Land evapotranspiration(ET) is an important process connecting soil, vegetation and the atmosphere, especially in regions that experience shortage in precipitation.Since 1999, the implementation of a large-scale veget...Land evapotranspiration(ET) is an important process connecting soil, vegetation and the atmosphere, especially in regions that experience shortage in precipitation.Since 1999, the implementation of a large-scale vegetation restoration project has significantly improved the ecological environment of the Loess Plateau in China.However, the quantitative assessment of the contribution of vegetation restoration projects to long-term ET is still in its infancy.In this study, we investigated changes in land ET and associated driving factors from 1982 to 2014 in the Loess Plateau using Budyko-based partial differential methods.Overall, annual ET slightly increased by 0.28 mm/a and there were no large fluctuations after project implementation.An attribution analysis showed that precipitation was the driving factor of inter-annual variability of land ET throughout the study period;the average impacts of precipitation, potential evapotranspiration, and vegetation restoration on ET change were 61.5%, 11.5% and 26.9%, respectively.These results provide an improved understanding of the relationship between vegetation condition change and climate variation on terrestrial ET in the study area and can support future decision-making regarding water resource availability.展开更多
OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of Shenmai injection for shock.METHODS: Randomized controlled trials(RCTs)that evaluated the therapeutic effect of Shenmai injection on shock(including septic shock, ...OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of Shenmai injection for shock.METHODS: Randomized controlled trials(RCTs)that evaluated the therapeutic effect of Shenmai injection on shock(including septic shock, cardiogenic shock, hypovolemic shock, neurogenic shock and anaphylactic shock) were included in this analysis. The major electronic databases were searched until May 2015. The methodological quality of the trials was assessed according to the Cochrane Handbook. Review Manager 5.3 and Stata 12.0 software were applied for data analysis.RESULTS: Thirty RCTs involving 2038 participants were included. The methodological quality of the trials was generally passable. The combined use of Shenmai injection and conventional medicine was significantly more effective at managing shock compared to conventional medicine alone in the outcomes of total effective rate [risk ratio(RR 1.25,95% confidence interval(CI) 1.18 to 1.31] and mortality rate [risk difference(RD)-0.10, 95% CI-0.17 to-0.02]. Likewise, improvements were observed in other metrics. Three trials reported adverse events, but no trial reported serious adverse effects.CONCLUSION: Our results indicated the potential effectiveness of Shenmai injection combined with conventional medicine treatment for shock. However, further rigorously designed trials are needed to collect and weigh up all the evidence for the use of Shenmai injection.展开更多
Uniaxial strain hardening exponent is not suitable for describing the strain hardening behaviors of the anisotropic materials, especially when material deforms in the multi-axial stress states. In this work, a novel m...Uniaxial strain hardening exponent is not suitable for describing the strain hardening behaviors of the anisotropic materials, especially when material deforms in the multi-axial stress states. In this work, a novel method was proposed to estimate the equivalent strain hardening exponent of anisotropic materials based on an equivalent energy method. By performing extensive finite element (FE) simulations of the spherical indentation on anisotropic materials, dimensionless function was proposed to correlate the strain hardening exponent of anisotropic materials with the indentation imprint parameters. And then, a mathematic expression on the strain hardening exponent of anisotropic materials with the indentation imprint was established to estimate the equivalent strain hardening exponent of anisotropic materials by directly solving this dimensionless function. Additionally, Meyer equation was modified to determine the yield stress of anisotropic materials. The effectiveness and reliability of the new method were verified by the numerical examples and by its application on the TC1M engineering material.展开更多
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the primary bacteria that leads to human tuberculosis(TB),which usually affects the pulmonary organs.TB is one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide;however,China is one of eight countr...Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the primary bacteria that leads to human tuberculosis(TB),which usually affects the pulmonary organs.TB is one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide;however,China is one of eight countries that together account for two-thirds of the total number of cases globally.展开更多
The 21 st Century Maritime Silk Road is an important part of China's new landscape of all-round opening-up,responding to the joint demands of both China and many countries in Southeast Asia,South Asia and Africa.T...The 21 st Century Maritime Silk Road is an important part of China's new landscape of all-round opening-up,responding to the joint demands of both China and many countries in Southeast Asia,South Asia and Africa.This paper examines countries and regions along the 21 st Century Maritime Silk Road and makes an in-depth study of their typical economic conditions,opportunities for cooperation with China,as well as related existing problems.There are opportunities in five areas for China to further cooperate with relevant countries and regions; industrial investment,infrastructure investment,resource development,overseas economic & trade zones and maritime economic development.There are also three outstanding problems; poor coordination among executive agents,insufficient financial support and lack of a sound and complete talent team.This paper offers several suggestions concerning the construction of the 21 st Century Maritime Silk Road to better fit the national conditions and joint demands of China and the countries and regions involved.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFC0401300)the Basic Research Project of China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research (WR0145B342019)the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars (51625904)
文摘Land evapotranspiration(ET) is an important process connecting soil, vegetation and the atmosphere, especially in regions that experience shortage in precipitation.Since 1999, the implementation of a large-scale vegetation restoration project has significantly improved the ecological environment of the Loess Plateau in China.However, the quantitative assessment of the contribution of vegetation restoration projects to long-term ET is still in its infancy.In this study, we investigated changes in land ET and associated driving factors from 1982 to 2014 in the Loess Plateau using Budyko-based partial differential methods.Overall, annual ET slightly increased by 0.28 mm/a and there were no large fluctuations after project implementation.An attribution analysis showed that precipitation was the driving factor of inter-annual variability of land ET throughout the study period;the average impacts of precipitation, potential evapotranspiration, and vegetation restoration on ET change were 61.5%, 11.5% and 26.9%, respectively.These results provide an improved understanding of the relationship between vegetation condition change and climate variation on terrestrial ET in the study area and can support future decision-making regarding water resource availability.
