As a typical (IV–VI)_(x)(V_(2)VI_(3))_(y) compound, the tetradymite-like layered SnSb_(2)Te_(4) -based compounds have attracted increasing attention in the thermoelectric community owing to the intrinsically low latt...As a typical (IV–VI)_(x)(V_(2)VI_(3))_(y) compound, the tetradymite-like layered SnSb_(2)Te_(4) -based compounds have attracted increasing attention in the thermoelectric community owing to the intrinsically low lattice thermal conductivity. Nevertheless, the effect of cations disorder on the inherent physical characteristics remains puzzling, and its inferior Seebeck coefficient is the bottleneck to achieving high thermoelectric performance. In this work, the thermoelectric properties of polycrystalline In_(x)Sn_(1−x)Sb_(2)(Te_(1−y)Se_(y))_(4) (0≤x≤0.1,0≤y≤0.15) samples are comprehensively investigated. In conjunction with the calculated band structure and experimental results, the Seebeck coefficient and power factor are markedly improved after the introduction of indium and selenium, which originates from the combined effects of the emergent resonant states and converged valence bands along with optimal carrier concentration. Additionally, compared with the ordered lattice structure, the disordered cations occupancy in SnSb_(2)Te_(4) further strengthens lattice anharmonicity and reduces phonon group velocity verified by first-principles calculations, securing intrinsically low lattice thermal conductivity. Finally, a record zT value of ∼0.6 at 670 K and an average zT of ∼0.4 between 320 and 720 K are obtained in the In0.1 Sn0.9 Sb2 Te3.4 Se0.6 sample, being one of the highest zT values among SnSb2 Te4 -based materials. This work not only demonstrates that SnSb2 Te4 -based compounds are promising thermoelectric candidates, but also provides guidance for the promotion of thermoelectric performance in a broad temperature range.展开更多
Thermoelectric selenides have attracted more and more attentions recently.Herein,p-type Sn Se polycrystalline bulk materials with good thermoelectric properties are presented.By using the SnSe2 nanostructures synthesi...Thermoelectric selenides have attracted more and more attentions recently.Herein,p-type Sn Se polycrystalline bulk materials with good thermoelectric properties are presented.By using the SnSe2 nanostructures synthesized via a wetchemistry route as the precursor,polycrystalline Sn Se bulk materials were successfully obtained by a combined heattreating process under reducing atmosphere and following spark plasma sintering procedure.As a reference,the Sn Se nanostructures synthesized via a wet-chemistry route were also fabricated into polycrystalline bulk materials through the same process.The thermoelectric properties of the Sn Se polycrystalline transformed from SnSe2 nanostructures indicate that the increasing of heattreating temperature could effectively decrease the electrical resistivity,whereas the decrease in Seebeck coefficient is nearly invisible.As a result,the maximum power factor is enhanced from 5.06×10^-4W/m·K^2 to 8.08×10^-4W/m·K^2 at 612℃.On the other hand,the reference sample,which was obtained by using Sn Se nanostructures as the precursor,displays very poor power factor of only 1.30×10^-4W/m·K^2 at 537℃.The x-ray diffraction（XRD）,scanning electron microscope（SEM）,x-ray fluorescence（XRF）,and Hall effect characterizations suggest that the anisotropic crystal growth and existing Sn vacancy might be responsible for the enhanced electrical transport in the polycrystalline Sn Se prepared by using SnSe2 precursor.On the other hand,the impact of heat-treating temperature on thermal conductivity is not obvious.Owing to the boosting of power factor,a high z T value of 1.07 at 612℃ is achieved.This study provides a new method to synthesize polycrystalline Sn Se and pave a way to improve the thermoelectric properties of polycrystalline bulk materials with similar layered structure.展开更多
To overcome the low efficiency of conventional confocal Raman spectroscopy,many efforts have been devoted to parallelizing the Raman excitation and acquisition,in which the scattering from multiple foci is projected o...To overcome the low efficiency of conventional confocal Raman spectroscopy,many efforts have been devoted to parallelizing the Raman excitation and acquisition,in which the scattering from multiple foci is projected onto different locations on a spectrometer's CCD,along either its vertical,horizontal dimension,or even both.While the latter projection scheme relieves the limitation on the row numbers of the CCD,the spectra of multiple foci are recorded in one spectral channel,resulting in spectral overlapping.Here,we developed a method under a com-pressive sensing framework to demultiplex the superimposed spectra of multiple cells during their dynamic processes.Unlike the previous methods which ignore the information connection be-tween the spectra of the cells recorded at different time,the proposed method utilizes a prior that a cell's spectra acquired at different time have the same sparsity structure in their principal components.Rather than independently demultiplexing the mixed spectra at the individual time intervals,the method demultiplexes the whole spectral sequence acquired continuously during the dynamic process.By penalizing the sparsity combined from all time intervals,the collaborative optimization of the inversion problem gave more accurate recovery results.The performances of the method were substantiated by a 1D Raman tweezers array,which monitored the germination of multiple bacterial spores.The method can be extended to the monitoring of many living cells randomly scattering on a coverslip,and has a potential to improve the throughput by a few orders.展开更多
