During 2005, the filter samples of ambient PM10 from five sites and the source samples of particulate matter were collected in Kaifeng, Henan Province of China. Nineteen elements, water-soluble ions, total carbon （TC...During 2005, the filter samples of ambient PM10 from five sites and the source samples of particulate matter were collected in Kaifeng, Henan Province of China. Nineteen elements, water-soluble ions, total carbon （TC） and organic carbon （OC） contained in samples were analyzed. Seven contributive source types were identified and their contributions to ambient PM10 were estimated by chemical mass balance （CMB） receptor model. Weak associations between the concentrations of organic carbon and element carbon （EC） were observed during the sampling periods, indicating that there was secondary organic aerosol pollution in the urban atmosphere. An indirect method of ＂OC/EC minimum ratio＂ was applied to estimate the concentration of secondary organic carbon （SOC）. The results showed that SOC contributed 26.2%, 32.4% and 18.0% of TC in spring, summer-fall and winter, respectively, and the annual average SOC concentration was 7.07 μg/m^3, accounting for 5.73% of the total mass in ambient PM10. The carbon species concentrations in ambient PM10 were recalculated by subtracting SOC concentrations from measured concentrations of TC and OC to increase the compatibility of source and receptor measurements for CMB model.展开更多
In this study, the development of a convective boundary layer （CBL） in the Badaujilin region was investigated by comparing the observation data of two cases. A deep neutral layer capped a CBL that occurred on 30 Aug...In this study, the development of a convective boundary layer （CBL） in the Badaujilin region was investigated by comparing the observation data of two cases. A deep neutral layer capped a CBL that occurred on 30 August 2009. This case was divided into five sublayers from the surface to higher atmospheric elevations： surface layer, mixed layer, inversion layer, neutral layer, and sub-inversion layer. The development process of the CBL was divided into three stages： S1, S2, and S3. This case was quite different from the development of the three-layer CBL observed on 31 August 2009 because the mixed layer of the five-layer CBL （CBL5） eroded the neutral layer during S2. The specific initial structure of the CBL5 was correlated to the synoptic background of atmosphere during nighttime. The three-stage development process of the CBL5 was confirmed by six simulations using National Center for Atmospheric Research （USA） large-eddy simulation （NCAR-LES）, and some of its characteristics are presented in detail.展开更多
Although the residual layer has already been noted in the classical diurnal cycle of the atmospheric boundary layer, its effect on the development of the convective boundary layer has not been well studied. In this st...Although the residual layer has already been noted in the classical diurnal cycle of the atmospheric boundary layer, its effect on the development of the convective boundary layer has not been well studied. In this study, based on 3-hourly 20th century reanalysis data, the residual layer is considered as a common layer capping the convective boundary layer. It is identified dally by investigating the development of the convective boundary layer. The region of interest is bounded by （30^-60~N, 80^-120~E）, where a residual layer deeper than 2000 m has been reported using radiosondes. The lapse rate and wind shear within the residual layer are compared with the surface sensible heat flux by investigating their climatological means, interannual variations and daily variations. The lapse rate of the residual layer and the convective boundary layer depth correspond well in their seasonal variations and climatological mean patterns. On the interannual scale, the correlation coefficient between their regional averaged （40°-50°N, 90°-110°E） variations is higher than that between the surface sensible heat flux and convective boundary layer depth. On the daily scale, the correlation between the lapse rate and the convective boundary layer depth in most months is still statistically significant during 1970-2012. Therefore, we suggest that the existence of a deep neutral residual layer is crucial to the formation of a deep convective boundary layer near the Mongolian regions.展开更多
A new zinc coordination polymer（CP） {[Zn1.5（ttb）0.5（phen）（H2O）]·2 H2O}n（1）,（H6ttb = 3,4,5-tricarboxyl-（3?,4?,5?-tricarboxylazophenyl）benzene, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline）, has been hydrothermally syn...A new zinc coordination polymer（CP） {[Zn1.5（ttb）0.5（phen）（H2O）]·2 H2O}n（1）,（H6ttb = 3,4,5-tricarboxyl-（3?,4?,5?-tricarboxylazophenyl）benzene, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline）, has been hydrothermally synthesized and structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray determination, IR and thermogravimetric analysis（TGA）. CP 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group C2/c with a = 12.402（3）, b = 15.231（3）, c = 22.233（4） ?, β = 94.388（3）°, Zn1.5C21H16N3O9, Mr = 552.42, V = 4187.3（15） ?3, Dc = 1.753 g/cm3, F（000） = 2240, μ = 1.795 mm-1, S = 1.041, GOF = 1.041, Rint = 0.0169, 2.36°<θ<30.95°, and Z = 8. The final refinement gave R = 0.0340 and w R = 0.0927 for 5791 observed reflections with I > 2σ（I）. The completely deprotonated（ttb）6- ion in 1 adopts an octadentate coordination mode（μ8-η2-η1-η1-η1-η1-η2）. Four of the carboxyl groups are coordinated with four zinc ions by monodentate, respectively. While the other two carboxyl groups are coordinated with four zinc ions by bidentate, respectively. So, CP 1 possesses a 3 D network structure cross-linked by（ttb）6-ion. The XRD, UV and photoluminescence properties of CP 1 were also studied. Remarkably, 1 exhibits photocatalytic activities for the degradation of dye（MO） under UV light irradiation and shows good stabilities towards UV-light photocatalysis.展开更多
基金supported by the National Technology Supporting, Kaifeng Environmental Protec-tion Bureau, Henan Province, China
文摘During 2005, the filter samples of ambient PM10 from five sites and the source samples of particulate matter were collected in Kaifeng, Henan Province of China. Nineteen elements, water-soluble ions, total carbon （TC） and organic carbon （OC） contained in samples were analyzed. Seven contributive source types were identified and their contributions to ambient PM10 were estimated by chemical mass balance （CMB） receptor model. Weak associations between the concentrations of organic carbon and element carbon （EC） were observed during the sampling periods, indicating that there was secondary organic aerosol pollution in the urban atmosphere. An indirect method of ＂OC/EC minimum ratio＂ was applied to estimate the concentration of secondary organic carbon （SOC）. The results showed that SOC contributed 26.2%, 32.4% and 18.0% of TC in spring, summer-fall and winter, respectively, and the annual average SOC concentration was 7.07 μg/m^3, accounting for 5.73% of the total mass in ambient PM10. The carbon species concentrations in ambient PM10 were recalculated by subtracting SOC concentrations from measured concentrations of TC and OC to increase the compatibility of source and receptor measurements for CMB model.
