Polychlorinated naphthalenes(PCNs)are detrimental to human health and the environment.With the commercial production of PCNs banned,unintentional releases have emerged as a significant environmental source.However,rel...Polychlorinated naphthalenes(PCNs)are detrimental to human health and the environment.With the commercial production of PCNs banned,unintentional releases have emerged as a significant environmental source.However,relevant information is still scarce.In this study,provincial emissions for eight PCNs homologues from 37 sources in the Chinese mainland during the period of 1960-2019 were estimated based on a source-specific and time-varying emission factor database.The results showed that the total PCNs emissions in 2019 reached 757.0 kg with Hebei ranked at the top among all the provinces and iron&steel industry as the biggest source.Low-chlorinated PCNs comprised 90%of emissions by mass,while highly chlorinated PCNs dominated in terms of toxicity,highlighting divergent priorities for mitigating emissions and safeguarding human health.The emissions showed an overall upward trend from 1960 to 2019 driven by emission increase from iron&steel industry in terms of source,and from North China and East China in terms of geographic area.Per-capita emissions followed an inverted U-shaped environmental Kuznets curvewhile emission intensities decreased with increasing per-capita Gross Domestic Product(GDP)following a nearly linear pattern when log-transformed.展开更多
Accurate genotyping and prognosis of glioma patients present significant clinical challenges,often dependent on subjective judgement and insufficient scientific evidence.This study aims to develop a robust,noninvasive...Accurate genotyping and prognosis of glioma patients present significant clinical challenges,often dependent on subjective judgement and insufficient scientific evidence.This study aims to develop a robust,noninvasive preoperative multi-modal MRIbased transformer learning model to predict IDH genotyping and glioma prognosis.This multi-centre study included 563 glioma patients to develop an interpretable classification model utilising various preoperative imaging sequences,including T1-weighted,T2-weighted,fluid-attenuated inversion recovery,contrast-enhanced T1-weighted,and diffusion-weighted imaging.The model employs a multi-task learning framework to extract and fuse radiomic,deep learning,and clinical features for IDH genotyping and glioma prognosis.Additionally,a multi-modal transformer strategy is integrated to analyse structural and functional MRI,thereby enhancing model performance.Experimental results indicate that the model demonstrates superior performance,surpassing previous research and other state-of-the-art methods.The model achieves an AUC of 91.40% in the IDH genotyping task and 93.37% in the glioma prognosis task.Group analysis reveals that the model exhibits higher sensitivity to IDH-mutant cases and more accurately identifies low-risk groups compared to medium-or high-risk groups.This study aims to achieve accurate IDH genotyping and glioma prognosis through effective classification method,offering valuable diagnostic insights for clinical practice and expediting treatment decisions.展开更多
Objective The study aim was to investigate the effects of exposure to multiple environmental organic pollutants on cardiopulmonary health with a focus on the potential mediating role of oxidative stress.Methods A repe...Objective The study aim was to investigate the effects of exposure to multiple environmental organic pollutants on cardiopulmonary health with a focus on the potential mediating role of oxidative stress.Methods A repeated-measures randomized crossover study involving healthy college students in Beijing was conducted. Biological samples, including morning urine and venous blood, were collected to measure concentrations of 29 typical organic pollutants, including hydroxy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(OH-PAHs), bisphenol A and its substitutes, phthalates and their metabolites, parabens,and five biomarkers of oxidative stress. Health assessments included blood pressure measurements and lung function indicators.Results Urinary concentrations of 2-hydroxyphenanthrene(2-OH-PHE)(β = 4.35% [95% confidence interval(CI): 0.85%, 7.97%]), 3-hydroxyphenanthrene(β = 3.44% [95% CI: 0.19%, 6.79%]), and 4-hydroxyphenanthrene(4-OH-PHE)(β = 5.78% [95% CI: 1.27%, 10.5%]) were significantly and positively associated with systolic blood pressure. Exposures to 1-hydroxypyrene(1-OH-PYR)(β = 3.05% [95% CI:-4.66%,-1.41%]), 2-OH-PHE(β = 2.68% [95% CI:-4%,-1.34%]), and 4-OH-PHE(β = 3% [95% CI:-4.68%,-1.29%]) were negatively associated with the ratio of forced expiratory volume in the first second to forced vital capacity. These findings highlight the adverse effects of exposure to multiple pollutants on cardiopulmonary health. Biomarkers of oxidative stress, including 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine and extracellular superoxide dismutase, mediated the effects of multiple OH-PAHs on blood pressure and lung function.Conclusion Exposure to multiple organic pollutants can adversely affect cardiopulmonary health.Oxidative stress is a key mediator of the effects of OH-PAHs on blood pressure and lung function.展开更多
Controlled combustion experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of fuel charge size, moisture, air ventilation and feeding rate on the emission factors （EFs） of carbonaceous particulate matter, parent ...Controlled combustion experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of fuel charge size, moisture, air ventilation and feeding rate on the emission factors （EFs） of carbonaceous particulate matter, parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （pPAHs） and their derivatives from residential wood combustion in a typical brick cooking stove. Measured EFs were found to be independent of fuel charge size, but increased with increasing fuel moisture. Pollution emissions from the normal burning under an adequate air supply condition were the lowest for most pollutants, while more pollutants were emitted when an oxygen deficient atmosphere was formed in the stove chamber during fast burning. The impacts of these factors on the size distribution of emitted particles was also studied. Modified combustion efficiency and the four investigated factors explained 68%, 72%, and 64% of total variations in EFs of PM, organic carbon, and oxygenated PAHs, respectively, but only 36%, 38% and 42% of the total variations in EFs of elemental carbon, pPAHs and nitro-PAHs, respectively.展开更多
