Since the outbreak of the Ukraine crisis,the European Union(EU)has imposed multiple rounds of systematic economic sanctions on Russia,covering key areas such as finance,energy,trade,and technology,in an attempt to wea...Since the outbreak of the Ukraine crisis,the European Union(EU)has imposed multiple rounds of systematic economic sanctions on Russia,covering key areas such as finance,energy,trade,and technology,in an attempt to weaken Russia's war capacity.In response,Russia has taken forceful measures,legitimizing its counteractions through legal tools,hedging EU sanctions with economic and financial instruments,and leveraging resources as a“weapon.”Additionally,Russia has reinforced its defense through internal structural adjustments,seeking strategic breakthroughs by diversifying foreign relations.These measures have effectively mitigated the impact of EU sanctions,increased EU costs in carrying out the sanctions,and prevented the EU from achieving its intended political objectives.Currently,Russia's military operation in Ukraine continues,with its foreign cooperation pattern and development path undergoing significant shifts.Specifically,Russia is accelerating its“turn to the East”in terms of foreign economic relations,and its development model is becoming increasingly conservative and security-oriented.As its confrontation with the EU enters a prolonged phase,Russia,while striving to maintain overall economic stability,faces numerous challenges and long-term risks threatening its economic transformation and reorientation of foreign cooperation.The difficulties awaiting its future counteractions will even increase.展开更多
With rapid progress in the global green transition over recent years,the sustained and stable supply of critical minerals essential for the green transition has garnered increased attention.As the largest country by l...With rapid progress in the global green transition over recent years,the sustained and stable supply of critical minerals essential for the green transition has garnered increased attention.As the largest country by landmass,Russia has a wealth of natural resources,particularly fossil fuels and critical minerals.In the current context of major-country rivalries,geopolitical conf licts,Western sanctions,and the green transition,Russia hopes to reduce excessive dependency on the oil and gas industry and diversify its sources of revenue.More importantly,it intends to use critical minerals as a new strategic tool for a long-term confrontation with the West and effectively ensure its national security and development interests.Towards this end,Russia has formulated strategic plans,encouraged import substitution,increased policy support,promoted geological study and exploration,and accelerated Arctic development.However,Russia faces many constraints in critical mineral development.Whether Russia can consolidate its status as a resource power in the future depends not only on the intensity,depth,and breadth of Western sanctions but also on its ability to break through the Western blockade,sustain the import of necessary equipment and technologies,develop alternative technologies,and gradually transform itself to adapt to the new circumstances.展开更多
After Russia launched the special military operation,Western countries imposed unprecedentedly severe sanctions on Russia,jeopardizing the country’s key industrial sectors.Therefore,Russia has adjusted its mechanism ...After Russia launched the special military operation,Western countries imposed unprecedentedly severe sanctions on Russia,jeopardizing the country’s key industrial sectors.Therefore,Russia has adjusted its mechanism and institution of import strategy,accelerated the revision of industry plans,implemented a series of supporting measures,further promoted the implementation of import substitution strategy,and placed greater emphasis on technical sovereignty,safety-related industries,and non-market means.However,Russia’s import substitution strategy is still constrained by multiple factors,such as limited path choice,weak foundations of industry and technology,and the urgent need to rebuild the production chain and supply chain.However,it should be noted that Russia’s import substitution does not imply allround substitution and comprehensive self-closure,nor will it be a shortterm strategy.Simultaneously,parallel import will become an expedient measure for Russia to replace import substitution in the future,while strengthening cooperation with non-Western countries,particularly Asia-Pacific countries represented by China,is the general trend,so Sino-Russian pragmatic cooperation will bring along new economic growth opportunities.展开更多
文摘Since the outbreak of the Ukraine crisis,the European Union(EU)has imposed multiple rounds of systematic economic sanctions on Russia,covering key areas such as finance,energy,trade,and technology,in an attempt to weaken Russia's war capacity.In response,Russia has taken forceful measures,legitimizing its counteractions through legal tools,hedging EU sanctions with economic and financial instruments,and leveraging resources as a“weapon.”Additionally,Russia has reinforced its defense through internal structural adjustments,seeking strategic breakthroughs by diversifying foreign relations.These measures have effectively mitigated the impact of EU sanctions,increased EU costs in carrying out the sanctions,and prevented the EU from achieving its intended political objectives.Currently,Russia's military operation in Ukraine continues,with its foreign cooperation pattern and development path undergoing significant shifts.Specifically,Russia is accelerating its“turn to the East”in terms of foreign economic relations,and its development model is becoming increasingly conservative and security-oriented.As its confrontation with the EU enters a prolonged phase,Russia,while striving to maintain overall economic stability,faces numerous challenges and long-term risks threatening its economic transformation and reorientation of foreign cooperation.The difficulties awaiting its future counteractions will even increase.
文摘With rapid progress in the global green transition over recent years,the sustained and stable supply of critical minerals essential for the green transition has garnered increased attention.As the largest country by landmass,Russia has a wealth of natural resources,particularly fossil fuels and critical minerals.In the current context of major-country rivalries,geopolitical conf licts,Western sanctions,and the green transition,Russia hopes to reduce excessive dependency on the oil and gas industry and diversify its sources of revenue.More importantly,it intends to use critical minerals as a new strategic tool for a long-term confrontation with the West and effectively ensure its national security and development interests.Towards this end,Russia has formulated strategic plans,encouraged import substitution,increased policy support,promoted geological study and exploration,and accelerated Arctic development.However,Russia faces many constraints in critical mineral development.Whether Russia can consolidate its status as a resource power in the future depends not only on the intensity,depth,and breadth of Western sanctions but also on its ability to break through the Western blockade,sustain the import of necessary equipment and technologies,develop alternative technologies,and gradually transform itself to adapt to the new circumstances.
文摘After Russia launched the special military operation,Western countries imposed unprecedentedly severe sanctions on Russia,jeopardizing the country’s key industrial sectors.Therefore,Russia has adjusted its mechanism and institution of import strategy,accelerated the revision of industry plans,implemented a series of supporting measures,further promoted the implementation of import substitution strategy,and placed greater emphasis on technical sovereignty,safety-related industries,and non-market means.However,Russia’s import substitution strategy is still constrained by multiple factors,such as limited path choice,weak foundations of industry and technology,and the urgent need to rebuild the production chain and supply chain.However,it should be noted that Russia’s import substitution does not imply allround substitution and comprehensive self-closure,nor will it be a shortterm strategy.Simultaneously,parallel import will become an expedient measure for Russia to replace import substitution in the future,while strengthening cooperation with non-Western countries,particularly Asia-Pacific countries represented by China,is the general trend,so Sino-Russian pragmatic cooperation will bring along new economic growth opportunities.
