Water scarcity poses a significant challenge globally,with South Africa exemplifying the severe socio-economic and environmental impacts of limited water access.Despite advances in modern water management systems,the ...Water scarcity poses a significant challenge globally,with South Africa exemplifying the severe socio-economic and environmental impacts of limited water access.Despite advances in modern water management systems,the integration of indigenous knowledge(IK)into formal frameworks remains underutilized.This study systematically reviews the role of indigenous water conservation practices in South Africa,analyzing over 50 high-quality sources using the PRISMA methodology.The findings highlight the effectiveness of IK in addressing water scarcity through techniques such as rainwater harvesting,terracing,and wetland management,which are low-cost,environmentally sustainable,and deeply rooted in cultural practices.Indigenous methods also enhance climate resilience by enabling communities to adapt to droughts and floods through practices such as weather prediction and adaptive farming techniques.Furthermore,these practices foster social inclusivity and community empowerment,ensuring equitable water access and intergenerational knowledge transfer.The study underscores the potential of integrating IK with modern water technologies to create holistic solutions that are scalable,sustainable,and aligned with South Africa’s goal of achieving water security by 2030.Policy recommendations emphasize the need for institutional support,data collection,and financial incentives to sustain and mainstream indigenous approaches.By bridging the gap between traditional and contemporary systems,this research provides a roadmap for leveraging diverse knowledge systems to address water scarcity and build resilient communities.展开更多
BACKGROUND Chest physiotherapy and incentive spirometry,essential for pulmonary care,can exacerbate acute post-thoracotomy pain.Pain relief is,therefore,essential to facilitate early mobilization.This study evaluated ...BACKGROUND Chest physiotherapy and incentive spirometry,essential for pulmonary care,can exacerbate acute post-thoracotomy pain.Pain relief is,therefore,essential to facilitate early mobilization.This study evaluated the analgesic efficacy of unilateral continuous erector spinae block(ESB)compared to thoracic epidural analgesia(TEA)in terms of quality of pain relief and perioperative hemodynamic changes.AIM To compare the analgesic efficacy of continuous ultrasound-guided unilateral ESB and thoracic epidural in patients undergoing antero-lateral thoracotomy.METHODS This prospective,observational study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital of central India.Sixty-eight adult patients of either gender,posted for elective thoracic surgeries requiring one lung ventilation,were allocated to either TEA(n=34)or ESB(n=34)group,based on the attending anesthesiologist’s expertise.Continuous data were analyzed by independent t-tests,and categorical data byχ2 tests.RESULTS The proportion of patients requiring rescue opioids within 24 hours post-extubation was similar between the two group.Resting numerical rating scale scores(0 hour,6 hours,and 72 hours post-extubation)were significantly higher in the ESB group compared to the TEA group[1.70±1.03 vs 1.05±0.77(P=0.004);1.64±0.98 vs 1.2±0.88(P=0.05);3.2±1.07 vs 2.61±0.92(P=0.013)].Dynamic numerical rating scale scores and post-extubation mean arterial pressures were also higher in the ESB group.Additionally,block performance time was significantly longer in the ESB group(16.58±3.66 vs 13.84±2.88,P=0.001).CONCLUSION The two techniques provided similar opioid-sparing effects following antero-lateral thoracotomy,though TEA exhibited a superior analgesic efficacy at the expense of increased hemodynamic instability requiring vasopressor support.展开更多
Landslides remain a significant environmental hazard in India’s hill regions,particularly in the Nilgiris district of Tamil Nadu,due to its steep terrain,fractured geology,and heavy seasonal rainfall.This study appli...Landslides remain a significant environmental hazard in India’s hill regions,particularly in the Nilgiris district of Tamil Nadu,due to its steep terrain,fractured geology,and heavy seasonal rainfall.This study applies the Frequency Ratio(FR)model within a GIS and remote sensing framework to map landslide susceptibility and identify key contributing factors to slope instability.Ten thematic layers were used,including land use/land cover(LULC),NDVI,slope gradient,soil type and depth,geomorphology,aspect,rainfall,lineament density,and lineament proximity—derived from geological databases,DEMs,and satellite imagery.A landslide inventory was analyzed statistically to evaluate each factor’s role in landslide occurrence.Results indicate that slope gradient(9.15%)and LULC(8.37%)are the most influential factors,followed by geomorphology(7.78%),soil type(7.48%),and lineament density(4.50%).A key innovation of this study is the integration of lineament buffer zones to assess the influence of structural discontinuities,often overlooked in regional models.The model’s predictive performance was validated using the Area Under the Curve(AUC)method,yielding a value of 0.879,indicating high accuracy.The resulting susceptibility map categorizes the landscape into low,moderate,and high-risk zones,providing a critical tool for regional planning,infrastructure development,and disaster management.This research supports climate-resilient development and sustainable land-use planning in vulnerable hill regions,emphasizing that both natural terrain characteristics and humaninduced land alterations significantly contribute to landslide risk.展开更多
The security of digital images transmitted via the Internet or other public media is of the utmost importance.Image encryption is a method of keeping an image secure while it travels across a non-secure communication ...The security of digital images transmitted via the Internet or other public media is of the utmost importance.Image encryption is a method of keeping an image secure while it travels across a non-secure communication medium where it could be intercepted by unauthorized entities.This study provides an approach to color image encryption that could find practical use in various contexts.The proposed method,which combines four chaotic systems,employs singular value decomposition and a chaotic sequence,making it both secure and compression-friendly.The unified average change intensity,the number of pixels’change rate,information entropy analysis,correlation coefficient analysis,compression friendliness,and security against brute force,statistical analysis and differential attacks are all used to evaluate the algorithm’s performance.Following a thorough investigation of the experimental data,it is concluded that the proposed image encryption approach is secure against a wide range of attacks and provides superior compression friendliness when compared to chaos-based alternatives.展开更多
