Wheat leaf rust,caused by Puccinia triticina(Pt),is one of the most devastating diseases in common wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)and can lead to heavy yield loss(Chai et al.2020).Leaf rust can result in 50%yield loss dur...Wheat leaf rust,caused by Puccinia triticina(Pt),is one of the most devastating diseases in common wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)and can lead to heavy yield loss(Chai et al.2020).Leaf rust can result in 50%yield loss during epidemic years(Huerta-Espino et al.2011;Gebrewahid et al.2020;Kolomiets et al.2021).Breeding varieties resistant to leaf rust have been recognized as the most effective and economical method to mitigate wheat losses caused by Pt.The narrow genetic basis of wheat constrains the number of cultivars resistant to leaf rust(Jin et al.2021).展开更多
Agropyron cristatum(2n=4x=28,PPPP),which harbours many high-yield and disease-resistance genes,is a promising donor for wheat improvement.Narrow genetic diversity and the trade-off between grain weight and grain numbe...Agropyron cristatum(2n=4x=28,PPPP),which harbours many high-yield and disease-resistance genes,is a promising donor for wheat improvement.Narrow genetic diversity and the trade-off between grain weight and grain number have become bottlenecks for increasing grain yield in wheat.In this study,a novel translocation line,WAT650l,was derived from the chromosome 6P addition line 4844–12,which can simultaneously increase both grain number per spike(GNS)and thousand-grain weight(TGW).Cytological analysis and molecular marker analysis revealed that WAT650l was a 5BL.5BS-6PL(bin 12–17)translocation line.Assessment of agronomic traits and analysis of the BC4F2 and BC5F2 populations suggested that the 6PL terminal chromosome segment in WAT650l resulted in increased grain number per spike(average increased by 14.07 grains),thousand-grain weight(average increased by 4.31 g),flag leaf length,plant height,spikelet number per spike and kernel number per spikelet during the two growing seasons of 2020–2021 and 2021–2022.Additionally,the increased GNS locus and high-TGW locus of WAT650l were mapped to the bins 16–17 and 12–13,respectively,on chromosome 6PL by genetic population analysis of three translocation lines.In summary,we provide a valuable germplasm resource for broadening the genetic base of wheat and overcoming the negative relationship between GNS and TGW in wheat breeding.展开更多
As an important wild relative of wheat, Agropyron cristatum has been successfully used for wheat improvement. Currently, a few useful agronomic traits of A. cristatum, such as high grain number per spike and resistanc...As an important wild relative of wheat, Agropyron cristatum has been successfully used for wheat improvement. Currently, a few useful agronomic traits of A. cristatum, such as high grain number per spike and resistance to diseases, have been transferred into common wheat.However, the effective detection of small A. cristatum segmental introgressions in common wheat is still difficult. The objective of this study was to identify A. cristatum-specific single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) for the detection of small alien segments in wheat. The transcriptome sequences of A. cristatum were aligned against wheat coding DNA sequences(CDS) for SNP calling. As a result, we discovered a total of 167,613 putative SNPs specific to the P genome of A. cristatum compared with the common wheat genomes. Among 230 selected SNPs with functional annotations related to inflorescence development and stress resistance,68 were validated as P genome-specific SNPs in multiple wheat backgrounds using Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR(KASP) assays. Among them, 55 SNPs were assigned to six homoeologous groups of the P genome using wheat-A. cristatum addition lines, and 6 P-specific SNP markers were further physically mapped on different segments of chromosome 6 P in 6 P translocation lines. The P genome-specific SNPs were also validated by Sanger sequencing and used to detect the P chromatin in wheat-A. cristatum cryptic introgression lines. Two SNP markers(Unigene20217-182 and Unigene20307-1420) were detected in two wheat-A. cristatum introgression lines that showed enhanced grain number per spike and high resistance to powdery mildew. Together, the developed P genome-specific SNP markers will accelerate the detection of large numbers of wheat-A. cristatum derivatives and will be helpful for marker-assisted transfer of desirable traits from A. cristatum into adapted wheat cultivars in wheat breeding programs.展开更多