The method and theoretical system of well logging geology have been widely used in the fields of basic geology,petroleum geology and engineering geology,but the different response sensitivity of different well logging...The method and theoretical system of well logging geology have been widely used in the fields of basic geology,petroleum geology and engineering geology,but the different response sensitivity of different well logging series to geological information and the mismatching between geophysical properties of multiple well logs and geological genesis of rocks frequently result in misunderstandings in the research process of well logging geology.Therefore,it is in an urgent need to analyze the typical misunderstanding cases in the research of well logging geology and explore the corresponding scientific ideas and countermeasures.After analyzing the typical misunderstandings in the research of well logging geology,this paper investigates vertical resolution scale of various logging series and its contradiction with detection depth and illustrates the importance of the integration of different scales of data.In addition,the factor inducing“fake logging data”and its influence on interpretation evaluation are clarified and a set of ideas for well logging evaluation of geological interpretation is put forward.And the following research results are obtained.First,the typical misunderstandings in the research of well logging geology can be classified into two categories,namely geological body interpretation misunderstanding and reservoir property parameter calculation misunderstanding.Second,special geological phenomena,such as high-density and high-resistivity mudstone can lead to logging data ambiguity,so attention shall be paid to petrophysical response mechanisms during geological logging interpretation.Third,to carry out well logging evaluation of unconventional oil and gas,it is necessary to integrate new technologies of electric imaging logging,dipole acoustic logging and nuclear magnetic resonance logging,and the calibration of core data and the integration of geological ideas can improve the interpretation accuracy.Fourth,In the process of borehole structural logging analysis,sedimentary response,geostress evaluation and fracture identification,geological ideas shall be integrated to avoid the logging interpretation misunderstanding caused by the same response of different geological phenomena in well logs.In conclusion,the dialectical and systematic thinking from geology to logging and then to geology,from practice to recognition and then to practice and from“a narrow view”to“a broad view”can provide a scientific ideas for the comprehensive research of well logging geology.展开更多
Geophysical well logs are widely used in geological fields,however,there are considerable incompatibilities existing in solving geological issues using well log data.This review critically fills the gaps between geolo...Geophysical well logs are widely used in geological fields,however,there are considerable incompatibilities existing in solving geological issues using well log data.This review critically fills the gaps between geology and geophysical well logs,as assessed from peer reviewed papers and from the authors’personal experiences,in the particular goal of solving geological issues using geophysical well logs.The origin and history of geophysical logging are summarized.Next follows a review of the state of knowledge for geophysical well logs in terms of type of specifications,vertical resolution,depth of investigations and demonstrated applications.Then the current status and advances in applications of geophysical well logs in fields of structural geology,sedimentary geology and petroleum geology are discussed.Well logs are used in structural and sedimentary geology in terms of structure detection,in situ stress evaluation,sedimentary characterization,sequence stratigraphy division and fracture prediction.Well logs can also be applied in petroleum geology fields of optimizing sweet spots for hydraulic fracturing in unconventional oil and gas resource.Geophysical well logs are extending their application in other fields of geosciences,and geological issues will be efficiently solved via well logs with the improvements of advanced well log suits.Further work is required in order to improve accuracy and diminish uncertainties by introducing artificial intelligence.This review provides a systematic and clear descriptions of the applications of geophysical well log data along with examples of how the data is displayed and processed for solving geologic problems.展开更多
