Background:Himalayan Griffons(Gyps himalayensis),large scavenging raptors widely distributed in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,have evolved a remarkable ability to feed on carcasses without suffering any adverse effects.The ...Background:Himalayan Griffons(Gyps himalayensis),large scavenging raptors widely distributed in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,have evolved a remarkable ability to feed on carcasses without suffering any adverse effects.The gut microbiome plays an important role in animal physiological and pathological processes,and has also been found to play a health protective role in the vulture adaptation to scavenging.However,the microbial taxonomic diversity(including nonculturable and culturable microbes),functions,and metabolites related to Himalayan Griffons have not been fully explored.Methods:In the present study,the 28 fecal samples of the Himalayan Griffons and 8 carrion samples were collected and sequenced using high-throughput 16 S rRNA gene sequencing methods to analyze the composition and functional structures of the microbiomes.Twelve fecal samples of the Himalayan Griffons were analyzed using untargeted Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy(LC-MS)to identify metabolites.We used different culture conditions to grow Himalayan Griffons gut microbes.Inhibitory effects of gut beneficial bacteria on 5 common pathogenic bacteria were also tested using the Oxford cup method.Results:According to the results of the culture-independent method,a high abundance of four major phyla in Himalayan Griffons were identified,including Fusobacteria,Firmicutes,Bacteroidetes,and Proteobacteria.The most abundant genera were Fusobacterium,followed by Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1,Cetobacterium,Epulopiscium,and Bacteroides.The predicted primary functional categories of the Himalayan Griffons'gut microbiome were associated with carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism,replication and repair,and membrane transport.LC-MS metabolomic analysis showed a total of 154 metabolites in all the fecal samples.Cultivation yielded 184 bacterial isolates with Escherichia coli,Enterococcus faecium,Enterococcus hirae,and Paeniclostridium sordellii as most common isolates.Moreover,7 potential beneficial gut bacteria isolated showed certain inhibition to 5 common pathogenic bacteria.Conclusions:Our findings broaden and deepen the understanding of Himalayan Griffons'gut microbiome,and highlighted the importance of gut microbiome-mediated adaptation to scavenging habits.In particular,our results highlighted the protective role of gut beneficial bacteria in the Himalayan Griffons against pathogenic bacteria that appear in rotten food resources.展开更多
Cities play a pivotal role in global decarbonization,acting as a critical driver of carbon emissions.Accurately allocating carbon mitigation responsibility(CMR)is essential for designing effective and equitable climat...Cities play a pivotal role in global decarbonization,acting as a critical driver of carbon emissions.Accurately allocating carbon mitigation responsibility(CMR)is essential for designing effective and equitable climate policies.How cities manage carbon leakage across boundaries through supply chains and implement plan of increasing forest carbon sinks are important components for designing a fair and inclusive CMR.However,the combined impact of trade-related carbon leakage and forest carbon sinks on CMR allocation remains poorly understood.Here,we develop an integrated CMR allocation framework that accounts for both carbon leakage and variation of forest carbon offsets.When applied to the cities within the GuangdongeHong KongeMacao Greater Bay Area in China,it becomes evident that the in-clusion of carbon leakage results in substantial alterations in mitigation quotas.Adjustments are observed to vary between±10%and 50%across these cities from 2005 to 2020,a trend that is anticipated to continue until 2035.The redistribution of outsourced emissions through supply chains alleviates the mitigation burden on producer cities by 20e30%.Additionally,accounting for carbon sinks substantially influences CMR allocation,particularly in forest-rich cities,which may see their carbon budgets increase by up to 10%.Under an enhanced climate policy scenario,the growth rate of total mitigation quotas from 2025 to 2035 is projected to decrease by 40%compared to a business-as-usual trajectory,reducing the burden on major producer cities.Our proposed CMR framework provides a robust basis for incentivizing coordinated mitigation efforts,promoting decarbonization in supply chains and enhancement of urban carbon sink capacities.展开更多
Fish artificial breeding and release is an important method to restore wild populations of endemic fish species around the world.Schizothorax wangchiachii(SW)is an endemic fish in the upper Yangtze River and is one of...Fish artificial breeding and release is an important method to restore wild populations of endemic fish species around the world.Schizothorax wangchiachii(SW)is an endemic fish in the upper Yangtze River and is one of the most important species for the artificial breeding and release program implemented in the Yalong River drainage system in China.It is unclear how artificially bred SW adapts to the changeable wild environment post-release,after being in a controlled and very different artificial environment.Thus,the gut samples were collected and analyzed for food composition and microbial 16S rRNA in artificially bred SW juveniles at day 0(before release),5,10,15,20,25,and 30 after release to the lower reaches of the Yalong River.The results indicated that SW began to ingest periphytic algae from the natural habitat before day 5,and this feeding habit is gradually stabilized at day 15.Prior to release,Fusobacteria are the dominant bacteria in the gut microbiota of SW,while Proteobacteria and Cyanobacteria generally are the dominant bacteria after release.The results of microbial assembly mechanisms illustrated that deterministic processes played a more prominent role than stochastic processes in the gut microbial community of artificially bred SW juveniles after releasing into the wild.Overall,the present study integrates the macroscopic and microscopic methods to provide an insight into the food and gut microbial reorganization in the released SW.This study will be an important research direction to explore the ecological adaptability of artificially bred fish after releasing into the wild.展开更多