Emission factors （EFs） of parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （pPAHs）, nitrated PAHs （nPAHs）, and oxygenated PAHs （oPAHs） were measured for indoor corn straw burned in a brick cooking stove under different...Emission factors （EFs） of parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （pPAHs）, nitrated PAHs （nPAHs）, and oxygenated PAHs （oPAHs） were measured for indoor corn straw burned in a brick cooking stove under different burning conditions. The EFs of total 28 pPAHs, 6 nPAHs and 4 oPAHs were （7.9 ±3.4）, （6.5 ±1.6）×10^-3, and （6.1 ±1.4）×10^-1mg/kg, respectively. Fuel charge size had insignificant influence on the pollutant emissions. Measured EFs increased significantly in a fast burning due to the oxygen deficient atmosphere formed in the stove chamber. In both restricted and enhanced air supply conditions, the EFs of pPAHs, nPAHs and oPAHs were significantly higher than those measured in normal burning conditions. Though EFs varied among different burning conditions, the composition profiles and calculated isomer ratios were similar, without significant differences. The results from the stepwise regression model showed that fuel burning rate, air supply amount, and modified combustion efficiency were the three most significant influencing factors, explaining 72%-85% of the total variations.展开更多
Individual countries are requested to submit nationally determined contributions(NDCs)to alleviate global warming in the Paris Agreement.However,the global climate effects and regional contributions are not explicitly...Individual countries are requested to submit nationally determined contributions(NDCs)to alleviate global warming in the Paris Agreement.However,the global climate effects and regional contributions are not explicitly considered in the countries’decision-making process.In this study,we evaluate the global temperature slowdown of the NDC scenario(ΔT=0.6°C)and attribute the global temperature slowdown to certain regions of the world with a compact earth system model.Considering reductions in CO_(2),CH_(4),N_(2)O,BC,and SO_(2),the R5OECD(the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development in 1990)and R5ASIA(Asian countries)are the top two contributors to global warming mitigation,accounting for 39.3%and 36.8%,respectively.R5LAM(Latin America and the Caribbean)and R5MAF(the Middle East and Africa)followed behind,with contributions of 11.5%and 8.9%,respectively.The remaining 3.5%is attributed to R5REF(the Reforming Economies).Carbon Dioxide emission reduction is the decisive factor of regional contributions,but not the only one.Other greenhouse gases are also important,especially for R5MAF.The contribution of short-lived aerosols is small but significant,notably SO_(2)reduction in R5ASIA.We argue that additional species beyond CO_(2)need to be considered,including short-lived pollutants,when planning a route to mitigate climate change.It needs to be emphasized that there is still a gap to achieve the Paris Agreement 2-degree target with current NDC efforts,let alone the ambitious 1.5-degree target.All countries need to pursue stricter reduction policies for a more sustainable world.展开更多
Epidemiological studies have demonstrated the exacerbation of respiratory diseases following sandstorm-derived particulate matter（PM） exposure.The presence of anthropogenic and biological agents on the sandstorm PM ...Epidemiological studies have demonstrated the exacerbation of respiratory diseases following sandstorm-derived particulate matter（PM） exposure.The presence of anthropogenic and biological agents on the sandstorm PM and the escalation of PM 〈 2.5 μm（PM2.5）pollution in China have led to serious concerns regarding the health effects of PM2.5during Asian sandstorms.We investigated how changes in PM2.5composition,as the weather transitioned towards a sandstorm,affected human airway epithelial cells.Six PM2.5samples covering two sandstorm events and their respective background and transition periods were collected in Baotou,an industrial city near the Gobi Desert in China.PM samples from all three periods had mild cytotoxicity in human bronchial epithelial cell line BEAS-2B,which was positively correlated with the contents of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and several metals.All PM samples potently increased the release of interleukin-6（IL-6） and interleukin-8（IL-8）.Endotoxin in all samples contributed significantly to the IL-6 response,with only a minor effect on IL-8.Cr was positively correlated with both IL-6 and IL-8 release,while Si was only associated with the increase of IL-6.Our study suggests that local agricultural and industrial surroundings in addition to the sandstorm play important roles in the respiratory effects of sandstorm-derived PM.展开更多
Residential low efficient fuel burning is a major source of many air pollutants produced during incomplete combustions, and household air pollution has been identified as one of the top environmental risk factors. Her...Residential low efficient fuel burning is a major source of many air pollutants produced during incomplete combustions, and household air pollution has been identified as one of the top environmental risk factors. Here we compiled literature-reported emission factors of pollutants including carbon monoxide（CO）, total suspended particles（TSPs）, PM2.5, organic carbon（OC）,elemental carbon（EC） and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons（PAHs） for different household energy sources, and quantified the potential for emission reduction by clean fuel adoption. The burning of crop straws, firewood and coal chunks in residential stoves had high emissions per unit fuel mass but lower thermal efficiencies, resulting in high levels of pollution emissions per unit of useful energy, whereas pelletized biofuels and coal briquettes had lower pollutant emissions and higher thermal efficiencies. Briquetting coal may lead to 82%–88% CO, 74%–99%TSP, 73%–76% PM2.5, 64%–98% OC, 92%–99% EC and 80%–83% PAH reductions compared to raw chunk coal. Biomass pelletizing technology would achieve 88%–97% CO, 73%–87% TSP, 79%–88%PM2.5, 94%–96% OC, 91%–99% EC and 63%–96% PAH reduction compared to biomass burning. The adoption of gas fuels（i.e., liquid petroleum gas, natural gas） would achieve significant pollutant reduction, nearly 96% for targeted pollutants. The reduction is related not only to fuel change, but also to the usage of high efficiency stoves.展开更多
The uncertainty in emission estimation is strongly associated with the variation in emission factor （EF）,which could be influenced by a variety of factors such as fuel properties,stove type,fire management and even ...The uncertainty in emission estimation is strongly associated with the variation in emission factor （EF）,which could be influenced by a variety of factors such as fuel properties,stove type,fire management and even methods used in measurements.The impacts of these factors are complicated and often interact with each other.Controlled burning experiments were conducted to investigate the influences of fuel mass load,air supply and burning rate on the emissions and size distributions of carbonaceous particulate matter （PM） from indoor corn straw burning in a cooking stove.The results showed that the EFs of PM （EFPM）,organic carbon （EFOC） and elemental carbon （EFEC） were independent of the fuel mass load.The differences among them under different burning rates or air supply amounts were also found to be insignificant （p 〉 0.05） in the tested circumstances.PM from the indoor corn straw burning was dominated by fine PM with diameter less than 2.1 μm,contributing 86.4%±3.9% of the total.The size distribution of PM was influenced by the burning rate and air supply conditions.On average,EF PM,EF OC and EF EC for corn straw burned in a residential cooking stove were （3.84±1.02）,（0.846±0.895） and （0.391±0.350） g/kg,respectively.EF PM,EF OC and EF EC were found to be positively correlated with each other （p 〈 0.05）,but they were not significantly correlated with the EF of co-emitted CO,suggesting that special attention should be paid to the use of CO as a surrogate for other incomplete combustion pollutants.展开更多
