Flash Joule heating(FJH),as a high-efficiency and low-energy consumption technology for advanced materials synthesis,has shown significant potential in the synthesis of graphene and other functional carbon materials.B...Flash Joule heating(FJH),as a high-efficiency and low-energy consumption technology for advanced materials synthesis,has shown significant potential in the synthesis of graphene and other functional carbon materials.Based on the Joule effect,the solid carbon sources can be rapidly heated to ultra-high temperatures(>3000 K)through instantaneous high-energy current pulses during FJH,thus driving the rapid rearrangement and graphitization of carbon atoms.This technology demonstrates numerous advantages,such as solvent-and catalyst-free features,high energy conversion efficiency,and a short process cycle.In this review,we have systematically summarized the technology principle and equipment design for FJH,as well as its raw materials selection and pretreatment strategies.The research progress in the FJH synthesis of flash graphene,carbon nanotubes,graphene fibers,and anode hard carbon,as well as its by-products,is also presented.FJH can precisely optimize the microstructures of carbon materials(e.g.,interlayer spacing of turbostratic graphene,defect concentration,and heteroatom doping)by regulating its operation parameters like flash voltage and flash time,thereby enhancing their performances in various applications,such as composite reinforcement,metal-ion battery electrodes,supercapacitors,and electrocatalysts.However,this technology is still challenged by low process yield,macroscopic material uniformity,and green power supply system construction.More research efforts are also required to promote the transition of FJH from laboratory to industrial-scale applications,thus providing innovative solutions for advanced carbon materials manufacturing and waste management toward carbon neutrality.展开更多
With extensive attention being paid to the potential environmental hazards of discarded face masks,catalytic pyrolysis technologies have been proposed to realize the valorization of wastes.However,recent catalyst sele...With extensive attention being paid to the potential environmental hazards of discarded face masks,catalytic pyrolysis technologies have been proposed to realize the valorization of wastes.However,recent catalyst selection and system design have focused solely on conversion efficiency,ignoring economic cost and potential life-cycle environmental damage.Here,we propose an economic-environmental hybrid pre-assessment method to help identify catalysts and reactors with less environmental impact and high economic returns among various routes to convert discarded face masks into carbon nanotubes(CNTs)and hydrogen.In catalyst selection,it was found that a widely known Fe-Ni catalyst exhibits higher catalytic activity than a cheaper Fe catalyst,potentially increasing the economic viability of the catalytic pyrolysis system by 38%-55%.The use of this catalyst also results in a carbon reduction of 4.12-10.20kilogram CO_(2) equivalent for 1 kilogram of discarded face masks,compared with the cheaper Fe catalyst.When the price of CNTs exceeds 1.49×10^(4) USD·t^(-1),microwave-assisted pyrolysis is the optimal choice due to its superior environmental performance(in terms of its life-cycle greenhouse gas reduction potential,eutrophication potential,and human toxicity)and economic benefits.In contrast,conventional heating pyrolysis may be a more economical option due to its good stability over 43 reaction regeneration cycles,as compared with a microwave-assisted pyrolysis catalyst with a higher conversion efficiency.This study connects foundational science with ecological economics to guide emerging technologies in their research stage toward technical efficiency,economic benefits,and environmental sustainability.展开更多
Objectives:Distolingual root of the permanent mandibular first molar(PMFM-DLR)has been frequently reported,which may complicate the treatment of periodontitis.This study aimed to assess the morphological features of P...Objectives:Distolingual root of the permanent mandibular first molar(PMFM-DLR)has been frequently reported,which may complicate the treatment of periodontitis.This study aimed to assess the morphological features of PMFM-DLR and investigate the correlation between the morphological features of PMFM-DLR and periodontal status in patients with Eastern Chinese ethnic background.Materials and methods:A total of 836 cone beam computed tomography(CBCT)images with 1497 mandibular first molars were analyzed to observe the prevalence of PMFM-DLR at the patients and tooth levels in Eastern China.Among them,complete periodontal charts were available for 69 Chinese patients with 103 teeth.Correlation and regression analyses were used to evaluate the correlation between the morphological features of DLR,bone loss,and periodontal clinical parameters,including clinical attachment loss(CAL),probing pocket depth(PPD),gingival recession(GR),and furcation involvement(FI).Results:The patient-level prevalence and tooth-level prevalence of DLR in mandibular first molars were 29.4%and 26.3%,respectively.Multiple linear regression analysis suggested that bone loss at the lingual site and CAL were negatively affected by the angle of separation between distolingual and mesial roots in the transverse section,while they were significantly influenced by age and the angle of separation between distobuccal and mesial roots in the coronal section.Conclusions:The prevalence of PMFM-DLR in Eastern China was relatively high in our cohort.The morphological features of DLR were correlated with the periodontal status of mandibular first molars.This study provides critical information on the morphological features of DLR for improved diagnosis and treatment options of mandibular molars with DLR.展开更多