Ficus religiosa L.(F.religiosa)or sacred fig is a large perennial tree belonging to the family Moraceae or mulberry family.Though the tree has pan-tropical distribution but originally it is indigenous to the Indian su...Ficus religiosa L.(F.religiosa)or sacred fig is a large perennial tree belonging to the family Moraceae or mulberry family.Though the tree has pan-tropical distribution but originally it is indigenous to the Indian subcontinent and Indochina region.Popularly the tree is named"Pepal or bodhi tree".Traditionally,it is practiced for the treatment of asthma,nose bleeding,heart disorders,diabetes,wound healing,ear problems,constipation,hyperlipidemia,gonorrhea,ulcers and infectious disorders.Chemical analysis demonstrated the presence of numerous bioactives including tannins,phenols,saponins,sugars,alkaloids,methionine,terpenoids,flavonoids,glycosides,proteins,separated amino acids,essential and volatile oils and steroids etc.,which are probably responsible for its diverse pharmacological actions.The present work is an attempt to compile up-to-date comprehensive information on F.religiosa that covers its taxonomy,ethnomedicinal importance,phytochemistry,pharmacological attributes and clinical trials.Keeping in mind the various health attributes of F.religiosa,future research can be aimed at in-depth elucidation of the structure-function relationship and multifactorial signalings pathways.展开更多
Herbal medicine is safe and effective in treating various diseases.Traditional herbal medicine plays a tremendous role in treatment of various diseases and accompanying complications,hence herbal medicine requires rem...Herbal medicine is safe and effective in treating various diseases.Traditional herbal medicine plays a tremendous role in treatment of various diseases and accompanying complications,hence herbal medicine requires remarkable attention in further research for the development of numerous active formulations for treatment of health troubles.The plant needs special consideration for development and research of unidentified compound and characterization of novel active molecules that overcome multiple pathological abnormalities.The genus Manilkara contains 135 plants around the world.This overview discusses all the virtues of most important and commonly used plant Manilkara zapota(L.)P.Royen(M.zapota),also known as Sapodilla.M.zapota has various traditional beneficial effects in treatment of various diseases and disorders dating back to prehistoric times and used in ancient traditional system of herbal medicine.展开更多
Higher order finite difference weighted essentially non-oscillatory(WENO)schemes have been constructed for conservation laws.For multidimensional problems,they offer a high order accuracy at a fraction of the cost of ...Higher order finite difference weighted essentially non-oscillatory(WENO)schemes have been constructed for conservation laws.For multidimensional problems,they offer a high order accuracy at a fraction of the cost of a finite volume WENO or DG scheme of the comparable accuracy.This makes them quite attractive for several science and engineering applications.But,to the best of our knowledge,such schemes have not been extended to non-linear hyperbolic systems with non-conservative products.In this paper,we perform such an extension which improves the domain of the applicability of such schemes.The extension is carried out by writing the scheme in fluctuation form.We use the HLLI Riemann solver of Dumbser and Balsara(J.Comput.Phys.304:275-319,2016)as a building block for carrying out this extension.Because of the use of an HLL building block,the resulting scheme has a proper supersonic limit.The use of anti-diffusive fluxes ensures that stationary discontinuities can be preserved by the scheme,thus expanding its domain of the applicability.Our new finite difference WENO formulation uses the same WENO reconstruction that was used in classical versions,making it very easy for users to transition over to the present formulation.For conservation laws,the new finite difference WENO is shown to perform as well as the classical version of finite difference WENO,with two major advantages:(i)It can capture jumps in stationary linearly degenerate wave families exactly.(i)It only requires the reconstruction to be applied once.Several examples from hyperbolic PDE systems with non-conservative products are shown which indicate that the scheme works and achieves its design order of the accuracy for smooth multidimensional flows.Stringent Riemann problems and several novel multidimensional problems that are drawn from compressible Baer-Nunziato multiphase flow,multiphase debris flow and twolayer shallow water equations are also shown to document the robustness of the method.For some test problems that require well-balancing we have even been able to apply the scheme without any modification and obtain good results.Many useful PDEs may have stiff relaxation source terms for which the finite difference formulation of WENO is shown to provide some genuine advantages.展开更多
Albizia lebbeck Benth,commonly referred to as Indian Siris,is a therapeutically potential plant drug and a financially significant plant with mechanical,therapeutic uses.The leaves of the plant are a rich source of pr...Albizia lebbeck Benth,commonly referred to as Indian Siris,is a therapeutically potential plant drug and a financially significant plant with mechanical,therapeutic uses.The leaves of the plant are a rich source of protein and are said to have significant efficacy against cancer cells.The plant contains a variety of secondary metabolites such as alkaloids,flavonoids,saponins,anthraquinones,phenols and essential oils.Pharmacological reports of the extract of A.lebbek show the diverse pharmacological effects such as anti-inflammatory,antibacterial,anti-fertility,antifungal,anthelmintic,antiulcer etc.The present review paper contains the literature on the scientific reports on the pharmacological and phytochemical importance of A.lebbek,which could be a good source of information for researchers,scientists and industry for future reference.展开更多