Knowledge of how high can fracture porosity become in the ultra-deep burial conditions is important but remains problematic.Fracture aperture and porosity are measured using X-ray computed tomography(CT)at atmospheric...Knowledge of how high can fracture porosity become in the ultra-deep burial conditions is important but remains problematic.Fracture aperture and porosity are measured using X-ray computed tomography(CT)at atmospheric pressure and then calculated by image logs.Special attention is paid to how high fracture porosity can become in ultra-deep(>6000 m)settings,and which situations will result in high fracture porosities.In situ stress magnitudes,which can be calculated using well logs,control fracture performances,and dissolution along fracture improve fracture porosity at ultra-deep burial depths.Low horizontal stress difference(Dr<25 MPa),very high fracture density will result in a high fracture porosity.Fracture porosity can keep as high as 2.0%in relatively low in situ stress conditions even at ultra-deep burial depths.In intense in situ stress conditions(Dr>45 MPa),a high degree of dissolution along the fracture dramatically increases fracture porosity.Dissolution will result in the vuggy fracture planes and improve fracture porosity up to 2.0%.The results provide insights into the detection,characterization,and modeling of subsurface fractures.展开更多
Diagenesis exerts an important control on porosity evolution,and research of diagenesis and diagenetic minerals provides insights into reservoir quality evaluation and CO_(2) storage.Thin section,XRD(X-ray diffraction...Diagenesis exerts an important control on porosity evolution,and research of diagenesis and diagenetic minerals provides insights into reservoir quality evaluation and CO_(2) storage.Thin section,XRD(X-ray diffraction),CT(Computed Tomography),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and NMR(Nuclear Magnetic Resonance)tests were used to investigate composition,texture,pore spaces,and diagenesis of sandstones in Paleogene Dongying Formation in Bohai Bay Basin,China,with special aims to unravel diagentic dissolution along bedding planes.The oversized pores,remnants in feldspar-hosted pores,and kaolinite within feldspar grains indicate a high degree of dissolution the framework grains experienced during burial.The CO_(2)-rich or organic acids are responsible for the feldspar dissolution.Grain size plays the primary role in enhancing bedding dissolution process,and bedding planes in fine-medium grained sandstones with high content of feldspars are frequently enlarged by dissolution.The CT scanning image confirms dissolution pores are distributed discontinuously along the bedding planes.The dissolution pores along bedding planes have large pore size,and correspond to the right peak of the bi-modal T_(2)(transverse relaxation time)spectrum.The laminated sandstones and siltstones,or sandstones with cross beddings help improve framework grain dissolution.These new findings help improve the understanding of diagenetic models,and have implications in reservoir quality prediction and resource assessments in sandstones.展开更多
The spin-orbit assisted Mott insulator α-RuCl_(3) is a prime candidate for material realization of the Kitaev quantum spin liquid.While little attention has been paid to charge degrees of freedom,charge effects,such ...The spin-orbit assisted Mott insulator α-RuCl_(3) is a prime candidate for material realization of the Kitaev quantum spin liquid.While little attention has been paid to charge degrees of freedom,charge effects,such as electric polarization,may arise in this system.Here,we report distortion-induced local electric polarization in α-RuCl_(3) as evidenced by single-crystal X-ray diffraction,second harmonic generation(SHG)and dielectric measurements.The SHG signal appears at room temperature and develops substantially in the Kitaev paramagnetic state when short-range spin correlations come into play.Despite sizable pyroelectric currents in the Kitaev paramagnetic state,the absence of hysteresis in the polarization-electric field(P-E)points to the shortrange nature of electric polarization.This localized electric polarization is likely the result of distortion-induced charge dimerization,achieved through virtual hopping-induced charge redistribution.In addition,the electric polarization is boosted by short-range spin correlations via spin-phonon coupling in the Kitaev paramagnetic state.Our results emphasize the importance of charge degrees of freedom in α-RuCl_(3),which establish a novel platform to investigate charge effects in Kitaev materials.展开更多
