Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) in treating patients with low bladder compliance (BC) secondary to spinal cord injury (SCI). Methods: From 2011 to 2016, we retrospected...Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) in treating patients with low bladder compliance (BC) secondary to spinal cord injury (SCI). Methods: From 2011 to 2016, we retrospected patients who received BTX-A injections for LBC secondary to SCI. The primary outcomes were urodynamic parameters including maximum detrusor pressure (Pdetmax), bladder compliance (BC). Related adverse events were recorded. Results: 72 SCI patients were selected (62 males, 10 females, age range 18 - 52 years;mean age 28.5 years). 12 weeks after BTX-A injection, Pdetmax decreased from 51.02 cmH2O to 28.31 cmH2O. BC increased from 3.64 ml/cmH2O to 10.08 ml/cmH2O. 12 patients had mild transient haematuria for 1 - 2 days. Conclusion: Intradetrusor BTX-A injection was effective and safe for patients with low BC secondary to SCI.展开更多
Measurements of brightness temperatures from Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A （AMSU-A） temperature sounding instruments onboard NOAA Polar- orbiting Operational Environmental Satellites （POES） have been extensiv...Measurements of brightness temperatures from Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A （AMSU-A） temperature sounding instruments onboard NOAA Polar- orbiting Operational Environmental Satellites （POES） have been extensively used for studying atmospheric temperature trends over the past several decades. Inter- sensor biases, orbital drifts and diurnal variations of atmospheric and surface temperatures must be considered before using a merged long-term time series of AMSU-A measurements from NOAA- 15, - 18, - 19 and MetOp-A. We study the impacts of the orbital drift and orbital differences of local equator crossing times （LECTs） on temperature trends derivable from AMSU-A using near-nadir observa- tions from NOAA-15, NOAA-18, NOAA-19, and MetOp-A during 1998 - 2014 over the Amazon rainforest. The double difference method is firstly applied to estimation of inter-sensor biases between any two satellites during their overlapping time period. The inter-calibrated observations are then used to generate a monthly mean diurnal cycle of brightness temperature for each AMSU-A channel. A diurnal correction is finally applied each channel to obtain AMSU-A data valid at the same local time. Impacts of the inter-sensor bias correction and diurnal correction on the AMSU-A derived long-term atmospheric temperature trends are separately quantified and compared with those derived from original data. It is shown that the orbital drift and differences of LECT among different POESs induce a large uncertainty in AMSU-A derived long-term warming/cooling trends. After applying an inter-sensor bias correction and a diurnal correction, the warming trends at different local times, which are approximately the same, are smaller by half than the trends derived without applying these corrections.展开更多
文摘Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) in treating patients with low bladder compliance (BC) secondary to spinal cord injury (SCI). Methods: From 2011 to 2016, we retrospected patients who received BTX-A injections for LBC secondary to SCI. The primary outcomes were urodynamic parameters including maximum detrusor pressure (Pdetmax), bladder compliance (BC). Related adverse events were recorded. Results: 72 SCI patients were selected (62 males, 10 females, age range 18 - 52 years;mean age 28.5 years). 12 weeks after BTX-A injection, Pdetmax decreased from 51.02 cmH2O to 28.31 cmH2O. BC increased from 3.64 ml/cmH2O to 10.08 ml/cmH2O. 12 patients had mild transient haematuria for 1 - 2 days. Conclusion: Intradetrusor BTX-A injection was effective and safe for patients with low BC secondary to SCI.
基金The work was supported by JPSS Proving Ground and Risk Reduction （PGRR） program （Project No. NA11OAR4320199）, the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant No. 41505086） and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration （NOAA） under Grant NA14NES4320003.
文摘Measurements of brightness temperatures from Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A （AMSU-A） temperature sounding instruments onboard NOAA Polar- orbiting Operational Environmental Satellites （POES） have been extensively used for studying atmospheric temperature trends over the past several decades. Inter- sensor biases, orbital drifts and diurnal variations of atmospheric and surface temperatures must be considered before using a merged long-term time series of AMSU-A measurements from NOAA- 15, - 18, - 19 and MetOp-A. We study the impacts of the orbital drift and orbital differences of local equator crossing times （LECTs） on temperature trends derivable from AMSU-A using near-nadir observa- tions from NOAA-15, NOAA-18, NOAA-19, and MetOp-A during 1998 - 2014 over the Amazon rainforest. The double difference method is firstly applied to estimation of inter-sensor biases between any two satellites during their overlapping time period. The inter-calibrated observations are then used to generate a monthly mean diurnal cycle of brightness temperature for each AMSU-A channel. A diurnal correction is finally applied each channel to obtain AMSU-A data valid at the same local time. Impacts of the inter-sensor bias correction and diurnal correction on the AMSU-A derived long-term atmospheric temperature trends are separately quantified and compared with those derived from original data. It is shown that the orbital drift and differences of LECT among different POESs induce a large uncertainty in AMSU-A derived long-term warming/cooling trends. After applying an inter-sensor bias correction and a diurnal correction, the warming trends at different local times, which are approximately the same, are smaller by half than the trends derived without applying these corrections.
