WO3 decorated photoelectrodes of titanium nanotube arrays （W-oxide TNTAs） were synthesized via a two-step process, namely, electrochemical oxidation of titanium foil and electrodeposition of W-oxide for various inte...WO3 decorated photoelectrodes of titanium nanotube arrays （W-oxide TNTAs） were synthesized via a two-step process, namely, electrochemical oxidation of titanium foil and electrodeposition of W-oxide for various interval times of 1, 2, 3, 5, and 20 min to improve the photoelectrochemical performance and the amount of hydrogen generated. The synthesized photoelectrodes were characterized by various characterization techniques. The presence of tungsten in the modified TNTAs was confirmed using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy （EDX）. Field emission scanning electron microscopy （FESEM） and high resolution transmission electron microscope （HRTEM） proved the deposition of W-oxide as small particles staked up on the surface of the tubes at lower deposition time whereas longer times produced large and aggregate particles to mostly cover the surface of TiO2 nanotubes. Additionally, the incorporation of WO3 resulted in a shift of the absorption edge toward visible light as confirmed by UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and a decrease in the estimated band gap energy values hence, modified TNTAs facilitated a more efficient utilization of solar light for water splitting. From the photoelectrochemical measurement data, the optimal photoelectrode produced after 2 min of deposition time improved the photo conversion efficiency and the hydrogen generation by 30% compared to that of the pure TNTA.展开更多
Glioblastoma(GBM)is an aggressive and lethal type of brain tumor in human adults.The standard of care offers minimal clinical benefit,and most GBM patients experience tumor recurrence after treatment.In recent years,s...Glioblastoma(GBM)is an aggressive and lethal type of brain tumor in human adults.The standard of care offers minimal clinical benefit,and most GBM patients experience tumor recurrence after treatment.In recent years,significant advancements have been made in the development of novel immunotherapies or other therapeutic strategies that can overcome immunotherapy resistance in many advanced cancers.However,the benefit of immune-based treatments in GBM is limited because of the unique brain immune profiles,GBM cell heterogeneity,and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment.In this review,we present a detailed overview of current immunotherapeutic strategies and discuss the challenges and potential molecular mechanisms underlying immunotherapy resistance in GBM.Furthermore,we provide an in-depth discussion regarding the strategies that can overcome immunotherapy resistance in GBM,which will likely require combination therapies.展开更多
文摘WO3 decorated photoelectrodes of titanium nanotube arrays （W-oxide TNTAs） were synthesized via a two-step process, namely, electrochemical oxidation of titanium foil and electrodeposition of W-oxide for various interval times of 1, 2, 3, 5, and 20 min to improve the photoelectrochemical performance and the amount of hydrogen generated. The synthesized photoelectrodes were characterized by various characterization techniques. The presence of tungsten in the modified TNTAs was confirmed using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy （EDX）. Field emission scanning electron microscopy （FESEM） and high resolution transmission electron microscope （HRTEM） proved the deposition of W-oxide as small particles staked up on the surface of the tubes at lower deposition time whereas longer times produced large and aggregate particles to mostly cover the surface of TiO2 nanotubes. Additionally, the incorporation of WO3 resulted in a shift of the absorption edge toward visible light as confirmed by UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and a decrease in the estimated band gap energy values hence, modified TNTAs facilitated a more efficient utilization of solar light for water splitting. From the photoelectrochemical measurement data, the optimal photoelectrode produced after 2 min of deposition time improved the photo conversion efficiency and the hydrogen generation by 30% compared to that of the pure TNTA.
基金supported in part by National Institutes of Health(NIH)R01 NS127824(PC),NIH R01 NS124594(PC),NIH P01 CA245705(JDL),R35 NS127083(JDL)the Department of Defense(DoD)Career Development Award W81XWH-21-1-0380(P.C.),as well as the Lerner Research Institute and Case Comprehensive Cancer Center.
文摘Glioblastoma(GBM)is an aggressive and lethal type of brain tumor in human adults.The standard of care offers minimal clinical benefit,and most GBM patients experience tumor recurrence after treatment.In recent years,significant advancements have been made in the development of novel immunotherapies or other therapeutic strategies that can overcome immunotherapy resistance in many advanced cancers.However,the benefit of immune-based treatments in GBM is limited because of the unique brain immune profiles,GBM cell heterogeneity,and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment.In this review,we present a detailed overview of current immunotherapeutic strategies and discuss the challenges and potential molecular mechanisms underlying immunotherapy resistance in GBM.Furthermore,we provide an in-depth discussion regarding the strategies that can overcome immunotherapy resistance in GBM,which will likely require combination therapies.