Household air pollution is considered to be among the top environmental risks in China.To examine the performance of improved stoves for reduction of indoor particulate matter（PM） emission and exposure in rural hous...Household air pollution is considered to be among the top environmental risks in China.To examine the performance of improved stoves for reduction of indoor particulate matter（PM） emission and exposure in rural households, individual inhalation exposure to size-resolved PM was investigated using personal portable samplers carried by residents using wood gasifier stoves or improved coal stoves in a rural county in Central China.Concentrations of PM with different sizes in stationary indoor and outdoor air were also monitored at paired sites. The stationary concentrations of size-resolved PM in indoor air were greater than those in outdoor air, especially finer particles PM0.25. The daily averaged exposure concentrations of PM0.25, PM1.0, PM2.5 and total suspended particle for all the surveyed residents were 74.4 ± 41.1, 159.3 ± 74.3, 176.7 ± 78.1 and 217.9 ± 78.1 μg/m3,respectively. Even using the improved stoves, the individual exposure to indoor PM far exceeded the air quality guideline by WHO at 25 μg/m3. Submicron particles PM1.0 were the dominant PM fraction for personal exposure and indoor and outdoor air. Personal exposure exhibited a closer correlation with indoor PM concentrations than that for outdoor concentrations. Both inhalation exposure and indoor air PM concentrations in the rural households with gasifier firewood stoves were evidently lower than the reported results using traditional firewood stoves. However, local governments in the studied rural areas should exercise caution when widely and hastily promoting gasifier firewood stoves in place of improved coal stoves, due to the higher PM levels in indoor and outdoor air and personal inhaled exposure.展开更多
Solid fuel use(SFU)is common in most developing countries and would release many hazardous air pollutants posing high risks on human health.The Global Burden of Disease(GBD)study highlighted risks associated with hous...Solid fuel use(SFU)is common in most developing countries and would release many hazardous air pollutants posing high risks on human health.The Global Burden of Disease(GBD)study highlighted risks associated with household SFU in Pakistan,however,high uncertainties prevail because of scanty data on SFU and unaccounted energy stacking.This study conducted a field campaign aiming at collecting first-hand data on household energy mix in Pakistan.The first survey was in Punjab and Azad Kashmir,and revealed that stacked energy use was pervasive,especially for cooking.The stacking was found to be much more obvious in SFU households(defined as those using SFU dominantly)compared to those non-SFU.There were significantly substantial differences between Azad Kashmir and Punjab because of distinct resources available and economic conditions.Woody materials comprised up to nearly 70% in Azad Kashmir,but in Punjab,gas was frequently used for cooking.Only investigating primary household energy would probably overestimate main energy types that being used for a longer time but underestimated other supplements,suggesting the preference of multiple-energy surveys in household energy studies.展开更多
Alxa League,located in the western part of Inner Mongolia,China,frequently suffers from sandstorms.Such dusty conditions result in sharp increases in respirable particulate matter(PM10)concentration in outdoor and ind...Alxa League,located in the western part of Inner Mongolia,China,frequently suffers from sandstorms.Such dusty conditions result in sharp increases in respirable particulate matter(PM10)concentration in outdoor and indoor environments,posing a significant health risk to local inhabitants.Vernacular dwellings in this area feature a specific floor plan that includes an entrance space to safeguard indoor air quality during sandstorms while being compatible with the local climate.This study utilises CONTAM,a multizone indoor air quality and ventilation analysis computer program,and field measurements to quantitatively evaluate the effectiveness of the entrance space in protecting indoor air quality against ambient PM10 pollution under both dusty and normal conditions.The simulation results reveal that the entrance space can effectively mitigate PM10 pollution in the middle room,lowering the average concentration from 47.0μg/m^(3) to 37.5μg/m^(3) during dust periods.However,PM10 pollution may increase in the entrance space,reaching an average concentration of up to 70.0μg/m^(3).Experimental outcomes align with the simulated results.Given that construction activities exacerbate desertification and frequent sandstorms,the above findings help identify the optimal design strategies for energy-efficient green vernacular dwellings in the targeted desert area,promoting environmental harmony and addressing climate change challenges.展开更多
Globally,over three billion people rely on traditional solid fuels for cooking and heating,leading to significant household air pollution and critical public health concerns.While transitioning to clean energy carrier...Globally,over three billion people rely on traditional solid fuels for cooking and heating,leading to significant household air pollution and critical public health concerns.While transitioning to clean energy carriers faces challenges of accessibility and affordabilitydespecially among low-income,rural populationsdalternative strategies like kitchen layout modifications and the use of ventilation fans may effectively reduce exposure to pollutants.Here,we analyze factors influencing the adoption of separated kitchens and mechanical ventilation and evaluate changes in human exposure to PM2.5 under different kitchen renovation scenarios by conducting a nationwide survey of household kitchen characteristics in rural China.We found that although 82%of rural households have kitchens separated from other rooms,only 34%use mechanical ventilation.The adoption of ventilation fans is significantly influenced by income and education levels.We estimate that widespread implementation of ventilation fans and separated kitchen designs could prevent approximately 67400 premature deaths annually,resulting in a health benefit of about USD 19 billion per yeardsubstantially exceeding the costs involved.These findings suggest that cost-effective kitchen renovations offer enormous potential for substantial health benefits and present a practical solution compared to the challenges of clean energy transitions in rural areas.展开更多