Catalytic pyrolysis of digestate to produce aromatic hydrocarbons can be combined with anaerobic fermentation to effectively transform and utilize all biomass components,which can achieve the meaningful purpose of tra...Catalytic pyrolysis of digestate to produce aromatic hydrocarbons can be combined with anaerobic fermentation to effectively transform and utilize all biomass components,which can achieve the meaningful purpose of transforming waste into high-value products.This study explored whether catalytic pyrolysis of digestate is feasible to prepare aromatic hydrocarbons by analyzing the thermogravimetric characteristics,pyrolysis characteristics,and catalytic pyrolysis characteristics of digestate.For digestate pyrolysis,an increase in temperature was found to elevate the CO,CH_4,and monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon(benzene,toluene,and xylene;BTX)content,whereas it decreased the contents of phenols,acids,aldehydes,and other oxygenates.Furthermore,the catalytic pyrolysis process effectively inhibited the acids,phenols,and furans in the liquid,whereas the yield of BTX increased from 25.45%to 45.99%,and the selectivity of xylene was also increased from 10.32%to 28.72%after adding ZSM-5.ZSM-5 also inhibited the production of nitrogenous compounds.展开更多
The electrochemical behaviors of n-type silicon wafers pH value and solid content of the slurry on the corrosion of silicon in silica-based slurry were investigated, and the influences of the wafers were studied by us...The electrochemical behaviors of n-type silicon wafers pH value and solid content of the slurry on the corrosion of silicon in silica-based slurry were investigated, and the influences of the wafers were studied by using electrochemical DC polarization and AC impedance techniques. The results revealed that these factors affected the corrosion behaviors of silicon wafers to different degrees and had their suitable parameters that made the maximum corrosion rate of the wafers. The corrosion potential of （100） sttrface was lower than that of（111）, whereas the current density of （100） was much higher than that of（111）.展开更多
This consensus on multiple myeloma-related bone diseases(MBDs)underscores the importance of a multidisciplinary approach that encompasses hematology,radiology,orthopedics,and additional specialties to tackle its intri...This consensus on multiple myeloma-related bone diseases(MBDs)underscores the importance of a multidisciplinary approach that encompasses hematology,radiology,orthopedics,and additional specialties to tackle its intricate challenges.MBD,a prevalent and debilitating complication of multiple myeloma,leads to bone pain,fractures,and skeletal-related events(SREs),which profoundly impact patients’quality of life.The guidelines offer a thorough framework for diagnosis,treatment,and continual assessment,emphasizing early detection and consistent monitoring using imaging techniques such as positron emission tomography-computed tomography(PET-CT)and magnetic resonance imaging(MRI).Treatment strategies prioritize the careful application of antimyeloma agents,bisphosphonates,and denosumab to minimize bone loss and decrease SRE risk,complemented by surgical and radiotherapy interventions for structural or pain-related issues.Supportive care measures,including pain management,rehabilitation,nutritional support,and dental evaluations,play a crucial role in enhancing patient outcomes and preserving quality of life.This consensus advocates a standardized,evidencebased approach to managing MBD,ensuring comprehensive and coordinated care for patients.展开更多
Catalytic pyrolysis technology,particularly using polyolefin plastic waste as feedstock,has emerged as a promising approach for transforming waste plastics into carbon nanotubes,not only reducing their production cost...Catalytic pyrolysis technology,particularly using polyolefin plastic waste as feedstock,has emerged as a promising approach for transforming waste plastics into carbon nanotubes,not only reducing their production cost but also achieving efficient disposal and high-value utilization of plastic waste.This work reviews the research on the preparation of carbon nanotubes from various waste plastics and summarizes the influence of metals and support on catalysts.The design of reactors and the optimization of process conditions are also critical factors influencing the yield and quality of carbon nanotubes.The growth mechanism of carbon nanotubes is systematically elucidated,encompassing radical reactions during pyrolysis,carbon dissolution-precipitation dynamics on catalytic surfaces,and subsequent structural evolution.Collectively,this review underscores the significant potential of catalytic pyrolysis in advancing sustainable plastic waste management and high-value resource recovery.展开更多
Understanding the association between the genetic and clinical phenotypes in children with nephrotic syndrome(NS)of different etiologies is critical for early clinical guidance.We employed whole-exome sequencing(WES)t...Understanding the association between the genetic and clinical phenotypes in children with nephrotic syndrome(NS)of different etiologies is critical for early clinical guidance.We employed whole-exome sequencing(WES)to detect monogenic causes of NS in a multicenter cohort of 637 patients.In this study,a genetic cause was identified in 30.0%of the idiopathic steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome(SRNS)patients.Other than congenital nephrotic syndrome(CNS),there were no significant differences in the incidence of monogenic diseases based on the age at manifestation.Causative mutations were detected in 39.5%of patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis(FSGS)and 9.2%of those with minimal change disease(MCD).In terms of the patterns in patients with different types of steroid resistance,a single gene mutation was identified in 34.8%of patients with primary resistance,2.9%with secondary resistance,and 71.4%of children with multidrug resistance.Among the various intensified immunosuppressive therapies,tacrolimus(TAC)showed the highest response rate,with 49.7%of idiopathic SRNS patients achieving complete remission.Idiopathic SRNS patients with monogenic disease showed a similar multidrug resistance pattern,and only 31.4%of patients with monogenic disease achieved a partial remission on TAC.During an average 4.1-year follow-up,21.4%of idiopathic SRNS patients with monogenic disease progressed to end-stage renal disease(ESRD).Collectively,this study provides evidence that genetic testing is necessary for presumed steroid-resistant and idiopathic SRNS patients,especially those with primary and/or multidrug resistance.展开更多