Wide hybridization is a strategy for broadening the genetic basis of wheat. Because an efficient method for inducing wheat–alien chromosome translocations will allow producing useful germplasm, it is desirable to dis...Wide hybridization is a strategy for broadening the genetic basis of wheat. Because an efficient method for inducing wheat–alien chromosome translocations will allow producing useful germplasm, it is desirable to discover new genes that induce chromosomal variation. In this study, chromosome 5P from A.cristatum was shown to induce many types of chromosomal structural variation in a common wheat background, including nonhomoeologous chromosome translocations, as revealed by genomic in situ hybridization, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and DNA marker analysis. Aberrant meiosis was associated with chromosomal structural variation, and aberrant meiotic behavior was observed in wheat–A.cristatum 5P monosomic and disomic addition lines, suggesting that the effect of chromosome 5P was independent of the number of chromosome 5P copies. Chromosome 5P disturbed homologous chromosome pairing at pachytene stage in a common wheat background, resulting in a high frequency of univalent formation and reduced crossing over. Thirteen genes involved in DNA repair or chromatin remodeling, including RAD52-like and MSH6 genes, were differentially expressed(upregulated) in wheat–A. cristatum 5P addition lines according to transcriptome analysis, implicating chromosome 5P in the process of meiotic double-strand break repair. These findings provide a new, efficient tool for inducing wheat–alien chromosome translocations and producing new germplasm.展开更多
Bismuth(Bi)-based catalysts have been gaining recognition as the most promising catalyst materials for the electrochemical CO_(2)reduction reaction(eCO_(2)RR)to produce formate,which provides a potential way to solve ...Bismuth(Bi)-based catalysts have been gaining recognition as the most promising catalyst materials for the electrochemical CO_(2)reduction reaction(eCO_(2)RR)to produce formate,which provides a potential way to solve the energy crisis and the global climate crisis.However,the dynamic structural evolution of catalysts is usually observed during the operando conditions,resulting in the great difficulties for the identification of intrinsic active sites and the revelation of the structure-activity relationship at the atomic scale.This significantly hinders the development of new-type Bi-catalysts with high performance and excellent stability.This review summarizes the new findings and in-depth understanding of dynamic structural evolution for Bi-based catalysts,which are revealed by advanced in/ex situ characterization techniques.Furthermore,the dynamic structural evolution of state-of-the-art Bi-based catalysts is summarized based on the classification of derived active phase structures(e.g.,metallic Bi,Bi-based alloy,and high-valence Bi sites)after reconstruction.Afterward,the surface Bi defect sites and Bi-based interface structure are strongly confirmed as the intrinsic active sites for eCO_(2)RR;moreover,the structure-activity relationship of Bi-based catalysts is deeply discussed based on defect engineering and interface engineering modulation.Finally,the perspectives on the future challenges and opportunities in this emerging field are presented,which facilitate to design next-gap advanced electrocatalyst with high performance for eCO_(2)RR.展开更多
Dear Editor,Wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)is the most widely cultivated staple food crop globally.Wheat leaf rust,caused by Puccinia triticina,represents one of the most prevalent and devastating diseases affecting wheat...Dear Editor,Wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)is the most widely cultivated staple food crop globally.Wheat leaf rust,caused by Puccinia triticina,represents one of the most prevalent and devastating diseases affecting wheat,causing yield losses of up to 50%in severe infestations(Lin et al.,2022).To date,a total of 11 leaf rust resistance genes have been cloned,however,Lr1,Lr10,and Lr14a alone have proven are largely ineffective in wheat breeding programs in China(Zhang et al.,2020;Li et al.,2023).Previous studies have demonstrated the broad-spectrum resistance of the wheat–Agropyron cristatum translocation line 2PT5 to 50 leaf rust races from various regions across China,and the leaf rust resistance gene is located on a segment of 2PL bin fragment length(FL)0.66–0.86(Jiang et al.,2018).Given the scarcity of broad-spectrum leaf rust resistance genes in current wheat cultivars,it is crucial to explore and clone these genes from A.cristatum 2PL for their effective integration into breeding programs aimed at developing disease-resistant cultivars.The lack of genetic recombination between the alien segment and the corresponding wheat genome makes narrowing down the target region a challenging task.In this study,we employed PacBio isoform sequencing technology in conjunction with RNA sequencing to clone the leaf rust resistance gene AcRLK2P-1 from the wheat–A.cristatum 2PL translocation fragment.We further validated the functionality of AcRLK2P-1 through EMS mutant analysis and transgenic experiments.展开更多
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32272083)。
文摘Wheat leaf rust,caused by Puccinia triticina(Pt),is one of the most devastating diseases in common wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)and can lead to heavy yield loss(Chai et al.2020).Leaf rust can result in 50%yield loss during epidemic years(Huerta-Espino et al.2011;Gebrewahid et al.2020;Kolomiets et al.2021).Breeding varieties resistant to leaf rust have been recognized as the most effective and economical method to mitigate wheat losses caused by Pt.The narrow genetic basis of wheat constrains the number of cultivars resistant to leaf rust(Jin et al.2021).