It is well recognized that carbon dioxide and air pollutants share similar emission sources so that synergetic policies on climate change mitigation and air pollution control can lead to remarkable co-benefits on gree...It is well recognized that carbon dioxide and air pollutants share similar emission sources so that synergetic policies on climate change mitigation and air pollution control can lead to remarkable co-benefits on greenhouse gas reduction,air quality improvement,and improved health.In the context of carbon peak,carbon neutrality,and clean air policies,this perspective tracks and analyzes the process of the synergetic governance of air pollution and climate change in China by developing and monitoring 18 indicators.The 18 indicators cover the following five aspects:air pollution and associated weather-climate conditions,progress in structural transition,sources,inks,and mitigation pathway of atmospheric composition,health impacts and benefits of coordinated control,and synergetic governance system and practices.By tracking the progress in each indicator,this perspective presents the major accomplishment of coordinated control,identifies the emerging challenges toward the synergetic governance,and provides policy recommendations for designing a synergetic roadmap of Carbon Neutrality and Clean Air for China.展开更多
Biomass is one most abundant resource on the earth providing important energies in support of so-cioeconomic development in many areas.Burning of biomass fuels comprises to nearly 10%of the total energy from anthropog...Biomass is one most abundant resource on the earth providing important energies in support of so-cioeconomic development in many areas.Burning of biomass fuels comprises to nearly 10%of the total energy from anthropogenic combustion processes:however,as the burning is usually incomplete,this process yields products of incomplete combustion posing consequently significant impacts on air quality,human health,and climate change.Here,we analyzed spatiotemporal characteristics in intentional and unintentional biomass burning from different sectors,discussed impacts of biomass burning emissions on indoor and outdoor air quality,and consequent influences on human health.The global total con-sumption amount of biomass including both natural and anthropogenic sources was approximately 7900 Tg in 2019,with significantly large regional and sectorial discrepancies among regions.Globally,anthropogenic biomass burning amounts increased gradually,but notably in some developing countries like China residential consumption of biomass fuels,as one large sector of biomass use,decreased over time.Uncommercial biomass consumption needs to be accurately quantified.There are relatively rich datasets of pollutant emission factors from biomass burning,including laboratory and field tests,but still large variations exit and contribute substantially to the uncertainty in emission inventory.Global pri-mary PM2.5,black carbon and organic carbon emissions from biomass burning were about 51,4.6,and 29 Tg,respectively,contributing to nearly 70%,55%,and 90%of the total emission from all sources,and emissions from the residential sector and open fires are major sources.Brown carbon emissions from biomass burning attracts growing interests but available studies adopted different methodologies challenging the comparability of those results.Biomass burning emissions polluted not only ambient air but more severely indoor air quality,adversely affecting human health.Future studies that should be emphasized and promoted are suggested.展开更多
Light-absorbing organic carbon(OC),sometimes known as Brown Carbon(BrC),has been recognized as an important fraction of carbonaceous aerosols substantially affecting radiative forcing.This study firstly developed a bo...Light-absorbing organic carbon(OC),sometimes known as Brown Carbon(BrC),has been recognized as an important fraction of carbonaceous aerosols substantially affecting radiative forcing.This study firstly developed a bottom-up estimate of global primary BrC,and discussed its spatiotemporal distribution and source contributions from 1960 to 2010.The global total primary BrC emission from both natural and anthropogenic sources in 2010 was 7.26(5.98-8.93 as an interquartile range)Tg,with 43.5%from anthropogenic sources.High primary BrC emissions were in regions such as Africa,South America,South and East Asia with natural sources(wild fires and deforestation)contributing over 70%in the former two regions,while in East Asia,anthropogenic sources,especially residential solid fuel combustion,accounted for over 80%of the regional total BrC emissions.Globally,the historical trend was mainly driven by anthropogenic sources,which increased from 1960 to 1990 and then started to decline.Residential emissions significantly impacted on emissions and temporal trends that varied by region.In South and Southeast Asia,the emissions increased obviously due to population growth and a slow transition from solid fuels to clean modern energies in the residential sector.It is estimated that in primary OC,the global average was about 20%BrC,but this ratio varied from 13%to 47%,depending on sector and region.In areas with high residential solid fuel combustion emissions,the ratio was generally twice the value in other areas.Uncertainties in the work are associated with the concept of BrC and measurement technologies,pointing to the need for more studies on BrC analysis and quantification in both emissions and the air.展开更多
Chinese cooking features several unique processes,e.g.,stir-frying and pan-frying,which represent important sources of household air pollution.However,factors affecting household air pollution and the vertical variati...Chinese cooking features several unique processes,e.g.,stir-frying and pan-frying,which represent important sources of household air pollution.However,factors affecting household air pollution and the vertical variations of indoor pollutants during Chinese cooking are less clear.Here,using low-cost sensors with high time resolutions,we measured concentrations of five gas species and particulate matter(PM)in three different sizes at multiple heights in a kitchen during eighteen different Chinese cooking events.We found indoor gas species were elevated by 21%-106%during cooking,compared to the background,and PMs were elevated by 44%-159%.Vertically,the pollutants concentrations were highly variable during cooking periods.Gas species generally showed a monotonic increase with height,while PMs changed more diversely depending on the cooking activity's intensity.Intense cooking,e.g.,stir-frying,pan-frying,or cooking on high heat,tended to shoot PMs to the upper layers,while moderate ones left PMs within the breathing zone.Individuals with different heights would be subject to different levels of household air pollution exposure during cooking.The high vertical variability challenges the current indoor standard that presumes a uniform pollution level within the breathing zone and thus has important implications for public health and policy making.展开更多
基金supported by National Key R&D Program of China (No.2022YFC3105800)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.42277388,42230505,42206148,and 41907313)the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (No.19ZR1415100).