To understand the catalytic conversion of lignin into high-value products,lignin depolymerization was performed using a layered polymetallic oxide(CuMgAlO_(x))catalyst.The effects of the conversion temperature,hydroge...To understand the catalytic conversion of lignin into high-value products,lignin depolymerization was performed using a layered polymetallic oxide(CuMgAlO_(x))catalyst.The effects of the conversion temperature,hydrogen pressure,and reaction time were studied,and the ability of CuMgAlO_(x)to break the C–O bond was evaluated.The CuMgAlO_(x)(Mg/Al=3:1)catalyst contained acidic sites and had a relatively homogeneous elemental distribution with a high pore size and specific surface area.Theβ-O-4 was almost completely converted by disassociating the C–O bond,resulting in yields of 14.74%ethylbenzene,47.58%α-methylphenyl ethanol,and 36.43%phenol.The highest yield of lignin-derived monophenols was 85.16%under reaction conditions of 280℃ and 3 Mpa for 4 h.As the reaction progressed,depolymerization and condensation reactions occurred simultaneously.Higher temperatures(>280℃)and pressures(>3 Mpa)tended to produce solid char.This study establishes guidelines for the high-value application of industrial lignin in the catalytic conversion of polymetallic oxides.展开更多
The regulation of the pyrolysis process is a key step in increasing the carbon sequestration capacity of biochar.The effect of K_(3)PO_(4)addition on the yield,chemical composition,characteristic functional groups,mac...The regulation of the pyrolysis process is a key step in increasing the carbon sequestration capacity of biochar.The effect of K_(3)PO_(4)addition on the yield,chemical composition,characteristic functional groups,macromolecular skeleton,graphite crystallites,and stability of biochar was studied in this paper using two-dimensional infrared correlation spectroscopy(2D-PCIS),X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,Raman spectrum,and other characterization methods combined with thermal/chemical oxidation analysis.It is discovered that adding K_(3)PO_(4)may effectively minimize the graphitization temperature range and increase biochar’s yield,aromaticity,H/C ratio,and proportion of refractory/recalcitrant organic carbon.The 2D-PCIS and Raman analysis revealed that K_(3)PO_(4)mostly promoted the dehydrogenation and polycondensation process of the aromatic rings in the char precursor,transforming the amorphous carbon structure of biochar into an ordered turbostratic microcrystalline structure.K_(3)PO_(4)enhanced biochar stability mostly at medium-high temperatures(350~750℃)by stimulating the transformation of unstable structures of biochar to stable carbon-containing structures or by inhibiting the interaction of its active sites with oxidants through the mineralization process.A 20%phosphorus addition increased biochar’s refractory index(R_(50))by roughly 11%,and it also boosted biochar’s oxidation resistance(H_(2)O_(2)or K_(2)CrO_(4))efficiency,reducing carbon oxidation loss by up to 7.31%.However,at higher temperatures(>750℃),the doping of phosphorus atoms into the carbon skeleton degraded the biochar structure’s stability.The results of this study suggest that using exogenous phosphorus-containing additives is an efficient way to improve the stability of biochar.展开更多
As a low-value solid waste fuel,asphalt rock is prone to slagging even under fluidized bed condition.The purpose of this study is to improve the slagging characteristics of asphalt rock by adding the mineral additives...As a low-value solid waste fuel,asphalt rock is prone to slagging even under fluidized bed condition.The purpose of this study is to improve the slagging characteristics of asphalt rock by adding the mineral additives CaCO_(3),MgO,and Kaolin.The results showed that the K,Al,Ca salts in asphalt rock ash will evolve at different temperatures and exist mainly as K_(2)SO_(4),KAlSiO_(4),Al_(2)O_(3)·SiO_(2),Al_(2)O_(3),CaSO_(4),and CaSiO_(3).The CaSO_(4)formed from sulfur oxides and calcium-containing compounds is the main factor in asphalt rock slagging and can be facilitated by CaSiO_(3)with a small amount of CaCO_(3).The MgO can form MgCa(SiO_(3))_(2)with a high melting point and helps raise the ash fusion temperatures.In addition,the Kaolin will promote the formation of low-temperature eutectics,resulting in a slight decrease in ash fusion temperatures.Through optimization,it was found that with the addition of 9.0%MgO+9.0%Kaolin+2.0%CaCO_(3)(in weight),the slagging ratio and pressure difference of asphalt rock under fluidized bed conditions decreased from 6.5%to 4.2%and from 6.0 Pa to 4.0 Pa,respectively.By combining simulation and experimental methods,it has been shown that appropriate mineral additives of CaCO_(3),MgO,and Kaolin can effectively improve the slagging characteristics of asphalt rock.展开更多