GPU computing is expected to play an integral part in all modern Exascale supercomputers.It is also expected that higher order Godunov schemes will make up about a significant fraction of the application mix on such s...GPU computing is expected to play an integral part in all modern Exascale supercomputers.It is also expected that higher order Godunov schemes will make up about a significant fraction of the application mix on such supercomputers.It is,therefore,very important to prepare the community of users of higher order schemes for hyperbolic PDEs for this emerging opportunity.Not every algorithm that is used in the space-time update of the solution of hyperbolic PDEs will take well to GPUs.However,we identify a small core of algorithms that take exceptionally well to GPU computing.Based on an analysis of available options,we have been able to identify weighted essentially non-oscillatory(WENO)algorithms for spatial reconstruction along with arbitrary derivative(ADER)algorithms for time extension followed by a corrector step as the winning three-part algorithmic combination.Even when a winning subset of algorithms has been identified,it is not clear that they will port seamlessly to GPUs.The low data throughput between CPU and GPU,as well as the very small cache sizes on modern GPUs,implies that we have to think through all aspects of the task of porting an application to GPUs.For that reason,this paper identifies the techniques and tricks needed for making a successful port of this very useful class of higher order algorithms to GPUs.Application codes face a further challenge—the GPU results need to be practically indistinguishable from the CPU results—in order for the legacy knowledge bases embedded in these applications codes to be preserved during the port of GPUs.This requirement often makes a complete code rewrite impossible.For that reason,it is safest to use an approach based on OpenACC directives,so that most of the code remains intact(as long as it was originally well-written).This paper is intended to be a one-stop shop for anyone seeking to make an OpenACC-based port of a higher order Godunov scheme to GPUs.We focus on three broad and high-impact areas where higher order Godunov schemes are used.The first area is computational fluid dynamics(CFD).The second is computational magnetohydrodynamics(MHD)which has an involution constraint that has to be mimetically preserved.The third is computational electrodynamics(CED)which has involution constraints and also extremely stiff source terms.Together,these three diverse uses of higher order Godunov methodology,cover many of the most important applications areas.In all three cases,we show that the optimal use of algorithms,techniques,and tricks,along with the use of OpenACC,yields superlative speedups on GPUs.As a bonus,we find a most remarkable and desirable result:some higher order schemes,with their larger operations count per zone,show better speedup than lower order schemes on GPUs.In other words,the GPU is an optimal stratagem for overcoming the higher computational complexities of higher order schemes.Several avenues for future improvement have also been identified.A scalability study is presented for a real-world application using GPUs and comparable numbers of high-end multicore CPUs.It is found that GPUs offer a substantial performance benefit over comparable number of CPUs,especially when all the methods designed in this paper are used.展开更多
Higher order finite difference Weighted Essentially Non-oscillatory(WENO)schemes for conservation laws represent a technology that has been reasonably consolidated.They are extremely popular because,when applied to mu...Higher order finite difference Weighted Essentially Non-oscillatory(WENO)schemes for conservation laws represent a technology that has been reasonably consolidated.They are extremely popular because,when applied to multidimensional problems,they offer high order accuracy at a fraction of the cost of finite volume WENO or DG schemes.They come in two flavors.There is the classical finite difference WENO(FD-WENO)method(Shu and Osher in J.Comput.Phys.83:32–78,1989).However,in recent years there is also an alternative finite difference WENO(AFD-WENO)method which has recently been formalized into a very useful general-purpose algorithm for conservation laws(Balsara et al.in Efficient alternative finite difference WENO schemes for hyperbolic conservation laws,submitted to CAMC,2023).However,the FD-WENO algorithm has only very recently been formulated for hyperbolic systems with non-conservative products(Balsara et al.in Efficient finite difference WENO scheme for hyperbolic systems with non-conservative products,to appear CAMC,2023).In this paper,we show that there are substantial advantages in obtaining an AFD-WENO algorithm for hyperbolic systems with non-conservative products.Such an algorithm is documented in this paper.We present an AFD-WENO formulation in a fluctuation form that is carefully engineered to retrieve the flux form when that is warranted and nevertheless extends to non-conservative products.The method is flexible because it allows any Riemann solver to be used.The formulation we arrive at is such that when non-conservative products are absent it reverts exactly to the formulation in the second citation above which is in the exact flux conservation form.The ability to transition to a precise conservation form when non-conservative products are absent ensures,via the Lax-Wendroff theorem,that shock locations will be exactly captured by the method.We present two formulations of AFD-WENO that can be used with hyperbolic systems with non-conservative products and stiff source terms with slightly differing computational complexities.The speeds of our new AFD-WENO schemes are compared to the speed of the classical FD-WENO algorithm from the first of the above-cited papers.At all orders,AFD-WENO outperforms FD-WENO.We also show a very desirable result that higher order variants of AFD-WENO schemes do not cost that much more than their lower order variants.This is because the larger number of floating point operations associated with larger stencils is almost very efficiently amortized by the CPU when the AFD-WENO code is designed to be cache friendly.This should have great,and very beneficial,implications for the role of our AFD-WENO schemes in the Peta-and Exascale computing.We apply the method to several stringent test problems drawn from the Baer-Nunziato system,two-layer shallow water equations,and the multicomponent debris flow.The method meets its design accuracy for the smooth flow and can handle stringent problems in one and multiple dimensions.Because of the pointwise nature of its update,AFD-WENO for hyperbolic systems with non-conservative products is also shown to be a very efficient performer on problems with stiff source terms.展开更多