文摘Polychlorinated naphthalenes(PCNs)are detrimental to human health and the environment.With the commercial production of PCNs banned,unintentional releases have emerged as a significant environmental source.However,relevant information is still scarce.In this study,provincial emissions for eight PCNs homologues from 37 sources in the Chinese mainland during the period of 1960-2019 were estimated based on a source-specific and time-varying emission factor database.The results showed that the total PCNs emissions in 2019 reached 757.0 kg with Hebei ranked at the top among all the provinces and iron&steel industry as the biggest source.Low-chlorinated PCNs comprised 90%of emissions by mass,while highly chlorinated PCNs dominated in terms of toxicity,highlighting divergent priorities for mitigating emissions and safeguarding human health.The emissions showed an overall upward trend from 1960 to 2019 driven by emission increase from iron&steel industry in terms of source,and from North China and East China in terms of geographic area.Per-capita emissions followed an inverted U-shaped environmental Kuznets curvewhile emission intensities decreased with increasing per-capita Gross Domestic Product(GDP)following a nearly linear pattern when log-transformed.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants 82441022,82371934)Medical Science and Technology Research Project of Henan Province(SBGJ202101002)+1 种基金Joint Fund of Henan Province Science and Technology R&D Programme(225200810062)Henan Provincial Medical Science and Technology Research Joint Construction Project(LHGJ20240053,LHGJ20240036).
文摘Accurate genotyping and prognosis of glioma patients present significant clinical challenges,often dependent on subjective judgement and insufficient scientific evidence.This study aims to develop a robust,noninvasive preoperative multi-modal MRIbased transformer learning model to predict IDH genotyping and glioma prognosis.This multi-centre study included 563 glioma patients to develop an interpretable classification model utilising various preoperative imaging sequences,including T1-weighted,T2-weighted,fluid-attenuated inversion recovery,contrast-enhanced T1-weighted,and diffusion-weighted imaging.The model employs a multi-task learning framework to extract and fuse radiomic,deep learning,and clinical features for IDH genotyping and glioma prognosis.Additionally,a multi-modal transformer strategy is integrated to analyse structural and functional MRI,thereby enhancing model performance.Experimental results indicate that the model demonstrates superior performance,surpassing previous research and other state-of-the-art methods.The model achieves an AUC of 91.40% in the IDH genotyping task and 93.37% in the glioma prognosis task.Group analysis reveals that the model exhibits higher sensitivity to IDH-mutant cases and more accurately identifies low-risk groups compared to medium-or high-risk groups.This study aims to achieve accurate IDH genotyping and glioma prognosis through effective classification method,offering valuable diagnostic insights for clinical practice and expediting treatment decisions.
基金supported by the National Key Research&Development Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2022YFE0134900,2023YFC3708305,2023YFC3708302)Strategy Priority Research Program(Category B)of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDB0750300)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42477455,42077390).
文摘Objective The study aim was to investigate the effects of exposure to multiple environmental organic pollutants on cardiopulmonary health with a focus on the potential mediating role of oxidative stress.Methods A repeated-measures randomized crossover study involving healthy college students in Beijing was conducted. Biological samples, including morning urine and venous blood, were collected to measure concentrations of 29 typical organic pollutants, including hydroxy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(OH-PAHs), bisphenol A and its substitutes, phthalates and their metabolites, parabens,and five biomarkers of oxidative stress. Health assessments included blood pressure measurements and lung function indicators.Results Urinary concentrations of 2-hydroxyphenanthrene(2-OH-PHE)(β = 4.35% [95% confidence interval(CI): 0.85%, 7.97%]), 3-hydroxyphenanthrene(β = 3.44% [95% CI: 0.19%, 6.79%]), and 4-hydroxyphenanthrene(4-OH-PHE)(β = 5.78% [95% CI: 1.27%, 10.5%]) were significantly and positively associated with systolic blood pressure. Exposures to 1-hydroxypyrene(1-OH-PYR)(β = 3.05% [95% CI:-4.66%,-1.41%]), 2-OH-PHE(β = 2.68% [95% CI:-4%,-1.34%]), and 4-OH-PHE(β = 3% [95% CI:-4.68%,-1.29%]) were negatively associated with the ratio of forced expiratory volume in the first second to forced vital capacity. These findings highlight the adverse effects of exposure to multiple pollutants on cardiopulmonary health. Biomarkers of oxidative stress, including 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine and extracellular superoxide dismutase, mediated the effects of multiple OH-PAHs on blood pressure and lung function.Conclusion Exposure to multiple organic pollutants can adversely affect cardiopulmonary health.Oxidative stress is a key mediator of the effects of OH-PAHs on blood pressure and lung function.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 41130754, and 41001343)the Beijing Municipal Government (No. YB20101000101)+2 种基金the Ministry of Environmental Protection (No. 201209018)the NIEHS (No. P42 ES016465)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 2013M531322)
文摘Controlled combustion experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of fuel charge size, moisture, air ventilation and feeding rate on the emission factors （EFs） of carbonaceous particulate matter, parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （pPAHs） and their derivatives from residential wood combustion in a typical brick cooking stove. Measured EFs were found to be independent of fuel charge size, but increased with increasing fuel moisture. Pollution emissions from the normal burning under an adequate air supply condition were the lowest for most pollutants, while more pollutants were emitted when an oxygen deficient atmosphere was formed in the stove chamber during fast burning. The impacts of these factors on the size distribution of emitted particles was also studied. Modified combustion efficiency and the four investigated factors explained 68%, 72%, and 64% of total variations in EFs of PM, organic carbon, and oxygenated PAHs, respectively, but only 36%, 38% and 42% of the total variations in EFs of elemental carbon, pPAHs and nitro-PAHs, respectively.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.41130754,41001343)the Beijing Municipal Government (No.YB20101000101)+2 种基金Ministry of Environmental Protection (No.201209018)NIEHS (No.P42 ES016465)Guofeng Shen’s work in was supported by Jiangsu EPDProject (combined air pollution in Nanjing and surrounding area)
文摘Emission factors （EFs） of parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （pPAHs）, nitrated PAHs （nPAHs）, and oxygenated PAHs （oPAHs） were measured for indoor corn straw burned in a brick cooking stove under different burning conditions. The EFs of total 28 pPAHs, 6 nPAHs and 4 oPAHs were （7.9 ±3.4）, （6.5 ±1.6）×10^-3, and （6.1 ±1.4）×10^-1mg/kg, respectively. Fuel charge size had insignificant influence on the pollutant emissions. Measured EFs increased significantly in a fast burning due to the oxygen deficient atmosphere formed in the stove chamber. In both restricted and enhanced air supply conditions, the EFs of pPAHs, nPAHs and oPAHs were significantly higher than those measured in normal burning conditions. Though EFs varied among different burning conditions, the composition profiles and calculated isomer ratios were similar, without significant differences. The results from the stepwise regression model showed that fuel burning rate, air supply amount, and modified combustion efficiency were the three most significant influencing factors, explaining 72%-85% of the total variations.