Dissecting the genetic components that contribute to the two main subphenotypes of steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome(SSNS)using genome-wide association studies(GWAS)strategy is important for understanding the disea...Dissecting the genetic components that contribute to the two main subphenotypes of steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome(SSNS)using genome-wide association studies(GWAS)strategy is important for understanding the disease.We conducted a multicenter cohort study(360 patients and 1835 controls)combined with a GWAS strategy to identify susceptibility var-iants associated with the following two subphenotypes of ssNS:steroid-sensitive nephrotic syn-drome without relapse(SSNswR,181 patients)and steroid-dependent/frequent relapse nephrotic syndrome(SDNS/FRNS,179 patients).The distribution of two single-nucleotide poly-morphisms(SNPs)in ANKRD36 and ALPG was significant between SSNSWR and healthy controls,and that of two SNPs in GAD1 and HLA-DQA1 was significant between SDNS/FRNS and healthy controls.Interestingly,rs1047989 in HLA-DQA1 was a candidate locus for SDNS/FRNS but not for SSNSWR.No significant SNPs were observed between SSNSWR and SDNS/FRNS.Meanwhile,chromosome 2:171713702 in GAD1 was associated with a greater steroid dose(>0.75 mg/kg/d)upon relapse to first remission in patients with SDNS/FRNS(odds ratio=3.14;95%confidence interval,0.97-9.87;P=0.034).rs117014418 in APOL4 was significantly associated with a decrease in eGFR of greater than 20%compared with the baseline in SDNS/FRNS patients(P=0.0001).Protein-protein intersection network construction suggested that HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DQB1 function together through GSDMA.Thus,SSNSWR belongs to non-HLA region-dependent nephropathy,and the HLA-DQA/DQB region is likely strongly associated with dis-ease relapse,especially in SDNS/FRNS.The study provides a novel approach for the GWAS strategy of SsNS and contributes to our understanding of the pathological mechanisms of SSNSWRandSDNS/FRNS.展开更多
Based on an input-output analysis, this paper compiles inventories of fuel-related CO2 emissions of Hubei economy in the years of 2002, 2005, and 2007. Results show that calculated total direct CO2 emissions rose from...Based on an input-output analysis, this paper compiles inventories of fuel-related CO2 emissions of Hubei economy in the years of 2002, 2005, and 2007. Results show that calculated total direct CO2 emissions rose from 114,462.69 kt （2002） to 196,650.31 kt （2005）, reaching 210,419.93 kt in 2007, with an average 22.50% rate of increase. Raw coal was the dominant source of the direct emissions throughout the three years. The sector of Electric Power, Heat Production, and Supply was the main direct emissions contributor, with the largest intensities observed from 2002 （1192.97 g/CNY） to 2007 （1739.15 g/ CNY）. From the industrial perspective, the secondary industry, which is characterized as manufacture of finished products, was still the pillar of the Hubei economy during this period concerned, contributing more than 80% of the total direct emissions. As a net exporter of embodied CO2 emissions in 2002 and 2007, Hubei reported net-exported emissions of 4109.00 kt and 17,871.77 kt respectively; however, Hubei was once a net importer of CO2 emissions in 2005 （2511.93 kt）. The CO2 emissions embodied in export and fixed capital formation had the two leading fractions of emissions embodied in the final use. The corresponding countermeasures, such as promoting renew- able and clean energy and properly reducing the exports of low value added and carbon-intensive products are suggestions for reducing CO2 emissions in Hubei.展开更多
In response to the current energy and environmental challenges,reducing or replacing reliance on fossil fuels and striving for carbon neutrality seems to be the only viable choice.Recently,a cutting-edge,eco-friendly ...In response to the current energy and environmental challenges,reducing or replacing reliance on fossil fuels and striving for carbon neutrality seems to be the only viable choice.Recently,a cutting-edge,eco-friendly method of chemical synthesis via transient Joule heating(JH)demonstrated significant promise across various domains,including methane reforming,ammonia synthesis,volatile organic compounds removal,plastic recycling,the synthesis of functional carbon materials from repurposed solid waste,etc.In this review,the advantages,and latest developments in thermochemical synthesis by flash and transient JH are comprehensively outlined.Unlike the ongoing heating process of conventional furnaces that consume fossil fuels,dynamic and transient JH can get significantly higher reaction rates,energy efficiency,flexibility,and versatility.Subsequently,the transient reaction mechanism,data science optimization,and scale-up production models are discussed,and prospects for the integration of the electrified chemical industry with renewable energy for carbon neutrality and long-term energy storage are also envisioned.展开更多
Alkali metals(AMs)play an important role in biomass pyrolysis,and it is important to explore their catalytic effects so to better utilize biomass pyrolysis.This study analyzed the catalytic influence of K and Na with ...Alkali metals(AMs)play an important role in biomass pyrolysis,and it is important to explore their catalytic effects so to better utilize biomass pyrolysis.This study analyzed the catalytic influence of K and Na with different anions(Cl–,SO42–,and CO32–)on biomass pyrolysis,and explored the influence on the pyrolytic mechanism.AM chlorides(NaCl and KCl),sulfates(Na2SO4 and K2SO4)and carbonates(Na2CO3 and K2CO3)were mixed with cellulose and bamboo feedstocks at a mass ratio of 20 wt%,in order to maximize their potential on in situ upgrading of the pyrolysis products.AM chlorides had little effect on the pyrolysis products,whereas sulfates slightly promoted the yields of char and gas,and had a positive effect on the composition of the gaseous and liquid products.Carbonates noticeably increased the yields of the char and gases,and improved the C content of the char.Besides,AM salt catalysis is an effective method for co-production of bio-oil and porous char.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52276196)the Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion(FSKLCCA2508)the High-level Talent Foundation of Anhui Agricultural University(rc412307).