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32171961)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of CAAS(CAASASTIP-2021-ICS)。
文摘Agropyron cristatum(2n=4x=28,PPPP),which harbours many high-yield and disease-resistance genes,is a promising donor for wheat improvement.Narrow genetic diversity and the trade-off between grain weight and grain number have become bottlenecks for increasing grain yield in wheat.In this study,a novel translocation line,WAT650l,was derived from the chromosome 6P addition line 4844–12,which can simultaneously increase both grain number per spike(GNS)and thousand-grain weight(TGW).Cytological analysis and molecular marker analysis revealed that WAT650l was a 5BL.5BS-6PL(bin 12–17)translocation line.Assessment of agronomic traits and analysis of the BC4F2 and BC5F2 populations suggested that the 6PL terminal chromosome segment in WAT650l resulted in increased grain number per spike(average increased by 14.07 grains),thousand-grain weight(average increased by 4.31 g),flag leaf length,plant height,spikelet number per spike and kernel number per spikelet during the two growing seasons of 2020–2021 and 2021–2022.Additionally,the increased GNS locus and high-TGW locus of WAT650l were mapped to the bins 16–17 and 12–13,respectively,on chromosome 6PL by genetic population analysis of three translocation lines.In summary,we provide a valuable germplasm resource for broadening the genetic base of wheat and overcoming the negative relationship between GNS and TGW in wheat breeding.
基金supported by the China Agriculture Research System(CARS-03)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0102000)
文摘As an important wild relative of wheat, Agropyron cristatum has been successfully used for wheat improvement. Currently, a few useful agronomic traits of A. cristatum, such as high grain number per spike and resistance to diseases, have been transferred into common wheat.However, the effective detection of small A. cristatum segmental introgressions in common wheat is still difficult. The objective of this study was to identify A. cristatum-specific single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) for the detection of small alien segments in wheat. The transcriptome sequences of A. cristatum were aligned against wheat coding DNA sequences(CDS) for SNP calling. As a result, we discovered a total of 167,613 putative SNPs specific to the P genome of A. cristatum compared with the common wheat genomes. Among 230 selected SNPs with functional annotations related to inflorescence development and stress resistance,68 were validated as P genome-specific SNPs in multiple wheat backgrounds using Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR(KASP) assays. Among them, 55 SNPs were assigned to six homoeologous groups of the P genome using wheat-A. cristatum addition lines, and 6 P-specific SNP markers were further physically mapped on different segments of chromosome 6 P in 6 P translocation lines. The P genome-specific SNPs were also validated by Sanger sequencing and used to detect the P chromatin in wheat-A. cristatum cryptic introgression lines. Two SNP markers(Unigene20217-182 and Unigene20307-1420) were detected in two wheat-A. cristatum introgression lines that showed enhanced grain number per spike and high resistance to powdery mildew. Together, the developed P genome-specific SNP markers will accelerate the detection of large numbers of wheat-A. cristatum derivatives and will be helpful for marker-assisted transfer of desirable traits from A. cristatum into adapted wheat cultivars in wheat breeding programs.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2021YFD1200605)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32171961)。
文摘Wide hybridization is a strategy for broadening the genetic basis of wheat. Because an efficient method for inducing wheat–alien chromosome translocations will allow producing useful germplasm, it is desirable to discover new genes that induce chromosomal variation. In this study, chromosome 5P from A.cristatum was shown to induce many types of chromosomal structural variation in a common wheat background, including nonhomoeologous chromosome translocations, as revealed by genomic in situ hybridization, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and DNA marker analysis. Aberrant meiosis was associated with chromosomal structural variation, and aberrant