基金funded by the undergraduate student research training program of the Ministry of Education, the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants Nos. 41771495, 41830641, and 41988101)the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program Grant 2019QZKK0208+1 种基金funded by the European Research Council Synergy project “Imbalance-P ” (Grant No. ERC-2013-Sy G-610028)the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation project “CONSTRAIN” (Grant No. 820829)
文摘Individual countries are requested to submit nationally determined contributions(NDCs)to alleviate global warming in the Paris Agreement.However,the global climate effects and regional contributions are not explicitly considered in the countries’decision-making process.In this study,we evaluate the global temperature slowdown of the NDC scenario(ΔT=0.6°C)and attribute the global temperature slowdown to certain regions of the world with a compact earth system model.Considering reductions in CO_(2),CH_(4),N_(2)O,BC,and SO_(2),the R5OECD(the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development in 1990)and R5ASIA(Asian countries)are the top two contributors to global warming mitigation,accounting for 39.3%and 36.8%,respectively.R5LAM(Latin America and the Caribbean)and R5MAF(the Middle East and Africa)followed behind,with contributions of 11.5%and 8.9%,respectively.The remaining 3.5%is attributed to R5REF(the Reforming Economies).Carbon Dioxide emission reduction is the decisive factor of regional contributions,but not the only one.Other greenhouse gases are also important,especially for R5MAF.The contribution of short-lived aerosols is small but significant,notably SO_(2)reduction in R5ASIA.We argue that additional species beyond CO_(2)need to be considered,including short-lived pollutants,when planning a route to mitigate climate change.It needs to be emphasized that there is still a gap to achieve the Paris Agreement 2-degree target with current NDC efforts,let alone the ambitious 1.5-degree target.All countries need to pursue stricter reduction policies for a more sustainable world.
基金mainly supported by the International Visiting Research Scholar Award (B.Wang) and the Startup Fund (N.Li) from Michigan State University (RN031227)partly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.41390240,41130754,30230310,and 41401583)
文摘Epidemiological studies have demonstrated the exacerbation of respiratory diseases following sandstorm-derived particulate matter（PM） exposure.The presence of anthropogenic and biological agents on the sandstorm PM and the escalation of PM 〈 2.5 μm（PM2.5）pollution in China have led to serious concerns regarding the health effects of PM2.5during Asian sandstorms.We investigated how changes in PM2.5composition,as the weather transitioned towards a sandstorm,affected human airway epithelial cells.Six PM2.5samples covering two sandstorm events and their respective background and transition periods were collected in Baotou,an industrial city near the Gobi Desert in China.PM samples from all three periods had mild cytotoxicity in human bronchial epithelial cell line BEAS-2B,which was positively correlated with the contents of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and several metals.All PM samples potently increased the release of interleukin-6（IL-6） and interleukin-8（IL-8）.Endotoxin in all samples contributed significantly to the IL-6 response,with only a minor effect on IL-8.Cr was positively correlated with both IL-6 and IL-8 release,while Si was only associated with the increase of IL-6.Our study suggests that local agricultural and industrial surroundings in addition to the sandstorm play important roles in the respiratory effects of sandstorm-derived PM.
基金Funding for the study was supported by the United Nation Foundation (No. RFP 13-1)the National Natural Science Foundation (No. 41301554)Jiangsu Natural Science Foundation (No. BK20131031)
文摘Residential low efficient fuel burning is a major source of many air pollutants produced during incomplete combustions, and household air pollution has been identified as one of the top environmental risk factors. Here we compiled literature-reported emission factors of pollutants including carbon monoxide（CO）, total suspended particles（TSPs）, PM2.5, organic carbon（OC）,elemental carbon（EC） and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons（PAHs） for different household energy sources, and quantified the potential for emission reduction by clean fuel adoption. The burning of crop straws, firewood and coal chunks in residential stoves had high emissions per unit fuel mass but lower thermal efficiencies, resulting in high levels of pollution emissions per unit of useful energy, whereas pelletized biofuels and coal briquettes had lower pollutant emissions and higher thermal efficiencies. Briquetting coal may lead to 82%–88% CO, 74%–99%TSP, 73%–76% PM2.5, 64%–98% OC, 92%–99% EC and 80%–83% PAH reductions compared to raw chunk coal. Biomass pelletizing technology would achieve 88%–97% CO, 73%–87% TSP, 79%–88%PM2.5, 94%–96% OC, 91%–99% EC and 63%–96% PAH reduction compared to biomass burning. The adoption of gas fuels（i.e., liquid petroleum gas, natural gas） would achieve significant pollutant reduction, nearly 96% for targeted pollutants. The reduction is related not only to fuel change, but also to the usage of high efficiency stoves.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41130754,41001343,41001343)the Beijing Municipal Government(No.YB20101000101)+1 种基金the Ministry of Environmental Protection(No.201209018)NIEHS(No.P42ES016465)
文摘The uncertainty in emission estimation is strongly associated with the variation in emission factor （EF）,which could be influenced by a variety of factors such as fuel properties,stove type,fire management and even methods used in measurements.The impacts of these factors are complicated and often interact with each other.Controlled burning experiments were conducted to investigate the influences of fuel mass load,air supply and burning rate on the emissions and size distributions of carbonaceous particulate matter （PM） from indoor corn straw burning in a cooking stove.The results showed that the EFs of PM （EFPM）,organic carbon （EFOC） and elemental carbon （EFEC） were independent of the fuel mass load.The differences among them under different burning rates or air supply amounts were also found to be insignificant （p 〉 0.05） in the tested circumstances.PM from the indoor corn straw burning was dominated by fine PM with diameter less than 2.1 μm,contributing 86.4%±3.9% of the total.The size distribution of PM was influenced by the burning rate and air supply conditions.On average,EF PM,EF OC and EF EC for corn straw burned in a residential cooking stove were （3.84±1.02）,（0.846±0.895） and （0.391±0.350） g/kg,respectively.EF PM,EF OC and EF EC were found to be positively correlated with each other （p 〈 0.05）,but they were not significantly correlated with the EF of co-emitted CO,suggesting that special attention should be paid to the use of CO as a surrogate for other incomplete combustion pollutants.