文摘Flash Joule heating(FJH),as a high-efficiency and low-energy consumption technology for advanced materials synthesis,has shown significant potential in the synthesis of graphene and other functional carbon materials.Based on the Joule effect,the solid carbon sources can be rapidly heated to ultra-high temperatures(>3000 K)through instantaneous high-energy current pulses during FJH,thus driving the rapid rearrangement and graphitization of carbon atoms.This technology demonstrates numerous advantages,such as solvent-and catalyst-free features,high energy conversion efficiency,and a short process cycle.In this review,we have systematically summarized the technology principle and equipment design for FJH,as well as its raw materials selection and pretreatment strategies.The research progress in the FJH synthesis of flash graphene,carbon nanotubes,graphene fibers,and anode hard carbon,as well as its by-products,is also presented.FJH can precisely optimize the microstructures of carbon materials(e.g.,interlayer spacing of turbostratic graphene,defect concentration,and heteroatom doping)by regulating its operation parameters like flash voltage and flash time,thereby enhancing their performances in various applications,such as composite reinforcement,metal-ion battery electrodes,supercapacitors,and electrocatalysts.However,this technology is still challenged by low process yield,macroscopic material uniformity,and green power supply system construction.More research efforts are also required to promote the transition of FJH from laboratory to industrial-scale applications,thus providing innovative solutions for advanced carbon materials manufacturing and waste management toward carbon neutrality.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52076099,52306257,and 72293601)。
文摘With extensive attention being paid to the potential environmental hazards of discarded face masks,catalytic pyrolysis technologies have been proposed to realize the valorization of wastes.However,recent catalyst selection and system design have focused solely on conversion efficiency,ignoring economic cost and potential life-cycle environmental damage.Here,we propose an economic-environmental hybrid pre-assessment method to help identify catalysts and reactors with less environmental impact and high economic returns among various routes to convert discarded face masks into carbon nanotubes(CNTs)and hydrogen.In catalyst selection,it was found that a widely known Fe-Ni catalyst exhibits higher catalytic activity than a cheaper Fe catalyst,potentially increasing the economic viability of the catalytic pyrolysis system by 38%-55%.The use of this catalyst also results in a carbon reduction of 4.12-10.20kilogram CO_(2) equivalent for 1 kilogram of discarded face masks,compared with the cheaper Fe catalyst.When the price of CNTs exceeds 1.49×10^(4) USD·t^(-1),microwave-assisted pyrolysis is the optimal choice due to its superior environmental performance(in terms of its life-cycle greenhouse gas reduction potential,eutrophication potential,and human toxicity)and economic benefits.In contrast,conventional heating pyrolysis may be a more economical option due to its good stability over 43 reaction regeneration cycles,as compared with a microwave-assisted pyrolysis catalyst with a higher conversion efficiency.This study connects foundational science with ecological economics to guide emerging technologies in their research stage toward technical efficiency,economic benefits,and environmental sustainability.
基金The study protocol has been reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Stomatology Hospital,Zhejiang University School of Medicine(No.2023-031)and registered in Chinese Clinical Trial Registry(No.ChiCTR2300074445).
文摘Objectives:Distolingual root of the permanent mandibular first molar(PMFM-DLR)has been frequently reported,which may complicate the treatment of periodontitis.This study aimed to assess the morphological features of PMFM-DLR and investigate the correlation between the morphological features of PMFM-DLR and periodontal status in patients with Eastern Chinese ethnic background.Materials and methods:A total of 836 cone beam computed tomography(CBCT)images with 1497 mandibular first molars were analyzed to observe the prevalence of PMFM-DLR at the patients and tooth levels in Eastern China.Among them,complete periodontal charts were available for 69 Chinese patients with 103 teeth.Correlation and regression analyses were used to evaluate the correlation between the morphological features of DLR,bone loss,and periodontal clinical parameters,including clinical attachment loss(CAL),probing pocket depth(PPD),gingival recession(GR),and furcation involvement(FI).Results:The patient-level prevalence and tooth-level prevalence of DLR in mandibular first molars were 29.4%and 26.3%,respectively.Multiple linear regression analysis suggested that bone loss at the lingual site and CAL were negatively affected by the angle of separation between distolingual and mesial roots in the transverse section,while they were significantly influenced by age and the angle of separation between distobuccal and mesial roots in the coronal section.Conclusions:The prevalence of PMFM-DLR in Eastern China was relatively high in our cohort.The morphological features of DLR were correlated with the periodontal status of mandibular first molars.This study provides critical information on the morphological features of DLR for improved diagnosis and treatment options of mandibular molars with DLR.