Higher order finite difference Weighted Essentially Non-Oscillatory(FD-WENO)schemes for conservation laws are extremely popular because,for multidimensional problems,they offer high order accuracy at a fraction of the...Higher order finite difference Weighted Essentially Non-Oscillatory(FD-WENO)schemes for conservation laws are extremely popular because,for multidimensional problems,they offer high order accuracy at a fraction of the cost of finite volume WENO or DG schemes.Such schemes come in two formulations.The very popular classical FD-WENO method(Shu and Osher J Comput Phys 83:32–78,1989)relies on two reconstruction steps applied to two split fluxes.However,the method cannot accommodate different types of Riemann solvers and cannot preserve free stream boundary conditions on curvilinear meshes.This limits its utility.The alternative FD-WENO(AFD-WENO)method can overcome these deficiencies,however,much less work has been done on this method.The reasons are three-fold.First,it is difficult for the casual reader to understand the intricate logic that requires higher order derivatives of the fluxes to be evaluated at zone boundaries.The analytical methods for deriving the update equation for AFD-WENO schemes are somewhat recondite.To overcome that difficulty,we provide an easily accessible script that is based on a computer algebra system in Appendix A of this paper.Second,the method relies on interpolation rather than reconstruction,and WENO interpolation formulae have not been documented in the literature as thoroughly as WENO reconstruction formulae.In this paper,we explicitly provide all necessary WENO interpolation formulae that are needed for implementing the AFD-WENO up to the ninth order.The third reason is that the AFD-WENO requires higher order derivatives of the fluxes to be available at zone boundaries.Since those derivatives are usually obtained by finite differencing the zone-centered fluxes,they become susceptible to a Gibbs phenomenon when the solution is non-smooth.The inclusion of those fluxes is also crucially important for preserving the order property when the solution is smooth.This has limited the utility of the AFD-WENO in the past even though the method per se has many desirable features.Some efforts to mitigate the effect of finite differencing of the fluxes have been tried,but so far they have been done on a case by case basis for the PDE being considered.In this paper we find a general-purpose strategy that is based on a different type of the WENO interpolation.This new WENO interpolation takes the first derivatives of the fluxes at zone centers as its inputs and returns the requisite non-linearly hybridized higher order derivatives of flux-like terms at the zone boundaries as its output.With these three advances,we find that the AFD-WENO becomes a robust and general-purpose solution strategy for large classes of conservation laws.It allows any Riemann solver to be used.The AFD-WENO has a computational complexity that is entirely comparable to the classical FD-WENO,because it relies on two interpolation steps which cost the same as the two reconstruction steps in the classical FD-WENO.We apply the method to several stringent test problems drawn from Euler flow,relativistic hydrodynamics(RHD),and ten-moment equations.The method meets its design accuracy for smooth flow and can handle stringent problems in one and multiple dimensions.展开更多
Purpose： llizarov ring fixator and limb reconstruction system （LRS） fixators have been used in the management of complex tibial fractures with severe soft tissue injuries, compound tibial fractures, and infected ti...Purpose： llizarov ring fixator and limb reconstruction system （LRS） fixators have been used in the management of complex tibial fractures with severe soft tissue injuries, compound tibial fractures, and infected tibial nonunion for which conventional internal fixation cannot be contemplated. Fracture union and distraction osteogenesis can be done simultaneously with these external fixators, allowing early weight bearing. Several previous studies have shown almost equal results of rail and ring fixators for the compound tibial shaft fractures. Thus we performed a prospective study to evaluate the union rate, functional outcome and amount of limb lengthening after the treatment of compound tibial shaft fractures with or without infected nonunion by ring or LRS fixators. Methods： This prospective study was done at Sarojini Naidu Medical College and Hospital, Agra, India and included 32 patients of compound tibial shaft fractures with or without infected nonunion. There were 26 males and 6 females and the average age was 40 years. Patients were randomly divided into two groups （n - 16 for each）： one underwent llizarov fixation and the other received LRS fixation. Cases were followed up for 3-24 months, 6 months on average from September 2012 to October 2014. Functional and radiological outcomes were assessed using the Association for the Study and Application of Methods of llizarov （ASAMI） criteria for both rail and ring fixators. Results： Union was achieved in all cases. Radiological outcome was found excellent in 68.75%, good in 18.75% and fair in 12.50% of cases treated by rail fixators whereas it was excellent in 56.25%, good in 18.75%, fair in 12.50% and poor in 12.50% of cases treated by ring fixators. Functional result was satis- factory in 75.00% of cases treated by rail fixator and 68.75% of cases treated by ring fixators whereas the corresponding rate of unsatisfactory was 25.00% vs. 31.25%. Conclusion： In our short-term assessment, LRS fixators show a better result than llizarov fixators in terms of fracture union and functional outcome with soft tissue care and limb length.展开更多
A sensitive and selective electrochemical sensor was developed to detect Vanillin using Mn/Zn/V(MZV)nanocomposites.MZV nanocomposites were synthesized by modified Sol-gel technique and characterized by FT-IR,UV-VIS,SE...A sensitive and selective electrochemical sensor was developed to detect Vanillin using Mn/Zn/V(MZV)nanocomposites.MZV nanocomposites were synthesized by modified Sol-gel technique and characterized by FT-IR,UV-VIS,SEM,and XRD techniques.Cyclic Voltammetry,Linear Sweep Voltammetry,and Differential Pulse Voltammetry experiments were performed on a three-electrode-based electrochemical system.A computational study(DFT)was used to support experimental data and understand chemistry at the working electrode/electrolyte interface.The specially designed working electrode showed a good sensing ability toward Vanillin in real and reference samples.The working electrode displays a linear response between the current density and concentration of Vanillin(20-120μM)with a lowest detection limit of 120μM.The characteristic oxidative(0.051 V)and reductive peak(0.47 V),formal potential(0.270 V),open circuit potential(-570 mV),current density,and Emid potential(0.025 V)of Vanillin help in qualitative estimation.Storage and stability of working electrodes were tested for 60 days.展开更多
