Paddy fields in the southeastern basin of Dianchi Lake have rapidly changed to greenhouses since 1999. A total of 61 surface soil samples, including 43 greenhouse soils, 12 upland soils, and 6 paddy soils, were collec...Paddy fields in the southeastern basin of Dianchi Lake have rapidly changed to greenhouses since 1999. A total of 61 surface soil samples, including 43 greenhouse soils, 12 upland soils, and 6 paddy soils, were collected from a flat lowland area mainly used for agricultural production fields in the southeastern basin of Dianchi Lake. Analyses of the soil samples indicated that the greenhouse soils were characterized by a lower organic matter content, lower pH, and higher soluble nutrients than the paddy soils in the area. The lower organic matter content of the greenhouse soils was ascribed to environmental or management factors rather than the clay content of the soil. Accumulation of soluble nutrients, especially inorganic N, was due to over-application of fertilizers, which also caused soil acidification. The average amount of readily available N, P, and K accumulated in the greenhouse soils was estimated to be equal to or higher than the annual input of these nutrients as a fertilizer, indicating that a reduction in fertilizer application was possible and recommended. In contrast, a very low available Si content was observed in the paddy soils, suggesting the need for Si application for rice production.展开更多
业已证实,发生在地壳中的地震能够触发后续地震,但对于更深的地震这种触发机制是否存在还未见文献说明。浅断层相互作用的模型表明,静态(永久)应力变化能够触发附近的地震,一般在距原发地震几个断层长度的范围内(King et al,1994;Harris...业已证实,发生在地壳中的地震能够触发后续地震,但对于更深的地震这种触发机制是否存在还未见文献说明。浅断层相互作用的模型表明,静态(永久)应力变化能够触发附近的地震,一般在距原发地震几个断层长度的范围内(King et al,1994;Harris,1998;Stein,1993)。而由地震波携带的动态(瞬态)应力既可以触发附近的地震,也可以触发远震(Hill et al,1993;Harris and Day,1993;Belardinelli et al,1999;Kilb et al,2000;Gomberg et al,1997)。本文中,我们对2002年8月19日发生在汤加的深源地震序列做了深入的分析,并给出静态触发作用和动态触发作用的证据。一次深度为598km的7.6级地震发生后7min,在相距300km的以前无震区发生了一次7.7级的地震(深度664km)。我们发现在第一个主震后,附近的余震往往集中在主震引发的静态应力升高的地区。但是第二次主震和其他的被触发的地震发生在距离第一次地震很远的地方,在那里静态应力的增加可以忽略不计,因此这表明是动态应力触发机制在起作用。被触发地震的发震时间同主震的主要地震波到时并不对应,并且这种动态触发的地震通常发生在地震区下面或附近的无震区。我们认为这些地震是在接近临界状态的地区由瞬变效应触发的,而在这些地区,如果没有外部影响,地震起始非常困难。展开更多
基金Supported by the JSPS KAKENHI,Japan(No.21255007)
文摘Paddy fields in the southeastern basin of Dianchi Lake have rapidly changed to greenhouses since 1999. A total of 61 surface soil samples, including 43 greenhouse soils, 12 upland soils, and 6 paddy soils, were collected from a flat lowland area mainly used for agricultural production fields in the southeastern basin of Dianchi Lake. Analyses of the soil samples indicated that the greenhouse soils were characterized by a lower organic matter content, lower pH, and higher soluble nutrients than the paddy soils in the area. The lower organic matter content of the greenhouse soils was ascribed to environmental or management factors rather than the clay content of the soil. Accumulation of soluble nutrients, especially inorganic N, was due to over-application of fertilizers, which also caused soil acidification. The average amount of readily available N, P, and K accumulated in the greenhouse soils was estimated to be equal to or higher than the annual input of these nutrients as a fertilizer, indicating that a reduction in fertilizer application was possible and recommended. In contrast, a very low available Si content was observed in the paddy soils, suggesting the need for Si application for rice production.
文摘业已证实,发生在地壳中的地震能够触发后续地震,但对于更深的地震这种触发机制是否存在还未见文献说明。浅断层相互作用的模型表明,静态(永久)应力变化能够触发附近的地震,一般在距原发地震几个断层长度的范围内(King et al,1994;Harris,1998;Stein,1993)。而由地震波携带的动态(瞬态)应力既可以触发附近的地震,也可以触发远震(Hill et al,1993;Harris and Day,1993;Belardinelli et al,1999;Kilb et al,2000;Gomberg et al,1997)。本文中,我们对2002年8月19日发生在汤加的深源地震序列做了深入的分析,并给出静态触发作用和动态触发作用的证据。一次深度为598km的7.6级地震发生后7min,在相距300km的以前无震区发生了一次7.7级的地震(深度664km)。我们发现在第一个主震后,附近的余震往往集中在主震引发的静态应力升高的地区。但是第二次主震和其他的被触发的地震发生在距离第一次地震很远的地方,在那里静态应力的增加可以忽略不计,因此这表明是动态应力触发机制在起作用。被触发地震的发震时间同主震的主要地震波到时并不对应,并且这种动态触发的地震通常发生在地震区下面或附近的无震区。我们认为这些地震是在接近临界状态的地区由瞬变效应触发的,而在这些地区,如果没有外部影响,地震起始非常困难。