基金partially funded by the GTCLC-NEG project,which received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Grant Agreement (101018756)the Brisk 2 European project (731101)for funding this project.The project acronym was B2PB-SIN2-1001,and the project title was“Optimization of catalytic pyrolysis of digestate and sewage sludge.”。
文摘Catalytic pyrolysis of digestate to produce aromatic hydrocarbons can be combined with anaerobic fermentation to effectively transform and utilize all biomass components,which can achieve the meaningful purpose of transforming waste into high-value products.This study explored whether catalytic pyrolysis of digestate is feasible to prepare aromatic hydrocarbons by analyzing the thermogravimetric characteristics,pyrolysis characteristics,and catalytic pyrolysis characteristics of digestate.For digestate pyrolysis,an increase in temperature was found to elevate the CO,CH_4,and monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon(benzene,toluene,and xylene;BTX)content,whereas it decreased the contents of phenols,acids,aldehydes,and other oxygenates.Furthermore,the catalytic pyrolysis process effectively inhibited the acids,phenols,and furans in the liquid,whereas the yield of BTX increased from 25.45%to 45.99%,and the selectivity of xylene was also increased from 10.32%to 28.72%after adding ZSM-5.ZSM-5 also inhibited the production of nitrogenous compounds.
基金This study was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.59925412)the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province of China (No.03JJY3015).
文摘The electrochemical behaviors of n-type silicon wafers pH value and solid content of the slurry on the corrosion of silicon in silica-based slurry were investigated, and the influences of the wafers were studied by using electrochemical DC polarization and AC impedance techniques. The results revealed that these factors affected the corrosion behaviors of silicon wafers to different degrees and had their suitable parameters that made the maximum corrosion rate of the wafers. The corrosion potential of （100） sttrface was lower than that of（111）, whereas the current density of （100） was much higher than that of（111）.
文摘This consensus on multiple myeloma-related bone diseases(MBDs)underscores the importance of a multidisciplinary approach that encompasses hematology,radiology,orthopedics,and additional specialties to tackle its intricate challenges.MBD,a prevalent and debilitating complication of multiple myeloma,leads to bone pain,fractures,and skeletal-related events(SREs),which profoundly impact patients’quality of life.The guidelines offer a thorough framework for diagnosis,treatment,and continual assessment,emphasizing early detection and consistent monitoring using imaging techniques such as positron emission tomography-computed tomography(PET-CT)and magnetic resonance imaging(MRI).Treatment strategies prioritize the careful application of antimyeloma agents,bisphosphonates,and denosumab to minimize bone loss and decrease SRE risk,complemented by surgical and radiotherapy interventions for structural or pain-related issues.Supportive care measures,including pain management,rehabilitation,nutritional support,and dental evaluations,play a crucial role in enhancing patient outcomes and preserving quality of life.This consensus advocates a standardized,evidencebased approach to managing MBD,ensuring comprehensive and coordinated care for patients.
基金financial support from the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2024YFF0508900)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52125601 and 52276120)the Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China Program(Grant No.24KJB480009).
文摘Catalytic pyrolysis technology,particularly using polyolefin plastic waste as feedstock,has emerged as a promising approach for transforming waste plastics into carbon nanotubes,not only reducing their production cost but also achieving efficient disposal and high-value utilization of plastic waste.This work reviews the research on the preparation of carbon nanotubes from various waste plastics and summarizes the influence of metals and support on catalysts.The design of reactors and the optimization of process conditions are also critical factors influencing the yield and quality of carbon nanotubes.The growth mechanism of carbon nanotubes is systematically elucidated,encompassing radical reactions during pyrolysis,carbon dissolution-precipitation dynamics on catalytic surfaces,and subsequent structural evolution.Collectively,this review underscores the significant potential of catalytic pyrolysis in advancing sustainable plastic waste management and high-value resource recovery.
基金This cohort study is funded by the China National Natural Science Foundation(No.81970618)China National Clinical Research Centre Foundation(No.NCRC-2019-GP-02)+2 种基金Chongqing Science and Technology Commission project(No.cstc2016jcyjA0440)Chongqing Science and Technology plan project of Yuzhong District(No.2017045),Science and Technology Research Project of Chongqing Education Commission(No.KJZD-M201900401)the central government directs special funds for local science and technology development.
文摘Understanding the association between the genetic and clinical phenotypes in children with nephrotic syndrome(NS)of different etiologies is critical for early clinical guidance.We employed whole-exome sequencing(WES)to detect monogenic causes of NS in a multicenter cohort of 637 patients.In this study,a genetic cause was identified in 30.0%of the idiopathic steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome(SRNS)patients.Other than congenital nephrotic syndrome(CNS),there were no significant differences in the incidence of monogenic diseases based on the age at manifestation.Causative mutations were detected in 39.5%of patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis(FSGS)and 9.2%of those with minimal change disease(MCD).In terms of the patterns in patients with different types of steroid resistance,a single gene mutation was identified in 34.8%of patients with primary resistance,2.9%with secondary resistance,and 71.4%of children with multidrug resistance.Among the various intensified immunosuppressive therapies,tacrolimus(TAC)showed the highest response rate,with 49.7%of idiopathic SRNS patients achieving complete remission.Idiopathic SRNS patients with monogenic disease showed a similar multidrug resistance pattern,and only 31.4%of patients with monogenic disease achieved a partial remission on TAC.During an average 4.1-year follow-up,21.4%of idiopathic SRNS patients with monogenic disease progressed to end-stage renal disease(ESRD).Collectively,this study provides evidence that genetic testing is necessary for presumed steroid-resistant and idiopathic SRNS patients,especially those with primary and/or multidrug resistance.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(52125601).