The numerical simulation of non conservative system is a difficult challenge for two reasons at least.The first one is that it is not possible to derive jump relations directly from conservation principles,so that in ...The numerical simulation of non conservative system is a difficult challenge for two reasons at least.The first one is that it is not possible to derive jump relations directly from conservation principles,so that in general,if the model description is non ambiguous for smooth solutions,this is no longer the case for discontinuous solutions.From the numerical view point,this leads to the following situation:if a scheme is stable,its limit for mesh convergence will depend on its dissipative structure.This is well known since at least[1].In this paper we are interested in the“dual”problem:given a system in non conservative form and consistent jump relations,how can we construct a numerical scheme that will,for mesh convergence,provide limit solutions that are the exact solution of the problem.In order to investigate this problem,we consider a multiphase flow model for which jump relations are known.Our scheme is an hybridation of Glimm scheme and Roe scheme.展开更多
文摘Water scarcity poses a significant challenge globally,with South Africa exemplifying the severe socio-economic and environmental impacts of limited water access.Despite advances in modern water management systems,the integration of indigenous knowledge(IK)into formal frameworks remains underutilized.This study systematically reviews the role of indigenous water conservation practices in South Africa,analyzing over 50 high-quality sources using the PRISMA methodology.The findings highlight the effectiveness of IK in addressing water scarcity through techniques such as rainwater harvesting,terracing,and wetland management,which are low-cost,environmentally sustainable,and deeply rooted in cultural practices.Indigenous methods also enhance climate resilience by enabling communities to adapt to droughts and floods through practices such as weather prediction and adaptive farming techniques.Furthermore,these practices foster social inclusivity and community empowerment,ensuring equitable water access and intergenerational knowledge transfer.The study underscores the potential of integrating IK with modern water technologies to create holistic solutions that are scalable,sustainable,and aligned with South Africa’s goal of achieving water security by 2030.Policy recommendations emphasize the need for institutional support,data collection,and financial incentives to sustain and mainstream indigenous approaches.By bridging the gap between traditional and contemporary systems,this research provides a roadmap for leveraging diverse knowledge systems to address water scarcity and build resilient communities.
文摘BACKGROUND Chest physiotherapy and incentive spirometry,essential for pulmonary care,can exacerbate acute post-thoracotomy pain.Pain relief is,therefore,essential to facilitate early mobilization.This study evaluated the analgesic efficacy of unilateral continuous erector spinae block(ESB)compared to thoracic epidural analgesia(TEA)in terms of quality of pain relief and perioperative hemodynamic changes.AIM To compare the analgesic efficacy of continuous ultrasound-guided unilateral ESB and thoracic epidural in patients undergoing antero-lateral thoracotomy.METHODS This prospective,observational study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital of central India.Sixty-eight adult patients of either gender,posted for elective thoracic surgeries requiring one lung ventilation,were allocated to either TEA(n=34)or ESB(n=34)group,based on the attending anesthesiologist’s expertise.Continuous data were analyzed by independent t-tests,and categorical data byχ2 tests.RESULTS The proportion of patients requiring rescue opioids within 24 hours post-extubation was similar between the two group.Resting numerical rating scale scores(0 hour,6 hours,and 72 hours post-extubation)were significantly higher in the ESB group compared to the TEA group[1.70±1.03 vs 1.05±0.77(P=0.004);1.64±0.98 vs 1.2±0.88(P=0.05);3.2±1.07 vs 2.61±0.92(P=0.013)].Dynamic numerical rating scale scores and post-extubation mean arterial pressures were also higher in the ESB group.Additionally,block performance time was significantly longer in the ESB group(16.58±3.66 vs 13.84±2.88,P=0.001).CONCLUSION The two techniques provided similar opioid-sparing effects following antero-lateral thoracotomy,though TEA exhibited a superior analgesic efficacy at the expense of increased hemodynamic instability requiring vasopressor support.
文摘Landslides remain a significant environmental hazard in India’s hill regions,particularly in the Nilgiris district of Tamil Nadu,due to its steep terrain,fractured geology,and heavy seasonal rainfall.This study applies the Frequency Ratio(FR)model within a GIS and remote sensing framework to map landslide susceptibility and identify key contributing factors to slope instability.Ten thematic layers were used,including land use/land cover(LULC),NDVI,slope gradient,soil type and depth,geomorphology,aspect,rainfall,lineament density,and lineament proximity—derived from geological databases,DEMs,and satellite imagery.A landslide inventory was analyzed statistically to evaluate each factor’s role in landslide occurrence.Results indicate that slope gradient(9.15%)and LULC(8.37%)are the most influential factors,followed by geomorphology(7.78%),soil type(7.48%),and lineament density(4.50%).A key innovation of this study is the integration of lineament buffer zones to assess the influence of structural discontinuities,often overlooked in regional models.The model’s predictive performance was validated using the Area Under the Curve(AUC)method,yielding a value of 0.879,indicating high accuracy.The resulting susceptibility map categorizes the landscape into low,moderate,and high-risk zones,providing a critical tool for regional planning,infrastructure development,and disaster management.This research supports climate-resilient development and sustainable land-use planning in vulnerable hill regions,emphasizing that both natural terrain characteristics and humaninduced land alterations significantly contribute to landslide risk.
基金funded by Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University under Grant Number R.G.P.2/86/43.
文摘The security of digital images transmitted via the Internet or other public media is of the utmost importance.Image encryption is a method of keeping an image secure while it travels across a non-secure communication medium where it could be intercepted by unauthorized entities.This study provides an approach to color image encryption that could find practical use in various contexts.The proposed method,which combines four chaotic systems,employs singular value decomposition and a chaotic sequence,making it both secure and compression-friendly.The unified average change intensity,the number of pixels’change rate,information entropy analysis,correlation coefficient analysis,compression friendliness,and security against brute force,statistical analysis and differential attacks are all used to evaluate the algorithm’s performance.Following a thorough investigation of the experimental data,it is concluded that the proposed image encryption approach is secure against a wide range of attacks and provides superior compression friendliness when compared to chaos-based alternatives.