基金Supported by the Program for Zhejiang Leading Team of Science and Technology Innovation(No.2011R50021)Medical Research Program of Zhejiang Province(No.2015RCB011)
文摘OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of Shenmai injection for shock.METHODS: Randomized controlled trials(RCTs)that evaluated the therapeutic effect of Shenmai injection on shock(including septic shock, cardiogenic shock, hypovolemic shock, neurogenic shock and anaphylactic shock) were included in this analysis. The major electronic databases were searched until May 2015. The methodological quality of the trials was assessed according to the Cochrane Handbook. Review Manager 5.3 and Stata 12.0 software were applied for data analysis.RESULTS: Thirty RCTs involving 2038 participants were included. The methodological quality of the trials was generally passable. The combined use of Shenmai injection and conventional medicine was significantly more effective at managing shock compared to conventional medicine alone in the outcomes of total effective rate [risk ratio(RR 1.25,95% confidence interval(CI) 1.18 to 1.31] and mortality rate [risk difference(RD)-0.10, 95% CI-0.17 to-0.02]. Likewise, improvements were observed in other metrics. Three trials reported adverse events, but no trial reported serious adverse effects.CONCLUSION: Our results indicated the potential effectiveness of Shenmai injection combined with conventional medicine treatment for shock. However, further rigorously designed trials are needed to collect and weigh up all the evidence for the use of Shenmai injection.
基金Project(51675431)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘Uniaxial strain hardening exponent is not suitable for describing the strain hardening behaviors of the anisotropic materials, especially when material deforms in the multi-axial stress states. In this work, a novel method was proposed to estimate the equivalent strain hardening exponent of anisotropic materials based on an equivalent energy method. By performing extensive finite element (FE) simulations of the spherical indentation on anisotropic materials, dimensionless function was proposed to correlate the strain hardening exponent of anisotropic materials with the indentation imprint parameters. And then, a mathematic expression on the strain hardening exponent of anisotropic materials with the indentation imprint was established to estimate the equivalent strain hardening exponent of anisotropic materials by directly solving this dimensionless function. Additionally, Meyer equation was modified to determine the yield stress of anisotropic materials. The effectiveness and reliability of the new method were verified by the numerical examples and by its application on the TC1M engineering material.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[81872679 to SHEN Xin]the Shanghai Municipal Project for Academic Leaders in Public Health[GWV-10.2-XD23 to SHEN Xin]
文摘Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the primary bacteria that leads to human tuberculosis(TB),which usually affects the pulmonary organs.TB is one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide;however,China is one of eight countries that together account for two-thirds of the total number of cases globally.
文摘The 21 st Century Maritime Silk Road is an important part of China's new landscape of all-round opening-up,responding to the joint demands of both China and many countries in Southeast Asia,South Asia and Africa.This paper examines countries and regions along the 21 st Century Maritime Silk Road and makes an in-depth study of their typical economic conditions,opportunities for cooperation with China,as well as related existing problems.There are opportunities in five areas for China to further cooperate with relevant countries and regions; industrial investment,infrastructure investment,resource development,overseas economic & trade zones and maritime economic development.There are also three outstanding problems; poor coordination among executive agents,insufficient financial support and lack of a sound and complete talent team.This paper offers several suggestions concerning the construction of the 21 st Century Maritime Silk Road to better fit the national conditions and joint demands of China and the countries and regions involved.
