Respiratory diseases such as asthma,chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD),lung cancer(LC),pulmo-nary fibrosis,and respiratory infections pose significant global health challenges.According to the World Health Or...Respiratory diseases such as asthma,chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD),lung cancer(LC),pulmo-nary fibrosis,and respiratory infections pose significant global health challenges.According to the World Health Organization(WHO),COPD alone accounted for approximately 3.3 million deaths in 2021.Current therapies,including corticosteroids,bronchodilators,and antifibrotic agents,help alleviate symptoms,and these conditions often become chronic and necessitate ongoing care,particularly with the associated problems such as cortico-steroid insensitivity.Marine organisms,including microalgae and cyanobacteria,produce various bioactive compounds,among them fucoidan,fucoxanthin,astaxanthin,and phycocyanin that exhibit anti-inflammatory,antioxidant,anticancer,and anti-fibrotic activities.For instance,compounds such as fucoidan,fucoxanthin,astaxanthin,and phycocyanin illustrate the therapeutic potential of algae-derived bioactives.Fucoidan may help mitigate inflammation in COPD and asthma,while fucoxanthin shows promise in inhibiting LC cell proliferation.Similarly,astaxanthin aids in countering oxidative stress associated with COPD and LC,and phycocyanin appears to slow fibrosis progression by reducing inflammatory markers and limiting fibroblast proliferation.Together,these compounds highlight the diverse mechanisms through which algae-derived substances can contribute to the management of respiratory diseases.The current review examines these and other algae-derived compounds,detailing their molecular mechanisms of action and exploring emerging strategies for treating respiratory diseases.展开更多
High-latitude terrestrial ecosystems face the triple threats of climate warming,increased exposure to UV arising from polar ozone depletion,and deforestation.Lichen communities of southernmost Chile are recognized for...High-latitude terrestrial ecosystems face the triple threats of climate warming,increased exposure to UV arising from polar ozone depletion,and deforestation.Lichen communities of southernmost Chile are recognized for their high diversity,which includes nitrogen-fixing cyanolichens.Such lichens are common on forest trees,contribute nitrogen to forests,and are sensitive to exposure following deforestation(widespread in this region).In a pilot study of exposure effects on tree lichens,using nondestructive imaging methods,we compared lichen communities on trunks of isolated vs.forest tree trunks of southern Chilean beech(Nothofagus dombeyi,Nothofagaceae).We chose trees of similar diameter and trunk lean angle in conserved forest and nearby logged meadow on Navarino Island,XII Region Magallanes and Chilean Antarctica,Chile,within the annual southern ozone hole.Ninety-five percent of cyanolichen records,including Nephroma antarcticum,and 66%of records for other foliose lichens were from the forest,whereas pendulous usneoid lichens dominated N.dombeyi bark at the meadow site.Limitation of cyanolichen growth on isolated trees could affect ecosystem function in this poorly studied habitat.Possible factors contributing to strong community differences were increased light intensity,UV radiation,and wind stress,plus limited ability of lichens to colonize isolated trees in the logged meadow.UV radiation was likely an important stressor for some lichen species but not others.We recommend more extensive monitoring to pinpoint causes of differing lichen communities,and we encourage better protection of bark-dwelling lichens in southern hemisphere regions facing multiple threats.展开更多
基金support from University of Technology Sydney.PDP would like to acknowledge the scholarship support from the Indonesia Endowment Fund for Education(LPDP),Republic of Indonesia,(Grant No.202402223200571).
文摘Respiratory diseases such as asthma,chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD),lung cancer(LC),pulmo-nary fibrosis,and respiratory infections pose significant global health challenges.According to the World Health Organization(WHO),COPD alone accounted for approximately 3.3 million deaths in 2021.Current therapies,including corticosteroids,bronchodilators,and antifibrotic agents,help alleviate symptoms,and these conditions often become chronic and necessitate ongoing care,particularly with the associated problems such as cortico-steroid insensitivity.Marine organisms,including microalgae and cyanobacteria,produce various bioactive compounds,among them fucoidan,fucoxanthin,astaxanthin,and phycocyanin that exhibit anti-inflammatory,antioxidant,anticancer,and anti-fibrotic activities.For instance,compounds such as fucoidan,fucoxanthin,astaxanthin,and phycocyanin illustrate the therapeutic potential of algae-derived bioactives.Fucoidan may help mitigate inflammation in COPD and asthma,while fucoxanthin shows promise in inhibiting LC cell proliferation.Similarly,astaxanthin aids in countering oxidative stress associated with COPD and LC,and phycocyanin appears to slow fibrosis progression by reducing inflammatory markers and limiting fibroblast proliferation.Together,these compounds highlight the diverse mechanisms through which algae-derived substances can contribute to the management of respiratory diseases.The current review examines these and other algae-derived compounds,detailing their molecular mechanisms of action and exploring emerging strategies for treating respiratory diseases.
文摘High-latitude terrestrial ecosystems face the triple threats of climate warming,increased exposure to UV arising from polar ozone depletion,and deforestation.Lichen communities of southernmost Chile are recognized for their high diversity,which includes nitrogen-fixing cyanolichens.Such lichens are common on forest trees,contribute nitrogen to forests,and are sensitive to exposure following deforestation(widespread in this region).In a pilot study of exposure effects on tree lichens,using nondestructive imaging methods,we compared lichen communities on trunks of isolated vs.forest tree trunks of southern Chilean beech(Nothofagus dombeyi,Nothofagaceae).We chose trees of similar diameter and trunk lean angle in conserved forest and nearby logged meadow on Navarino Island,XII Region Magallanes and Chilean Antarctica,Chile,within the annual southern ozone hole.Ninety-five percent of cyanolichen records,including Nephroma antarcticum,and 66%of records for other foliose lichens were from the forest,whereas pendulous usneoid lichens dominated N.dombeyi bark at the meadow site.Limitation of cyanolichen growth on isolated trees could affect ecosystem function in this poorly studied habitat.Possible factors contributing to strong community differences were increased light intensity,UV radiation,and wind stress,plus limited ability of lichens to colonize isolated trees in the logged meadow.UV radiation was likely an important stressor for some lichen species but not others.We recommend more extensive monitoring to pinpoint causes of differing lichen communities,and we encourage better protection of bark-dwelling lichens in southern hemisphere regions facing multiple threats.