文摘Ficus religiosa L.(F.religiosa)or sacred fig is a large perennial tree belonging to the family Moraceae or mulberry family.Though the tree has pan-tropical distribution but originally it is indigenous to the Indian subcontinent and Indochina region.Popularly the tree is named"Pepal or bodhi tree".Traditionally,it is practiced for the treatment of asthma,nose bleeding,heart disorders,diabetes,wound healing,ear problems,constipation,hyperlipidemia,gonorrhea,ulcers and infectious disorders.Chemical analysis demonstrated the presence of numerous bioactives including tannins,phenols,saponins,sugars,alkaloids,methionine,terpenoids,flavonoids,glycosides,proteins,separated amino acids,essential and volatile oils and steroids etc.,which are probably responsible for its diverse pharmacological actions.The present work is an attempt to compile up-to-date comprehensive information on F.religiosa that covers its taxonomy,ethnomedicinal importance,phytochemistry,pharmacological attributes and clinical trials.Keeping in mind the various health attributes of F.religiosa,future research can be aimed at in-depth elucidation of the structure-function relationship and multifactorial signalings pathways.
文摘Herbal medicine is safe and effective in treating various diseases.Traditional herbal medicine plays a tremendous role in treatment of various diseases and accompanying complications,hence herbal medicine requires remarkable attention in further research for the development of numerous active formulations for treatment of health troubles.The plant needs special consideration for development and research of unidentified compound and characterization of novel active molecules that overcome multiple pathological abnormalities.The genus Manilkara contains 135 plants around the world.This overview discusses all the virtues of most important and commonly used plant Manilkara zapota(L.)P.Royen(M.zapota),also known as Sapodilla.M.zapota has various traditional beneficial effects in treatment of various diseases and disorders dating back to prehistoric times and used in ancient traditional system of herbal medicine.
基金support via NSF grants NSF-19-04774,NSF-AST-2009776,NASA-2020-1241NASA grant 80NSSC22K0628.DSB+3 种基金HK acknowledge support from a Vajra award,VJR/2018/00129a travel grant from Notre Dame Internationalsupport via AFOSR grant FA9550-20-1-0055NSF grant DMS-2010107.
文摘Higher order finite difference weighted essentially non-oscillatory(WENO)schemes have been constructed for conservation laws.For multidimensional problems,they offer a high order accuracy at a fraction of the cost of a finite volume WENO or DG scheme of the comparable accuracy.This makes them quite attractive for several science and engineering applications.But,to the best of our knowledge,such schemes have not been extended to non-linear hyperbolic systems with non-conservative products.In this paper,we perform such an extension which improves the domain of the applicability of such schemes.The extension is carried out by writing the scheme in fluctuation form.We use the HLLI Riemann solver of Dumbser and Balsara(J.Comput.Phys.304:275-319,2016)as a building block for carrying out this extension.Because of the use of an HLL building block,the resulting scheme has a proper supersonic limit.The use of anti-diffusive fluxes ensures that stationary discontinuities can be preserved by the scheme,thus expanding its domain of the applicability.Our new finite difference WENO formulation uses the same WENO reconstruction that was used in classical versions,making it very easy for users to transition over to the present formulation.For conservation laws,the new finite difference WENO is shown to perform as well as the classical version of finite difference WENO,with two major advantages:(i)It can capture jumps in stationary linearly degenerate wave families exactly.(i)It only requires the reconstruction to be applied once.Several examples from hyperbolic PDE systems with non-conservative products are shown which indicate that the scheme works and achieves its design order of the accuracy for smooth multidimensional flows.Stringent Riemann problems and several novel multidimensional problems that are drawn from compressible Baer-Nunziato multiphase flow,multiphase debris flow and twolayer shallow water equations are also shown to document the robustness of the method.For some test problems that require well-balancing we have even been able to apply the scheme without any modification and obtain good results.Many useful PDEs may have stiff relaxation source terms for which the finite difference formulation of WENO is shown to provide some genuine advantages.
文摘Albizia lebbeck Benth,commonly referred to as Indian Siris,is a therapeutically potential plant drug and a financially significant plant with mechanical,therapeutic uses.The leaves of the plant are a rich source of protein and are said to have significant efficacy against cancer cells.The plant contains a variety of secondary metabolites such as alkaloids,flavonoids,saponins,anthraquinones,phenols and essential oils.Pharmacological reports of the extract of A.lebbek show the diverse pharmacological effects such as anti-inflammatory,antibacterial,anti-fertility,antifungal,anthelmintic,antiulcer etc.The present review paper contains the literature on the scientific reports on the pharmacological and phytochemical importance of A.lebbek,which could be a good source of information for researchers,scientists and industry for future reference.
