Testosterone production by Leydig cells(LCs)plays a crucial role in male reproduction.The functional degeneration of LCs can cause testosterone deficiency,ultimately resulting in primary male hypogonadism.Transplantat...Testosterone production by Leydig cells(LCs)plays a crucial role in male reproduction.The functional degeneration of LCs can cause testosterone deficiency,ultimately resulting in primary male hypogonadism.Transplantation of exogenous LCs with the ability to produce testosterone in response to the regulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis could be a promising alternative option to treat male primary hypogonadism.Recent studies have shown that it is possible to generate Leydig-like cells from stem cells by various approaches.In addition,somatic cells,such as embryonic or adult fibroblasts,have also been successfully reprogrammed into Leydig-like cells.In this review,we summarized the recent advances in the generation of Leydig-like cells,with an emphasis on comparing the effectiveness and safety of different protocols used and the cells generated.By further analyzing the characteristics of Leydig-like cells generated from fibroblasts based on small signaling molecules and regulatory factors,we found that although the cells may produce testosterone,they are significantly different from real LCs.For future in vivo applications,it is important that the steroidogenic cells generated be evaluated not only for their steroidogenic functions but also for their overall cell metabolic state by proteomics or transcriptomic tools.展开更多
With an external in-plane magnetic field, we show the emergence of a topological nodal superconducting phase of the two-dimensional topological surface states. This nodal superconducting phase is protected by the chir...With an external in-plane magnetic field, we show the emergence of a topological nodal superconducting phase of the two-dimensional topological surface states. This nodal superconducting phase is protected by the chiral symmetry with a non-zero magnetic field, and there are corresponding Majorana Fermi arcs(also known as flat band Andreev bound states) connecting the two Majorana nodes along the edges, similar to the case of Weyl semimetal. The topological nodal superconductor is an intermediate phase between two different chiral superconductors, and is stable against the effects of substrates. The two-dimensional effective theory of the nodal superconducting phase also captures the low energy behavior of a three-dimensional lattice model which describes the iron-based superconductor with a thin film geometry. The localizations of the Majorana nodes can be manipulated through external in-plane magnetic fields, which may introduce a non-trivial topological Berry phase between them.展开更多
In the published article by Li et al.,1 an error occurred in the Acknowledgments.The funding agency should be“the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2021A1515010947)”,not“the Natural Science F...In the published article by Li et al.,1 an error occurred in the Acknowledgments.The funding agency should be“the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2021A1515010947)”,not“the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(No.2021A1515010947)”.The authors sincerely apologize for the error.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.91949123 and No.81871155)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(No.2021Al515010947)+2 种基金the Forestry Science and Technology Innovation Project of Guangdong Province(No.2021KJCX013)the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation(No.LGF21H040001)the Wenzhou City Public Welfare Science and Technology Project(No.ZY2019002 and No.ZY2019005).
文摘Testosterone production by Leydig cells(LCs)plays a crucial role in male reproduction.The functional degeneration of LCs can cause testosterone deficiency,ultimately resulting in primary male hypogonadism.Transplantation of exogenous LCs with the ability to produce testosterone in response to the regulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis could be a promising alternative option to treat male primary hypogonadism.Recent studies have shown that it is possible to generate Leydig-like cells from stem cells by various approaches.In addition,somatic cells,such as embryonic or adult fibroblasts,have also been successfully reprogrammed into Leydig-like cells.In this review,we summarized the recent advances in the generation of Leydig-like cells,with an emphasis on comparing the effectiveness and safety of different protocols used and the cells generated.By further analyzing the characteristics of Leydig-like cells generated from fibroblasts based on small signaling molecules and regulatory factors,we found that although the cells may produce testosterone,they are significantly different from real LCs.For future in vivo applications,it is important that the steroidogenic cells generated be evaluated not only for their steroidogenic functions but also for their overall cell metabolic state by proteomics or transcriptomic tools.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11804223 (MLL, YW, HZZ, HLC, TYC, XL), 11474061 (XL), and 12174067 (XL))。
文摘With an external in-plane magnetic field, we show the emergence of a topological nodal superconducting phase of the two-dimensional topological surface states. This nodal superconducting phase is protected by the chiral symmetry with a non-zero magnetic field, and there are corresponding Majorana Fermi arcs(also known as flat band Andreev bound states) connecting the two Majorana nodes along the edges, similar to the case of Weyl semimetal. The topological nodal superconductor is an intermediate phase between two different chiral superconductors, and is stable against the effects of substrates. The two-dimensional effective theory of the nodal superconducting phase also captures the low energy behavior of a three-dimensional lattice model which describes the iron-based superconductor with a thin film geometry. The localizations of the Majorana nodes can be manipulated through external in-plane magnetic fields, which may introduce a non-trivial topological Berry phase between them.
文摘In the published article by Li et al.,1 an error occurred in the Acknowledgments.The funding agency should be“the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2021A1515010947)”,not“the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(No.2021A1515010947)”.The authors sincerely apologize for the error.