基金Natural Science Foundation Committee of China(No.41390240,41130754,and 41161160559)National Basic Research Program of China(No.2014CB441101)+1 种基金Science&Technology Basic Special Fund(No.2013FY111100-04)Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves under PR-15-39809
文摘Household air pollution is considered to be among the top environmental risks in China.To examine the performance of improved stoves for reduction of indoor particulate matter（PM） emission and exposure in rural households, individual inhalation exposure to size-resolved PM was investigated using personal portable samplers carried by residents using wood gasifier stoves or improved coal stoves in a rural county in Central China.Concentrations of PM with different sizes in stationary indoor and outdoor air were also monitored at paired sites. The stationary concentrations of size-resolved PM in indoor air were greater than those in outdoor air, especially finer particles PM0.25. The daily averaged exposure concentrations of PM0.25, PM1.0, PM2.5 and total suspended particle for all the surveyed residents were 74.4 ± 41.1, 159.3 ± 74.3, 176.7 ± 78.1 and 217.9 ± 78.1 μg/m3,respectively. Even using the improved stoves, the individual exposure to indoor PM far exceeded the air quality guideline by WHO at 25 μg/m3. Submicron particles PM1.0 were the dominant PM fraction for personal exposure and indoor and outdoor air. Personal exposure exhibited a closer correlation with indoor PM concentrations than that for outdoor concentrations. Both inhalation exposure and indoor air PM concentrations in the rural households with gasifier firewood stoves were evidently lower than the reported results using traditional firewood stoves. However, local governments in the studied rural areas should exercise caution when widely and hastily promoting gasifier firewood stoves in place of improved coal stoves, due to the higher PM levels in indoor and outdoor air and personal inhaled exposure.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41922057,41830641 and 42077328)the Ministry of Science and Technology(No.2019QZKK0605)the undergraduate student research training program of the Ministry of Education(No.B111).
文摘Solid fuel use(SFU)is common in most developing countries and would release many hazardous air pollutants posing high risks on human health.The Global Burden of Disease(GBD)study highlighted risks associated with household SFU in Pakistan,however,high uncertainties prevail because of scanty data on SFU and unaccounted energy stacking.This study conducted a field campaign aiming at collecting first-hand data on household energy mix in Pakistan.The first survey was in Punjab and Azad Kashmir,and revealed that stacked energy use was pervasive,especially for cooking.The stacking was found to be much more obvious in SFU households(defined as those using SFU dominantly)compared to those non-SFU.There were significantly substantial differences between Azad Kashmir and Punjab because of distinct resources available and economic conditions.Woody materials comprised up to nearly 70% in Azad Kashmir,but in Punjab,gas was frequently used for cooking.Only investigating primary household energy would probably overestimate main energy types that being used for a longer time but underestimated other supplements,suggesting the preference of multiple-energy surveys in household energy studies.
基金supported by the funding from National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52008199)special fund of Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control(No.BZ0344KF20-09)China and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.0902/14380035),China.
文摘Alxa League,located in the western part of Inner Mongolia,China,frequently suffers from sandstorms.Such dusty conditions result in sharp increases in respirable particulate matter(PM10)concentration in outdoor and indoor environments,posing a significant health risk to local inhabitants.Vernacular dwellings in this area feature a specific floor plan that includes an entrance space to safeguard indoor air quality during sandstorms while being compatible with the local climate.This study utilises CONTAM,a multizone indoor air quality and ventilation analysis computer program,and field measurements to quantitatively evaluate the effectiveness of the entrance space in protecting indoor air quality against ambient PM10 pollution under both dusty and normal conditions.The simulation results reveal that the entrance space can effectively mitigate PM10 pollution in the middle room,lowering the average concentration from 47.0μg/m^(3) to 37.5μg/m^(3) during dust periods.However,PM10 pollution may increase in the entrance space,reaching an average concentration of up to 70.0μg/m^(3).Experimental outcomes align with the simulated results.Given that construction activities exacerbate desertification and frequent sandstorms,the above findings help identify the optimal design strategies for energy-efficient green vernacular dwellings in the targeted desert area,promoting environmental harmony and addressing climate change challenges.
基金Funding for this work was partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42371077)the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China(2023YFE0112900).
文摘Globally,over three billion people rely on traditional solid fuels for cooking and heating,leading to significant household air pollution and critical public health concerns.While transitioning to clean energy carriers faces challenges of accessibility and affordabilitydespecially among low-income,rural populationsdalternative strategies like kitchen layout modifications and the use of ventilation fans may effectively reduce exposure to pollutants.Here,we analyze factors influencing the adoption of separated kitchens and mechanical ventilation and evaluate changes in human exposure to PM2.5 under different kitchen renovation scenarios by conducting a nationwide survey of household kitchen characteristics in rural China.We found that although 82%of rural households have kitchens separated from other rooms,only 34%use mechanical ventilation.The adoption of ventilation fans is significantly influenced by income and education levels.We estimate that widespread implementation of ventilation fans and separated kitchen designs could prevent approximately 67400 premature deaths annually,resulting in a health benefit of about USD 19 billion per yeardsubstantially exceeding the costs involved.These findings suggest that cost-effective kitchen renovations offer enormous potential for substantial health benefits and present a practical solution compared to the challenges of clean energy transitions in rural areas.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41921005,42130708,and 72140003)and the Energy Foundation.
