Drug addiction, a disorder characterized by chronic relapse and compulsive drug use, poses a significant threat to public safety and human health. Addictive substances can be categorized as natural, semi-synthetic, or...Drug addiction, a disorder characterized by chronic relapse and compulsive drug use, poses a significant threat to public safety and human health. Addictive substances can be categorized as natural, semi-synthetic, or synthetic based on their origin. Additionally, they can be classified into three groups according to their pharmacological targets: opioids, hallucinogens, and cannabinoids that act on G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs);alcohols, nicotine, ketamine, barbiturates, and benzodiazepines (BDZs) that affect ligand-gated ion channel-type receptors;and psychostimulants that interact with monoamine transporters. Current treatments for drug addiction primarily include substitution therapy and non-pharmacological approaches. However, these methods have limitations, particularly in addressing the underlying causes of relapse. Several drugs in clinical trials have demonstrated potential therapeutic effects for addiction to opioids, heroin, cocaine, and other substances. This review examines the origins and pharmacological mechanisms of addiction to naturally-derived psychoactive substances (NPS) and provides an overview of recent advancements in pharmacotherapy for drug addiction.展开更多
Orius sauteri(Poppius)(Hemiptera:Anthocoridae)is often used for biological control of small arthropod pests in greenhouse vegetable production systems in Asia.In addition to feeding on arthropod prey,O.sauteri consume...Orius sauteri(Poppius)(Hemiptera:Anthocoridae)is often used for biological control of small arthropod pests in greenhouse vegetable production systems in Asia.In addition to feeding on arthropod prey,O.sauteri consumes small quantities of plant material.Previous studies demonstrated that tomato plant chemistry confers antixenosis resistance to phloem-feeding whiteflies,but the potential nontarget effects of phytochemicals on the beneficial predator O.sauteri are unknown.Comparison of O.sauteri confined to near-isogenic lines(NILs)of tomatoes producing high levels offlavonoids(NIL-purple hypocotyl;resistant to whiteflies)and low levels of flavonoids(NIL-green hypocotyl;susceptible to whiteflies)revealed that O.sauteri had reduced oviposition,nymphal survival,and development on resistant plants,even if they were also provided with prey that did not feed on the host plant.Moreover,O.sauteri showed a significant ovipositional preference in choice assays,laying significantly more eggs on susceptible than on resistant plants.Molecular gut content analysis using the specific chloroplast trnL gene from tomato confirmed that adult and immature O.sauteri feed on both resistant and susceptible genotypes,and feeding behavior assays revealed that resistance did not affect plant feeding or prey acceptance by O.sauteri adults.These results demonstrate a direct negative effect of phytochemicals on a nontarget beneficial species and indicate that resistance mediated by phytochemicals can affect organisms that do not solely feed on phloem sap.The results also indicate that the mode of action and the potential ecological effects of phytochemicalmediated resistance are broader than previously recognized.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82373836).
文摘Drug addiction, a disorder characterized by chronic relapse and compulsive drug use, poses a significant threat to public safety and human health. Addictive substances can be categorized as natural, semi-synthetic, or synthetic based on their origin. Additionally, they can be classified into three groups according to their pharmacological targets: opioids, hallucinogens, and cannabinoids that act on G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs);alcohols, nicotine, ketamine, barbiturates, and benzodiazepines (BDZs) that affect ligand-gated ion channel-type receptors;and psychostimulants that interact with monoamine transporters. Current treatments for drug addiction primarily include substitution therapy and non-pharmacological approaches. However, these methods have limitations, particularly in addressing the underlying causes of relapse. Several drugs in clinical trials have demonstrated potential therapeutic effects for addiction to opioids, heroin, cocaine, and other substances. This review examines the origins and pharmacological mechanisms of addiction to naturally-derived psychoactive substances (NPS) and provides an overview of recent advancements in pharmacotherapy for drug addiction.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31872930,32172388)the National Key Research and Development Plan(2017YFD0200400)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science(CAAS-ASTIP-IVFCAAS)the Beijing Key Laboratory for Pest Control and Sustainable Cultivation of Vegetables.
文摘Orius sauteri(Poppius)(Hemiptera:Anthocoridae)is often used for biological control of small arthropod pests in greenhouse vegetable production systems in Asia.In addition to feeding on arthropod prey,O.sauteri consumes small quantities of plant material.Previous studies demonstrated that tomato plant chemistry confers antixenosis resistance to phloem-feeding whiteflies,but the potential nontarget effects of phytochemicals on the beneficial predator O.sauteri are unknown.Comparison of O.sauteri confined to near-isogenic lines(NILs)of tomatoes producing high levels offlavonoids(NIL-purple hypocotyl;resistant to whiteflies)and low levels of flavonoids(NIL-green hypocotyl;susceptible to whiteflies)revealed that O.sauteri had reduced oviposition,nymphal survival,and development on resistant plants,even if they were also provided with prey that did not feed on the host plant.Moreover,O.sauteri showed a significant ovipositional preference in choice assays,laying significantly more eggs on susceptible than on resistant plants.Molecular gut content analysis using the specific chloroplast trnL gene from tomato confirmed that adult and immature O.sauteri feed on both resistant and susceptible genotypes,and feeding behavior assays revealed that resistance did not affect plant feeding or prey acceptance by O.sauteri adults.These results demonstrate a direct negative effect of phytochemicals on a nontarget beneficial species and indicate that resistance mediated by phytochemicals can affect organisms that do not solely feed on phloem sap.The results also indicate that the mode of action and the potential ecological effects of phytochemicalmediated resistance are broader than previously recognized.