meiotic behavior was observed in wheat–A.cristatum 5P monosomic and disomic addition lines, suggesting that the effect of chromosome 5P was independent of the number of chromosome 5P copies. Chromosome 5P disturbed homologous chromosome pairing at pachytene stage in a common wheat background, resulting in a high frequency of univalent formation and reduced crossing over. Thirteen genes involved in DNA repair or chromatin remodeling, including RAD52-like and MSH6 genes, were differentially expressed(upregulated) in wheat–A. cristatum 5P addition lines according to transcriptome analysis, implicating chromosome 5P in the process of meiotic double-strand break repair. These findings provide a new, efficient tool for inducing wheat–alien chromosome translocations and producing new germplasm.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22379023 and 22102007)Heilongjiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation Outstanding Youth Fund project(No.YQ2024B002)+2 种基金the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2023M740555)Heilongjiang Provincial Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Nos.LBH-Z23001 and LBHZ24003)the Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Catalysis(No.N-22-07).
文摘Bismuth(Bi)-based catalysts have been gaining recognition as the most promising catalyst materials for the electrochemical CO_(2)reduction reaction(eCO_(2)RR)to produce formate,which provides a potential way to solve the energy crisis and the global climate crisis.However,the dynamic structural evolution of catalysts is usually observed during the operando conditions,resulting in the great difficulties for the identification of intrinsic active sites and the revelation of the structure-activity relationship at the atomic scale.This significantly hinders the development of new-type Bi-catalysts with high performance and excellent stability.This review summarizes the new findings and in-depth understanding of dynamic structural evolution for Bi-based catalysts,which are revealed by advanced in/ex situ characterization techniques.Furthermore,the dynamic structural evolution of state-of-the-art Bi-based catalysts is summarized based on the classification of derived active phase structures(e.g.,metallic Bi,Bi-based alloy,and high-valence Bi sites)after reconstruction.Afterward,the surface Bi defect sites and Bi-based interface structure are strongly confirmed as the intrinsic active sites for eCO_(2)RR;moreover,the structure-activity relationship of Bi-based catalysts is deeply discussed based on defect engineering and interface engineering modulation.Finally,the perspectives on the future challenges and opportunities in this emerging field are presented,which facilitate to design next-gap advanced electrocatalyst with high performance for eCO_(2)RR.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(32272083).
文摘Dear Editor,Wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)is the most widely cultivated staple food crop globally.Wheat leaf rust,caused by Puccinia triticina,represents one of the most prevalent and devastating diseases affecting wheat,causing yield losses of up to 50%in severe infestations(Lin et al.,2022).To date,a total of 11 leaf rust resistance genes have been cloned,however,Lr1,Lr10,and Lr14a alone have proven are largely ineffective in wheat breeding programs in China(Zhang et al.,2020;Li et al.,2023).Previous studies have demonstrated the broad-spectrum resistance of the wheat–Agropyron cristatum translocation line 2PT5 to 50 leaf rust races from various regions across China,and the leaf rust resistance gene is located on a segment of 2PL bin fragment length(FL)0.66–0.86(Jiang et al.,2018).Given the scarcity of broad-spectrum leaf rust resistance genes in current wheat cultivars,it is crucial to explore and clone these genes from A.cristatum 2PL for their effective integration into breeding programs aimed at developing disease-resistant cultivars.The lack of genetic recombination between the alien segment and the corresponding wheat genome makes narrowing down the target region a challenging task.In this study,we employed PacBio isoform sequencing technology in conjunction with RNA sequencing to clone the leaf rust resistance gene AcRLK2P-1 from the wheat–A.cristatum 2PL translocation fragment.We further validated the functionality of AcRLK2P-1 through EMS mutant analysis and transgenic experiments.