基金support via the NSF grants NSF-19-04774,NSF-AST-2009776,NASA-2020-1241the NASA grant 80NSSC22K0628。
文摘GPU computing is expected to play an integral part in all modern Exascale supercomputers.It is also expected that higher order Godunov schemes will make up about a significant fraction of the application mix on such supercomputers.It is,therefore,very important to prepare the community of users of higher order schemes for hyperbolic PDEs for this emerging opportunity.Not every algorithm that is used in the space-time update of the solution of hyperbolic PDEs will take well to GPUs.However,we identify a small core of algorithms that take exceptionally well to GPU computing.Based on an analysis of available options,we have been able to identify weighted essentially non-oscillatory(WENO)algorithms for spatial reconstruction along with arbitrary derivative(ADER)algorithms for time extension followed by a corrector step as the winning three-part algorithmic combination.Even when a winning subset of algorithms has been identified,it is not clear that they will port seamlessly to GPUs.The low data throughput between CPU and GPU,as well as the very small cache sizes on modern GPUs,implies that we have to think through all aspects of the task of porting an application to GPUs.For that reason,this paper identifies the techniques and tricks needed for making a successful port of this very useful class of higher order algorithms to GPUs.Application codes face a further challenge—the GPU results need to be practically indistinguishable from the CPU results—in order for the legacy knowledge bases embedded in these applications codes to be preserved during the port of GPUs.This requirement often makes a complete code rewrite impossible.For that reason,it is safest to use an approach based on OpenACC directives,so that most of the code remains intact(as long as it was originally well-written).This paper is intended to be a one-stop shop for anyone seeking to make an OpenACC-based port of a higher order Godunov scheme to GPUs.We focus on three broad and high-impact areas where higher order Godunov schemes are used.The first area is computational fluid dynamics(CFD).The second is computational magnetohydrodynamics(MHD)which has an involution constraint that has to be mimetically preserved.The third is computational electrodynamics(CED)which has involution constraints and also extremely stiff source terms.Together,these three diverse uses of higher order Godunov methodology,cover many of the most important applications areas.In all three cases,we show that the optimal use of algorithms,techniques,and tricks,along with the use of OpenACC,yields superlative speedups on GPUs.As a bonus,we find a most remarkable and desirable result:some higher order schemes,with their larger operations count per zone,show better speedup than lower order schemes on GPUs.In other words,the GPU is an optimal stratagem for overcoming the higher computational complexities of higher order schemes.Several avenues for future improvement have also been identified.A scalability study is presented for a real-world application using GPUs and comparable numbers of high-end multicore CPUs.It is found that GPUs offer a substantial performance benefit over comparable number of CPUs,especially when all the methods designed in this paper are used.
基金support via NSF grant NSF-AST-2009776,NASA grant NASA-2020-1241 and NASA grant 80NSSC22K0628support from a Vajra award,VJR/2018/00129 and also a travel grant from Notre Dame International.CWS acknowledges support via NSF grant DMS-2309249+2 种基金support via the NSF Grants NSF-19-04774,NSF-AST-2009776,NASA-2020-1241,and NASA-80NSSC22K0628support from a Vajra award,VJR/2018/00129support via AFOSR Grant FA9550-20-1-0055 and NSF Grant DMS-2010107.
文摘Higher order finite difference Weighted Essentially Non-oscillatory(WENO)schemes for conservation laws represent a technology that has been reasonably consolidated.They are extremely popular because,when applied to multidimensional problems,they offer high order accuracy at a fraction of the cost of finite volume WENO or DG schemes.They come in two flavors.There is the classical finite difference WENO(FD-WENO)method(Shu and Osher in J.Comput.Phys.83:32–78,1989).However,in recent years there is also an alternative finite difference WENO(AFD-WENO)method which has recently been formalized into a very useful general-purpose algorithm for conservation laws(Balsara et al.in Efficient alternative finite difference WENO schemes for hyperbolic conservation laws,submitted to CAMC,2023).However,the FD-WENO algorithm has only very recently been formulated for hyperbolic systems with non-conservative products(Balsara et al.in Efficient finite difference WENO scheme for hyperbolic systems with non-conservative products,to appear CAMC,2023).In this paper,we show that there are substantial advantages in obtaining an AFD-WENO algorithm for hyperbolic systems with non-conservative products.Such an algorithm is documented in this paper.We present an AFD-WENO formulation in a fluctuation form that is carefully engineered to retrieve the flux form when that is warranted and nevertheless extends to non-conservative products.The method is flexible because it allows any Riemann solver to be used.The formulation we arrive at is such that when non-conservative products are absent it reverts exactly to the formulation in the second citation above which is in the exact flux conservation form.The ability to transition to a precise conservation form when non-conservative products are absent ensures,via the Lax-Wendroff theorem,that shock locations will be exactly captured by the method.We present two formulations of AFD-WENO that can be used with hyperbolic systems with non-conservative products and stiff source terms with slightly differing computational complexities.The speeds of our new AFD-WENO schemes are compared to the speed of the classical FD-WENO algorithm from the first of the above-cited papers.At all orders,AFD-WENO outperforms FD-WENO.We also show a very desirable result that higher order variants of AFD-WENO schemes do not cost that much more than their lower order variants.This is because the larger number of floating point operations associated with larger stencils is almost very efficiently amortized by the CPU when the AFD-WENO code is designed to be cache friendly.This should have great,and very beneficial,implications for the role of our AFD-WENO schemes in the Peta-and Exascale computing.We apply the method to several stringent test problems drawn from the Baer-Nunziato system,two-layer shallow water equations,and the multicomponent debris flow.The method meets its design accuracy for the smooth flow and can handle stringent problems in one and multiple dimensions.Because of the pointwise nature of its update,AFD-WENO for hyperbolic systems with non-conservative products is also shown to be a very efficient performer on problems with stiff source terms.
基金support via the NSF grants NSF-19-04774,NSF-AST-2009776,NASA-2020-1241,and(NASA-80NSSC22K0628)support from a Vajra award(VJR/2018/00129)support via the NSF grant DMS-2309249.