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31960277)the National Natural Science Foundation of China and Russian Foundation for Basic Research Cooperative Exchange Project(Grant Nos.32111530018,21-54-53031)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Qinghai Province of China(Grant No.2018-ZJ-932Q)supported by“1000 Talent”programs of Qinghai Province。
文摘Background:Himalayan Griffons(Gyps himalayensis),large scavenging raptors widely distributed in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,have evolved a remarkable ability to feed on carcasses without suffering any adverse effects.The gut microbiome plays an important role in animal physiological and pathological processes,and has also been found to play a health protective role in the vulture adaptation to scavenging.However,the microbial taxonomic diversity(including nonculturable and culturable microbes),functions,and metabolites related to Himalayan Griffons have not been fully explored.Methods:In the present study,the 28 fecal samples of the Himalayan Griffons and 8 carrion samples were collected and sequenced using high-throughput 16 S rRNA gene sequencing methods to analyze the composition and functional structures of the microbiomes.Twelve fecal samples of the Himalayan Griffons were analyzed using untargeted Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy(LC-MS)to identify metabolites.We used different culture conditions to grow Himalayan Griffons gut microbes.Inhibitory effects of gut beneficial bacteria on 5 common pathogenic bacteria were also tested using the Oxford cup method.Results:According to the results of the culture-independent method,a high abundance of four major phyla in Himalayan Griffons were identified,including Fusobacteria,Firmicutes,Bacteroidetes,and Proteobacteria.The most abundant genera were Fusobacterium,followed by Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1,Cetobacterium,Epulopiscium,and Bacteroides.The predicted primary functional categories of the Himalayan Griffons'gut microbiome were associated with carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism,replication and repair,and membrane transport.LC-MS metabolomic analysis showed a total of 154 metabolites in all the fecal samples.Cultivation yielded 184 bacterial isolates with Escherichia coli,Enterococcus faecium,Enterococcus hirae,and Paeniclostridium sordellii as most common isolates.Moreover,7 potential beneficial gut bacteria isolated showed certain inhibition to 5 common pathogenic bacteria.Conclusions:Our findings broaden and deepen the understanding of Himalayan Griffons'gut microbiome,and highlighted the importance of gut microbiome-mediated adaptation to scavenging habits.In particular,our results highlighted the protective role of gut beneficial bacteria in the Himalayan Griffons against pathogenic bacteria that appear in rotten food resources.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China[No.2022YFF1301200]the National Natural Science Foundation of China[No.72074232 and No.42477514]the Major Project of the National Social Science Fund of China[No.22&ZD108].
文摘Cities play a pivotal role in global decarbonization,acting as a critical driver of carbon emissions.Accurately allocating carbon mitigation responsibility(CMR)is essential for designing effective and equitable climate policies.How cities manage carbon leakage across boundaries through supply chains and implement plan of increasing forest carbon sinks are important components for designing a fair and inclusive CMR.However,the combined impact of trade-related carbon leakage and forest carbon sinks on CMR allocation remains poorly understood.Here,we develop an integrated CMR allocation framework that accounts for both carbon leakage and variation of forest carbon offsets.When applied to the cities within the GuangdongeHong KongeMacao Greater Bay Area in China,it becomes evident that the in-clusion of carbon leakage results in substantial alterations in mitigation quotas.Adjustments are observed to vary between±10%and 50%across these cities from 2005 to 2020,a trend that is anticipated to continue until 2035.The redistribution of outsourced emissions through supply chains alleviates the mitigation burden on producer cities by 20e30%.Additionally,accounting for carbon sinks substantially influences CMR allocation,particularly in forest-rich cities,which may see their carbon budgets increase by up to 10%.Under an enhanced climate policy scenario,the growth rate of total mitigation quotas from 2025 to 2035 is projected to decrease by 40%compared to a business-as-usual trajectory,reducing the burden on major producer cities.Our proposed CMR framework provides a robust basis for incentivizing coordinated mitigation efforts,promoting decarbonization in supply chains and enhancement of urban carbon sink capacities.
基金The authors thank the Fish Reproduction Station of Jinping-Guandi,China for providing the place for dissecting experiments.This study was supported by grants from the Yalong River Hydropower Development Company,Ltd.(No.YLDC-ZBA-2018116)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31900373).We thank Megan Price for her help with language editing.
文摘Fish artificial breeding and release is an important method to restore wild populations of endemic fish species around the world.Schizothorax wangchiachii(SW)is an endemic fish in the upper Yangtze River and is one of the most important species for the artificial breeding and release program implemented in the Yalong River drainage system in China.It is unclear how artificially bred SW adapts to the changeable wild environment post-release,after being in a controlled and very different artificial environment.Thus,the gut samples were collected and analyzed for food composition and microbial 16S rRNA in artificially bred SW juveniles at day 0(before release),5,10,15,20,25,and 30 after release to the lower reaches of the Yalong River.The results indicated that SW began to ingest periphytic algae from the natural habitat before day 5,and this feeding habit is gradually stabilized at day 15.Prior to release,Fusobacteria are the dominant bacteria in the gut microbiota of SW,while Proteobacteria and Cyanobacteria generally are the dominant bacteria after release.The results of microbial assembly mechanisms illustrated that deterministic processes played a more prominent role than stochastic processes in the gut microbial community of artificially bred SW juveniles after releasing into the wild.Overall,the present study integrates the macroscopic and microscopic methods to provide an insight into the food and gut microbial reorganization in the released SW.This study will be an important research direction to explore the ecological adaptability of artificially bred fish after releasing into the wild.
