigastric pain,hematemesis and melena was admitted to our clinic.Before admission,the patient had vomited 500 m L of dark red blood,and passed 200 g of black tarry stool.Conservative management was first undertaken as the patient had not been fasting.However,hemorrhage recurred and the patient went into shock.Urgent endoscopy was performed and a diverticulum of 1.8 cm×1.2 cm×0.8 cm was found on the anterior wall of the descending duodenum.The diverticulum was covered with a blood clot.After the clot was removed,an artery stump was observed in the diverticulum with a diameter of 2-3 mm.Two titanium hemostatic clips were inserted to clamp the vessel stump.The patient was discharged 7 d post-endoscopy and followed for 6 mo with no recurrence.CONCLUSION This case was diagnosed with a Dieulafoy's lesion inside a duodenal diverticulum which has rarely been reported.Hematemesis was stopped by clamping the vessel stump with titanium clips.No complications occurred.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52036008)。
文摘Molten salt is often used for heat transfer and thermal energy storage in concentrated solar power.Molten salt leakage and migration is a significant issue in its application.Molten salt migration and solidification in thermal porous foundation materials through cracks are experimentally investigated.The impact of factors,including crack length and width,operation temperature,and leakage mass of molten salt,are studied through an experimental device modeling the leakage of the actual molten salt storage tank.Experimental results show that the crack width and length slightly affect the migration depth,but directly affect the shape of the agglomeration of solidified salt and porous foundation material.The most important factor affecting the migration depth of molten salt leaking through cracks is the tank operating temperature.The molten salt migration depth when the operating temperature is 500℃ is 95.8% higher than that with an operating temperature of 300℃.As the leakage molten salt mass reached 400 g,the average migration width increased by 23.6%,but the migration depth only increased by 5.2%.It is found that the foundation material temperatures after leakage accidents increase with an increase in the mass of leaked molten salt.
文摘A 325-MHz continuous-wave(CW) four-vane radiofrequency quadrupole(RFQ) is employed in Injector-I of the China Accelerator-Driven Subcritical System. The radiofrequency tuning and beam commissioning were performed from January 2014 to January 2017. In a cold test, a stability study showed that the design of the segmented resonantly coupling and dipole stabilizer rods can shift the harmful quadrupole and dipole mode from the fundamental mode to above 2.6 MHz. We also found a simplified tuning method for the field unflatness, involving changing the inserted length of a few plug tuners. For achieving CW-beam commissioning, two full-size RFQs were constructed successively. The commissioning results indicate that the beam transmission rate decreased by approximately 3% as the normalized field unflatness decreased by 1%. A 10-MeV CW proton beam with an average beam current of 2.1 m A was achieved at the target of Injector-I, and the output beam energy of the RFQ was3.18 MeV.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.11605212,11475200,and 11675194)Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS(No.2021012)High Energy Photon Source(HEPS),a major national science and technology infrastructure in China.
文摘The High Energy Photon Source(HEPS)is a 6 GeV diffraction-limited storage ring light source under construction.The swap-out injection is adopted with the depleted bunch recycled via high-energy accumulation in the booster.The extremely high beam energy density of the bunches with an ultra-low emittance(about 30 pm horizontally and 3 pm vertically)and high bunch charges(from 1.33 to 14.4 nC)extracted from the storage ring could cause hazardous damage to the extraction Lambertson magnet in case of extraction kicker failure.To this end,we proposed the use of a pre-kicker to spoil the bunches prior to extraction,significantly reducing the maximum beam energy density down to within a safe region while still maintaining highly efficient extractions.The main parameters of the pre-kicker are simulated and discussed.
基金This work was supported by Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDA03030201)the Key Laboratory of Particle Acceleration Physics and Technology Autonomous Foundation of CAS China(No.JSQ2017ZZ01).
文摘The 10-MeV Accelerator-Driven Subcritical(ADS)system Injector-I test stand at the Institute of High Energy Physics(IHEP)is a testing facility dedicated to demonstrating the feasibility of the spoke-based super-conducting(SC)linear accelerator(linac)for the ADS project in China.The injector adopted a four-vane copper structure radio frequency quadrupole(RFQ)with an output energy of 3.2 MeV and an SC section accommodating 14 β_(g)=0.12 single spoke cavities,14 SC solenoids,and 14 cold beam position monitors(BPMs).A 10-MeV pulsed beam with a beam current of 10 mA and a 2-mA continuous wave(CW)beam were successfully shooting through.The commissioning results confirmed the feasibility of using a 325-MHz spoke-type cavity for accelerating the proton beam in the low β and medium β sections.This paper describes the results achieved,the difficulties encountered,and the experiences obtained during commissioning.
基金supported bythe 111 Project of China(B07038)alsosupported by the Ph.D.Programs Foundation of the Mimnistry of Education of China(Grant_No.20110142130006)the Director Fund of Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics(WNLO,2009,Z.H.ZHANG).
文摘Hypoxia is closely related to many diseases and often leads to death.Early detection andidentification of the hypoxia causes may help to promptly determine the right rescue plan andreduce the mortality.We proposed a new multiparametric monitoring method employingmitochondrial reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide(NA DH)fluorescence,regional reflectance,regional cerebral blood flow(CBF),electrocardiography(ECG),and respiration under sixkinds of acute hypoxia in four categories to investigate a correlation bet ween the parametervariances and the hypoxia causes.The variation patterns of the paramet ers were discussed,andthe combination of NADH and CBF may contribute to the identification of the causes of hypoxia.
文摘The Appellate Body report in January 2012 had supported the decision of Panel in the"China-measures related to the exportation of various raw materials"case(WT/DS394,395,398)and affirmed that China's restrictions(such as tariffs and quota measures)on the exportation of raw materials violated rules put forth by the WTO,which were required to be modified.In this case China's right to invoke Article 20 of GATT1994("general exception")to justify its exemption from the guidelines in Article 11.3 of the WTO Accession Protocol was denied by the Panel and the Appellate Body.This was due to the fact that the phrasing in Article 11.3 of Protocol failed to mention"GATT."This was the consequence of the two interpretation approaches the Dispute Settlement Body(DSB)adopted-a narrow textual interpretation and a subjective presumption of"legislative silence."The inappropriate use of the two methods of interpretation lead to an imbalance between the right and obligation of China under the additional obligations that were imposed upon China by the WTO,which create a negative impact on China's rare earth case and the protection of domestic natural resources.