基金funded by National Basic Research Program of China (Grant Nos. 2009CB421402 and 2010CB950503)National Natural Science Foundation of China (GrantNo. 40975007)
文摘In this study, the development of a convective boundary layer （CBL） in the Badaujilin region was investigated by comparing the observation data of two cases. A deep neutral layer capped a CBL that occurred on 30 August 2009. This case was divided into five sublayers from the surface to higher atmospheric elevations： surface layer, mixed layer, inversion layer, neutral layer, and sub-inversion layer. The development process of the CBL was divided into three stages： S1, S2, and S3. This case was quite different from the development of the three-layer CBL observed on 31 August 2009 because the mixed layer of the five-layer CBL （CBL5） eroded the neutral layer during S2. The specific initial structure of the CBL5 was correlated to the synoptic background of atmosphere during nighttime. The three-stage development process of the CBL5 was confirmed by six simulations using National Center for Atmospheric Research （USA） large-eddy simulation （NCAR-LES）, and some of its characteristics are presented in detail.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41205005)the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No.2010CB950503)+3 种基金the West Light Foundation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences to HAN Bo.The Twentieth Century Reanalysis Project dataset is provided by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science Innovative and Novel Computational Impact on Theory and Experiment (DOE INCITE) programOffice of Biological and Environmental Research (BER)by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Climate Program Office
文摘Although the residual layer has already been noted in the classical diurnal cycle of the atmospheric boundary layer, its effect on the development of the convective boundary layer has not been well studied. In this study, based on 3-hourly 20th century reanalysis data, the residual layer is considered as a common layer capping the convective boundary layer. It is identified dally by investigating the development of the convective boundary layer. The region of interest is bounded by （30^-60~N, 80^-120~E）, where a residual layer deeper than 2000 m has been reported using radiosondes. The lapse rate and wind shear within the residual layer are compared with the surface sensible heat flux by investigating their climatological means, interannual variations and daily variations. The lapse rate of the residual layer and the convective boundary layer depth correspond well in their seasonal variations and climatological mean patterns. On the interannual scale, the correlation coefficient between their regional averaged （40°-50°N, 90°-110°E） variations is higher than that between the surface sensible heat flux and convective boundary layer depth. On the daily scale, the correlation between the lapse rate and the convective boundary layer depth in most months is still statistically significant during 1970-2012. Therefore, we suggest that the existence of a deep neutral residual layer is crucial to the formation of a deep convective boundary layer near the Mongolian regions.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21763028)Scientific Research Program Project of Yan’an University(No.YDY2017-07)+2 种基金Key Project of Natural Science of Shaanxi Provincial Education Department(No.16JS121)the Natural Science Foundation of Yan’an(2018KN-22)Yan’an University Training Program for Innovation and Entrepreneurship(No.D2018017)
文摘A new zinc coordination polymer（CP） {[Zn1.5（ttb）0.5（phen）（H2O）]·2 H2O}n（1）,（H6ttb = 3,4,5-tricarboxyl-（3?,4?,5?-tricarboxylazophenyl）benzene, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline）, has been hydrothermally synthesized and structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray determination, IR and thermogravimetric analysis（TGA）. CP 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group C2/c with a = 12.402（3）, b = 15.231（3）, c = 22.233（4） ?, β = 94.388（3）°, Zn1.5C21H16N3O9, Mr = 552.42, V = 4187.3（15） ?3, Dc = 1.753 g/cm3, F（000） = 2240, μ = 1.795 mm-1, S = 1.041, GOF = 1.041, Rint = 0.0169, 2.36°<θ<30.95°, and Z = 8. The final refinement gave R = 0.0340 and w R = 0.0927 for 5791 observed reflections with I > 2σ（I）. The completely deprotonated（ttb）6- ion in 1 adopts an octadentate coordination mode（μ8-η2-η1-η1-η1-η1-η2）. Four of the carboxyl groups are coordinated with four zinc ions by monodentate, respectively. While the other two carboxyl groups are coordinated with four zinc ions by bidentate, respectively. So, CP 1 possesses a 3 D network structure cross-linked by（ttb）6-ion. The XRD, UV and photoluminescence properties of CP 1 were also studied. Remarkably, 1 exhibits photocatalytic activities for the degradation of dye（MO） under UV light irradiation and shows good stabilities towards UV-light photocatalysis.