文摘Higher order finite difference Weighted Essentially Non-Oscillatory(FD-WENO)schemes for conservation laws are extremely popular because,for multidimensional problems,they offer high order accuracy at a fraction of the cost of finite volume WENO or DG schemes.Such schemes come in two formulations.The very popular classical FD-WENO method(Shu and Osher J Comput Phys 83:32–78,1989)relies on two reconstruction steps applied to two split fluxes.However,the method cannot accommodate different types of Riemann solvers and cannot preserve free stream boundary conditions on curvilinear meshes.This limits its utility.The alternative FD-WENO(AFD-WENO)method can overcome these deficiencies,however,much less work has been done on this method.The reasons are three-fold.First,it is difficult for the casual reader to understand the intricate logic that requires higher order derivatives of the fluxes to be evaluated at zone boundaries.The analytical methods for deriving the update equation for AFD-WENO schemes are somewhat recondite.To overcome that difficulty,we provide an easily accessible script that is based on a computer algebra system in Appendix A of this paper.Second,the method relies on interpolation rather than reconstruction,and WENO interpolation formulae have not been documented in the literature as thoroughly as WENO reconstruction formulae.In this paper,we explicitly provide all necessary WENO interpolation formulae that are needed for implementing the AFD-WENO up to the ninth order.The third reason is that the AFD-WENO requires higher order derivatives of the fluxes to be available at zone boundaries.Since those derivatives are usually obtained by finite differencing the zone-centered fluxes,they become susceptible to a Gibbs phenomenon when the solution is non-smooth.The inclusion of those fluxes is also crucially important for preserving the order property when the solution is smooth.This has limited the utility of the AFD-WENO in the past even though the method per se has many desirable features.Some efforts to mitigate the effect of finite differencing of the fluxes have been tried,but so far they have been done on a case by case basis for the PDE being considered.In this paper we find a general-purpose strategy that is based on a different type of the WENO interpolation.This new WENO interpolation takes the first derivatives of the fluxes at zone centers as its inputs and returns the requisite non-linearly hybridized higher order derivatives of flux-like terms at the zone boundaries as its output.With these three advances,we find that the AFD-WENO becomes a robust and general-purpose solution strategy for large classes of conservation laws.It allows any Riemann solver to be used.The AFD-WENO has a computational complexity that is entirely comparable to the classical FD-WENO,because it relies on two interpolation steps which cost the same as the two reconstruction steps in the classical FD-WENO.We apply the method to several stringent test problems drawn from Euler flow,relativistic hydrodynamics(RHD),and ten-moment equations.The method meets its design accuracy for smooth flow and can handle stringent problems in one and multiple dimensions.
文摘Purpose： llizarov ring fixator and limb reconstruction system （LRS） fixators have been used in the management of complex tibial fractures with severe soft tissue injuries, compound tibial fractures, and infected tibial nonunion for which conventional internal fixation cannot be contemplated. Fracture union and distraction osteogenesis can be done simultaneously with these external fixators, allowing early weight bearing. Several previous studies have shown almost equal results of rail and ring fixators for the compound tibial shaft fractures. Thus we performed a prospective study to evaluate the union rate, functional outcome and amount of limb lengthening after the treatment of compound tibial shaft fractures with or without infected nonunion by ring or LRS fixators. Methods： This prospective study was done at Sarojini Naidu Medical College and Hospital, Agra, India and included 32 patients of compound tibial shaft fractures with or without infected nonunion. There were 26 males and 6 females and the average age was 40 years. Patients were randomly divided into two groups （n - 16 for each）： one underwent llizarov fixation and the other received LRS fixation. Cases were followed up for 3-24 months, 6 months on average from September 2012 to October 2014. Functional and radiological outcomes were assessed using the Association for the Study and Application of Methods of llizarov （ASAMI） criteria for both rail and ring fixators. Results： Union was achieved in all cases. Radiological outcome was found excellent in 68.75%, good in 18.75% and fair in 12.50% of cases treated by rail fixators whereas it was excellent in 56.25%, good in 18.75%, fair in 12.50% and poor in 12.50% of cases treated by ring fixators. Functional result was satis- factory in 75.00% of cases treated by rail fixator and 68.75% of cases treated by ring fixators whereas the corresponding rate of unsatisfactory was 25.00% vs. 31.25%. Conclusion： In our short-term assessment, LRS fixators show a better result than llizarov fixators in terms of fracture union and functional outcome with soft tissue care and limb length.
文摘A sensitive and selective electrochemical sensor was developed to detect Vanillin using Mn/Zn/V(MZV)nanocomposites.MZV nanocomposites were synthesized by modified Sol-gel technique and characterized by FT-IR,UV-VIS,SEM,and XRD techniques.Cyclic Voltammetry,Linear Sweep Voltammetry,and Differential Pulse Voltammetry experiments were performed on a three-electrode-based electrochemical system.A computational study(DFT)was used to support experimental data and understand chemistry at the working electrode/electrolyte interface.The specially designed working electrode showed a good sensing ability toward Vanillin in real and reference samples.The working electrode displays a linear response between the current density and concentration of Vanillin(20-120μM)with a lowest detection limit of 120μM.The characteristic oxidative(0.051 V)and reductive peak(0.47 V),formal potential(0.270 V),open circuit potential(-570 mV),current density,and Emid potential(0.025 V)of Vanillin help in qualitative estimation.Storage and stability of working electrodes were tested for 60 days.
基金funded in part by the EU ERC Advanced grant“ADDECCO”#226616This work has been done in part while H.Kumar was a post doc at INRIA,funded by the EU ERC Advanced grant“ADDECCO”#226616.
文摘The numerical simulation of non conservative system is a difficult challenge for two reasons at least.The first one is that it is not possible to derive jump relations directly from conservation principles,so that in general,if the model description is non ambiguous for smooth solutions,this is no longer the case for discontinuous solutions.From the numerical view point,this leads to the following situation:if a scheme is stable,its limit for mesh convergence will depend on its dissipative structure.This is well known since at least[1].In this paper we are interested in the“dual”problem:given a system in non conservative form and consistent jump relations,how can we construct a numerical scheme that will,for mesh convergence,provide limit solutions that are the exact solution of the problem.In order to investigate this problem,we consider a multiphase flow model for which jump relations are known.Our scheme is an hybridation of Glimm scheme and Roe scheme.