文摘To understand the catalytic conversion of lignin into high-value products,lignin depolymerization was performed using a layered polymetallic oxide(CuMgAlO_(x))catalyst.The effects of the conversion temperature,hydrogen pressure,and reaction time were studied,and the ability of CuMgAlO_(x)to break the C–O bond was evaluated.The CuMgAlO_(x)(Mg/Al=3:1)catalyst contained acidic sites and had a relatively homogeneous elemental distribution with a high pore size and specific surface area.Theβ-O-4 was almost completely converted by disassociating the C–O bond,resulting in yields of 14.74%ethylbenzene,47.58%α-methylphenyl ethanol,and 36.43%phenol.The highest yield of lignin-derived monophenols was 85.16%under reaction conditions of 280℃ and 3 Mpa for 4 h.As the reaction progressed,depolymerization and condensation reactions occurred simultaneously.Higher temperatures(>280℃)and pressures(>3 Mpa)tended to produce solid char.This study establishes guidelines for the high-value application of industrial lignin in the catalytic conversion of polymetallic oxides.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52306243,52125601)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2023M731182).
文摘The regulation of the pyrolysis process is a key step in increasing the carbon sequestration capacity of biochar.The effect of K_(3)PO_(4)addition on the yield,chemical composition,characteristic functional groups,macromolecular skeleton,graphite crystallites,and stability of biochar was studied in this paper using two-dimensional infrared correlation spectroscopy(2D-PCIS),X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,Raman spectrum,and other characterization methods combined with thermal/chemical oxidation analysis.It is discovered that adding K_(3)PO_(4)may effectively minimize the graphitization temperature range and increase biochar’s yield,aromaticity,H/C ratio,and proportion of refractory/recalcitrant organic carbon.The 2D-PCIS and Raman analysis revealed that K_(3)PO_(4)mostly promoted the dehydrogenation and polycondensation process of the aromatic rings in the char precursor,transforming the amorphous carbon structure of biochar into an ordered turbostratic microcrystalline structure.K_(3)PO_(4)enhanced biochar stability mostly at medium-high temperatures(350~750℃)by stimulating the transformation of unstable structures of biochar to stable carbon-containing structures or by inhibiting the interaction of its active sites with oxidants through the mineralization process.A 20%phosphorus addition increased biochar’s refractory index(R_(50))by roughly 11%,and it also boosted biochar’s oxidation resistance(H_(2)O_(2)or K_(2)CrO_(4))efficiency,reducing carbon oxidation loss by up to 7.31%.However,at higher temperatures(>750℃),the doping of phosphorus atoms into the carbon skeleton degraded the biochar structure’s stability.The results of this study suggest that using exogenous phosphorus-containing additives is an efficient way to improve the stability of biochar.
基金the Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52176187,51976075)the National Natural Science Funds for Distinguished Young Scholar(No.52125601).
文摘As a low-value solid waste fuel,asphalt rock is prone to slagging even under fluidized bed condition.The purpose of this study is to improve the slagging characteristics of asphalt rock by adding the mineral additives CaCO_(3),MgO,and Kaolin.The results showed that the K,Al,Ca salts in asphalt rock ash will evolve at different temperatures and exist mainly as K_(2)SO_(4),KAlSiO_(4),Al_(2)O_(3)·SiO_(2),Al_(2)O_(3),CaSO_(4),and CaSiO_(3).The CaSO_(4)formed from sulfur oxides and calcium-containing compounds is the main factor in asphalt rock slagging and can be facilitated by CaSiO_(3)with a small amount of CaCO_(3).The MgO can form MgCa(SiO_(3))_(2)with a high melting point and helps raise the ash fusion temperatures.In addition,the Kaolin will promote the formation of low-temperature eutectics,resulting in a slight decrease in ash fusion temperatures.Through optimization,it was found that with the addition of 9.0%MgO+9.0%Kaolin+2.0%CaCO_(3)(in weight),the slagging ratio and pressure difference of asphalt rock under fluidized bed conditions decreased from 6.5%to 4.2%and from 6.0 Pa to 4.0 Pa,respectively.By combining simulation and experimental methods,it has been shown that appropriate mineral additives of CaCO_(3),MgO,and Kaolin can effectively improve the slagging characteristics of asphalt rock.
基金funded by the China National Natural Science Foundation(No.81970618,82170720,82200788)China National Clinical Research Centre Foundation(No.NCRC-2019-GP-02)+2 种基金Science and Technology Research Project of Chongqing Education Commission of China(No.KJZDM201900401)Chongqing Science and Health Joint Medical Research Project(China)(No.2023GGXM001)National Key R&D Program of China(No.2022YFC2705101).