文摘It is well recognized that carbon dioxide and air pollutants share similar emission sources so that synergetic policies on climate change mitigation and air pollution control can lead to remarkable co-benefits on greenhouse gas reduction,air quality improvement,and improved health.In the context of carbon peak,carbon neutrality,and clean air policies,this perspective tracks and analyzes the process of the synergetic governance of air pollution and climate change in China by developing and monitoring 18 indicators.The 18 indicators cover the following five aspects:air pollution and associated weather-climate conditions,progress in structural transition,sources,inks,and mitigation pathway of atmospheric composition,health impacts and benefits of coordinated control,and synergetic governance system and practices.By tracking the progress in each indicator,this perspective presents the major accomplishment of coordinated control,identifies the emerging challenges toward the synergetic governance,and provides policy recommendations for designing a synergetic roadmap of Carbon Neutrality and Clean Air for China.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant Nos.42077328,42130711,42107266)Beijing Key Lab Plant Resources Research and Development(grant No.PRRD-2022-YB1).
文摘Biomass is one most abundant resource on the earth providing important energies in support of so-cioeconomic development in many areas.Burning of biomass fuels comprises to nearly 10%of the total energy from anthropogenic combustion processes:however,as the burning is usually incomplete,this process yields products of incomplete combustion posing consequently significant impacts on air quality,human health,and climate change.Here,we analyzed spatiotemporal characteristics in intentional and unintentional biomass burning from different sectors,discussed impacts of biomass burning emissions on indoor and outdoor air quality,and consequent influences on human health.The global total con-sumption amount of biomass including both natural and anthropogenic sources was approximately 7900 Tg in 2019,with significantly large regional and sectorial discrepancies among regions.Globally,anthropogenic biomass burning amounts increased gradually,but notably in some developing countries like China residential consumption of biomass fuels,as one large sector of biomass use,decreased over time.Uncommercial biomass consumption needs to be accurately quantified.There are relatively rich datasets of pollutant emission factors from biomass burning,including laboratory and field tests,but still large variations exit and contribute substantially to the uncertainty in emission inventory.Global pri-mary PM2.5,black carbon and organic carbon emissions from biomass burning were about 51,4.6,and 29 Tg,respectively,contributing to nearly 70%,55%,and 90%of the total emission from all sources,and emissions from the residential sector and open fires are major sources.Brown carbon emissions from biomass burning attracts growing interests but available studies adopted different methodologies challenging the comparability of those results.Biomass burning emissions polluted not only ambient air but more severely indoor air quality,adversely affecting human health.Future studies that should be emphasized and promoted are suggested.
基金provided by the National Natural Science Foundation(42077328,41922057,41991312 and 41830641)the undergraduate student research training program of the Ministry of Education of People's Republic of China(B111).
文摘Light-absorbing organic carbon(OC),sometimes known as Brown Carbon(BrC),has been recognized as an important fraction of carbonaceous aerosols substantially affecting radiative forcing.This study firstly developed a bottom-up estimate of global primary BrC,and discussed its spatiotemporal distribution and source contributions from 1960 to 2010.The global total primary BrC emission from both natural and anthropogenic sources in 2010 was 7.26(5.98-8.93 as an interquartile range)Tg,with 43.5%from anthropogenic sources.High primary BrC emissions were in regions such as Africa,South America,South and East Asia with natural sources(wild fires and deforestation)contributing over 70%in the former two regions,while in East Asia,anthropogenic sources,especially residential solid fuel combustion,accounted for over 80%of the regional total BrC emissions.Globally,the historical trend was mainly driven by anthropogenic sources,which increased from 1960 to 1990 and then started to decline.Residential emissions significantly impacted on emissions and temporal trends that varied by region.In South and Southeast Asia,the emissions increased obviously due to population growth and a slow transition from solid fuels to clean modern energies in the residential sector.It is estimated that in primary OC,the global average was about 20%BrC,but this ratio varied from 13%to 47%,depending on sector and region.In areas with high residential solid fuel combustion emissions,the ratio was generally twice the value in other areas.Uncertainties in the work are associated with the concept of BrC and measurement technologies,pointing to the need for more studies on BrC analysis and quantification in both emissions and the air.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants 41991312,41821005,41922057,41830641,and 42192510)Shenzhen Environmental Monitoring Center(Grant 0722-216FE4812SZF-2)+1 种基金Department of Education of Guangdong Province(2021KCXTD004)Center for Computational Science and Engineering at Southern University of Science and Technology.
文摘Chinese cooking features several unique processes,e.g.,stir-frying and pan-frying,which represent important sources of household air pollution.However,factors affecting household air pollution and the vertical variations of indoor pollutants during Chinese cooking are less clear.Here,using low-cost sensors with high time resolutions,we measured concentrations of five gas species and particulate matter(PM)in three different sizes at multiple heights in a kitchen during eighteen different Chinese cooking events.We found indoor gas species were elevated by 21%-106%during cooking,compared to the background,and PMs were elevated by 44%-159%.Vertically,the pollutants concentrations were highly variable during cooking periods.Gas species generally showed a monotonic increase with height,while PMs changed more diversely depending on the cooking activity's intensity.Intense cooking,e.g.,stir-frying,pan-frying,or cooking on high heat,tended to shoot PMs to the upper layers,while moderate ones left PMs within the breathing zone.Individuals with different heights would be subject to different levels of household air pollution exposure during cooking.The high vertical variability challenges the current indoor standard that presumes a uniform pollution level within the breathing zone and thus has important implications for public health and policy making.
