An integrally coupled wave-tide-surge model was developed and then applied to the simulation of the wave-typhoon surge for the typhoon Isewan （typhoon Vera （5915））, which is the strongest typhoon that has struck J...An integrally coupled wave-tide-surge model was developed and then applied to the simulation of the wave-typhoon surge for the typhoon Isewan （typhoon Vera （5915））, which is the strongest typhoon that has struck Japan and caused incalculable damage. An integrally coupled tide-surge-wave model using identical and homogeneous meshes in an unstructured grid system was used to correctly resolve the physics of wave-circulation interaction in both models. All model components were validated independently. The storm surge and wave properties such as the surge height, the significant wave height, wave period and direction were reproduced reasonably under the meteorological forcing, which was reprocessed to be close to the observations. The resulting modeling system can be used extensively for the prediction of the storm surge and waves and the usual barotropic forecast.展开更多
Several studies have been conducted in the past on carbon stock measurements in the tropical forests of Indonesia. This study is the first related research conducted in the New Guinea Island. In a degraded logged-over...Several studies have been conducted in the past on carbon stock measurements in the tropical forests of Indonesia. This study is the first related research conducted in the New Guinea Island. In a degraded logged-over secondary forest in Manokwari Regency （West Papua, Indonesia）, carbon stocks were measured for seven parts, i.e., above-ground biomass （AGB）, below-ground biomass （BGB）, under-storey biomass （B）, necromass of dead leaves （N~）, necromass of dead trees （Art）, litter （L） and soil （S） using appropriate equations and laboratory analysis. Total carbon stocks were measured at 642.8 tC.h~~ in the low disturbance area, 536.9 tC＇ha-~ in the moderate disturbance area and 490.4 tC＇ha ~ in the high disturbance area. Bu, N1 and N were not significant in the carbon stock and were collectively categorized as a total biomass complex. The carbon stock of litter was nearly equal to that of the total biomass complex, while the total carbon stock in the soil was eight times larger than the total biomass complex or the carbon stock of the litter. We confirmed that the average ratio of AGB and BGB to the total biomass （TB） was about 84.7% and 15.3%, respectively. Improvements were made to the equations in the low disturbance logged-over secondary forest area, applying corrections to the amounts ofbiomass of sample trees, based on representative commercial trees of category one. TB stocks before and after correction were estimated to be 84.4 and 106.7 tC.ha-~, indicating that these corrections added significant amounts of tree biomass （26.4%） dur- ing the sampling procedure. In conclusion, the equations for tree biomass developed in this study, will be useful for evaluating total carbon stocks, especially TB stocks in logged-over secondary forests throughout the Papua region.展开更多
基金supported by the China-Korea Cooperative Research Project funded by CKJORCa major project titled the development of the marine environmental impact prediction system funded by KIOSTsupported by the project of KISTI for the development of HPC-based management system against national-scale disaster
文摘An integrally coupled wave-tide-surge model was developed and then applied to the simulation of the wave-typhoon surge for the typhoon Isewan （typhoon Vera （5915））, which is the strongest typhoon that has struck Japan and caused incalculable damage. An integrally coupled tide-surge-wave model using identical and homogeneous meshes in an unstructured grid system was used to correctly resolve the physics of wave-circulation interaction in both models. All model components were validated independently. The storm surge and wave properties such as the surge height, the significant wave height, wave period and direction were reproduced reasonably under the meteorological forcing, which was reprocessed to be close to the observations. The resulting modeling system can be used extensively for the prediction of the storm surge and waves and the usual barotropic forecast.
文摘Several studies have been conducted in the past on carbon stock measurements in the tropical forests of Indonesia. This study is the first related research conducted in the New Guinea Island. In a degraded logged-over secondary forest in Manokwari Regency （West Papua, Indonesia）, carbon stocks were measured for seven parts, i.e., above-ground biomass （AGB）, below-ground biomass （BGB）, under-storey biomass （B）, necromass of dead leaves （N~）, necromass of dead trees （Art）, litter （L） and soil （S） using appropriate equations and laboratory analysis. Total carbon stocks were measured at 642.8 tC.h~~ in the low disturbance area, 536.9 tC＇ha-~ in the moderate disturbance area and 490.4 tC＇ha ~ in the high disturbance area. Bu, N1 and N were not significant in the carbon stock and were collectively categorized as a total biomass complex. The carbon stock of litter was nearly equal to that of the total biomass complex, while the total carbon stock in the soil was eight times larger than the total biomass complex or the carbon stock of the litter. We confirmed that the average ratio of AGB and BGB to the total biomass （TB） was about 84.7% and 15.3%, respectively. Improvements were made to the equations in the low disturbance logged-over secondary forest area, applying corrections to the amounts ofbiomass of sample trees, based on representative commercial trees of category one. TB stocks before and after correction were estimated to be 84.4 and 106.7 tC.ha-~, indicating that these corrections added significant amounts of tree biomass （26.4%） dur- ing the sampling procedure. In conclusion, the equations for tree biomass developed in this study, will be useful for evaluating total carbon stocks, especially TB stocks in logged-over secondary forests throughout the Papua region.