文摘Dissecting the genetic components that contribute to the two main subphenotypes of steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome(SSNS)using genome-wide association studies(GWAS)strategy is important for understanding the disease.We conducted a multicenter cohort study(360 patients and 1835 controls)combined with a GWAS strategy to identify susceptibility var-iants associated with the following two subphenotypes of ssNS:steroid-sensitive nephrotic syn-drome without relapse(SSNswR,181 patients)and steroid-dependent/frequent relapse nephrotic syndrome(SDNS/FRNS,179 patients).The distribution of two single-nucleotide poly-morphisms(SNPs)in ANKRD36 and ALPG was significant between SSNSWR and healthy controls,and that of two SNPs in GAD1 and HLA-DQA1 was significant between SDNS/FRNS and healthy controls.Interestingly,rs1047989 in HLA-DQA1 was a candidate locus for SDNS/FRNS but not for SSNSWR.No significant SNPs were observed between SSNSWR and SDNS/FRNS.Meanwhile,chromosome 2:171713702 in GAD1 was associated with a greater steroid dose(>0.75 mg/kg/d)upon relapse to first remission in patients with SDNS/FRNS(odds ratio=3.14;95%confidence interval,0.97-9.87;P=0.034).rs117014418 in APOL4 was significantly associated with a decrease in eGFR of greater than 20%compared with the baseline in SDNS/FRNS patients(P=0.0001).Protein-protein intersection network construction suggested that HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DQB1 function together through GSDMA.Thus,SSNSWR belongs to non-HLA region-dependent nephropathy,and the HLA-DQA/DQB region is likely strongly associated with dis-ease relapse,especially in SDNS/FRNS.The study provides a novel approach for the GWAS strategy of SsNS and contributes to our understanding of the pathological mechanisms of SSNSWRandSDNS/FRNS.
基金Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant Nos. 51306067 and 51376076）.
文摘Based on an input-output analysis, this paper compiles inventories of fuel-related CO2 emissions of Hubei economy in the years of 2002, 2005, and 2007. Results show that calculated total direct CO2 emissions rose from 114,462.69 kt （2002） to 196,650.31 kt （2005）, reaching 210,419.93 kt in 2007, with an average 22.50% rate of increase. Raw coal was the dominant source of the direct emissions throughout the three years. The sector of Electric Power, Heat Production, and Supply was the main direct emissions contributor, with the largest intensities observed from 2002 （1192.97 g/CNY） to 2007 （1739.15 g/ CNY）. From the industrial perspective, the secondary industry, which is characterized as manufacture of finished products, was still the pillar of the Hubei economy during this period concerned, contributing more than 80% of the total direct emissions. As a net exporter of embodied CO2 emissions in 2002 and 2007, Hubei reported net-exported emissions of 4109.00 kt and 17,871.77 kt respectively; however, Hubei was once a net importer of CO2 emissions in 2005 （2511.93 kt）. The CO2 emissions embodied in export and fixed capital formation had the two leading fractions of emissions embodied in the final use. The corresponding countermeasures, such as promoting renew- able and clean energy and properly reducing the exports of low value added and carbon-intensive products are suggestions for reducing CO2 emissions in Hubei.
基金The authors express their great appreciation for the support of National Natural Science Funds for Distinguished Young Scholar(52125601)Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province,China(2022CFA031)+1 种基金the Open Fund of State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies(FZ2022005)the Interdisciplinary Research Program of Huazhong University of Science and Technology(2023JCYJ004).
文摘In response to the current energy and environmental challenges,reducing or replacing reliance on fossil fuels and striving for carbon neutrality seems to be the only viable choice.Recently,a cutting-edge,eco-friendly method of chemical synthesis via transient Joule heating(JH)demonstrated significant promise across various domains,including methane reforming,ammonia synthesis,volatile organic compounds removal,plastic recycling,the synthesis of functional carbon materials from repurposed solid waste,etc.In this review,the advantages,and latest developments in thermochemical synthesis by flash and transient JH are comprehensively outlined.Unlike the ongoing heating process of conventional furnaces that consume fossil fuels,dynamic and transient JH can get significantly higher reaction rates,energy efficiency,flexibility,and versatility.Subsequently,the transient reaction mechanism,data science optimization,and scale-up production models are discussed,and prospects for the integration of the electrified chemical industry with renewable energy for carbon neutrality and long-term energy storage are also envisioned.
基金The authors wish to express their great appreciation for the financial support received from the National Natural Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars(Grant No.52125601)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52306244)。
文摘Alkali metals(AMs)play an important role in biomass pyrolysis,and it is important to explore their catalytic effects so to better utilize biomass pyrolysis.This study analyzed the catalytic influence of K and Na with different anions(Cl–,SO42–,and CO32–)on biomass pyrolysis,and explored the influence on the pyrolytic mechanism.AM chlorides(NaCl and KCl),sulfates(Na2SO4 and K2SO4)and carbonates(Na2CO3 and K2CO3)were mixed with cellulose and bamboo feedstocks at a mass ratio of 20 wt%,in order to maximize their potential on in situ upgrading of the pyrolysis products.AM chlorides had little effect on the pyrolysis products,whereas sulfates slightly promoted the yields of char and gas,and had a positive effect on the composition of the gaseous and liquid products.Carbonates noticeably increased the yields of the char and gases,and improved the C content of the char.Besides,AM salt catalysis is an effective method for co-production of bio-oil and porous char.