基金financially supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52125103,52071041,U21A2054,12204080,11904039,and 12004060)supported in part by the Scientific and Technological Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission(GrantNo.KJQN202200623)the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing(Grant No.CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX0382)。
文摘As a typical (IV–VI)_(x)(V_(2)VI_(3))_(y) compound, the tetradymite-like layered SnSb_(2)Te_(4) -based compounds have attracted increasing attention in the thermoelectric community owing to the intrinsically low lattice thermal conductivity. Nevertheless, the effect of cations disorder on the inherent physical characteristics remains puzzling, and its inferior Seebeck coefficient is the bottleneck to achieving high thermoelectric performance. In this work, the thermoelectric properties of polycrystalline In_(x)Sn_(1−x)Sb_(2)(Te_(1−y)Se_(y))_(4) (0≤x≤0.1,0≤y≤0.15) samples are comprehensively investigated. In conjunction with the calculated band structure and experimental results, the Seebeck coefficient and power factor are markedly improved after the introduction of indium and selenium, which originates from the combined effects of the emergent resonant states and converged valence bands along with optimal carrier concentration. Additionally, compared with the ordered lattice structure, the disordered cations occupancy in SnSb_(2)Te_(4) further strengthens lattice anharmonicity and reduces phonon group velocity verified by first-principles calculations, securing intrinsically low lattice thermal conductivity. Finally, a record zT value of ∼0.6 at 670 K and an average zT of ∼0.4 between 320 and 720 K are obtained in the In0.1 Sn0.9 Sb2 Te3.4 Se0.6 sample, being one of the highest zT values among SnSb2 Te4 -based materials. This work not only demonstrates that SnSb2 Te4 -based compounds are promising thermoelectric candidates, but also provides guidance for the promotion of thermoelectric performance in a broad temperature range.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51572049,51562005,and 51772056)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Zhuang Automomous Region,China(Grant Nos.2015GXNSFFA139002 and 2016GXNSFBA380152)the Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Cryogenics,Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.CRYO201703)
文摘Thermoelectric selenides have attracted more and more attentions recently.Herein,p-type Sn Se polycrystalline bulk materials with good thermoelectric properties are presented.By using the SnSe2 nanostructures synthesized via a wetchemistry route as the precursor,polycrystalline Sn Se bulk materials were successfully obtained by a combined heattreating process under reducing atmosphere and following spark plasma sintering procedure.As a reference,the Sn Se nanostructures synthesized via a wet-chemistry route were also fabricated into polycrystalline bulk materials through the same process.The thermoelectric properties of the Sn Se polycrystalline transformed from SnSe2 nanostructures indicate that the increasing of heattreating temperature could effectively decrease the electrical resistivity,whereas the decrease in Seebeck coefficient is nearly invisible.As a result,the maximum power factor is enhanced from 5.06×10^-4W/m·K^2 to 8.08×10^-4W/m·K^2 at 612℃.On the other hand,the reference sample,which was obtained by using Sn Se nanostructures as the precursor,displays very poor power factor of only 1.30×10^-4W/m·K^2 at 537℃.The x-ray diffraction（XRD）,scanning electron microscope（SEM）,x-ray fluorescence（XRF）,and Hall effect characterizations suggest that the anisotropic crystal growth and existing Sn vacancy might be responsible for the enhanced electrical transport in the polycrystalline Sn Se prepared by using SnSe2 precursor.On the other hand,the impact of heat-treating temperature on thermal conductivity is not obvious.Owing to the boosting of power factor,a high z T value of 1.07 at 612℃ is achieved.This study provides a new method to synthesize polycrystalline Sn Se and pave a way to improve the thermoelectric properties of polycrystalline bulk materials with similar layered structure.
基金This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2019YFC1605500,2018YFF01011700)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21973111)+1 种基金Guangxi Natural Science Foundation(2017GXNSFAA198029)Scientific Development Fund of Guangxi Academy of Sciences(2018YFJ 403).
文摘To overcome the low efficiency of conventional confocal Raman spectroscopy,many efforts have been devoted to parallelizing the Raman excitation and acquisition,in which the scattering from multiple foci is projected onto different locations on a spectrometer's CCD,along either its vertical,horizontal dimension,or even both.While the latter projection scheme relieves the limitation on the row numbers of the CCD,the spectra of multiple foci are recorded in one spectral channel,resulting in spectral overlapping.Here,we developed a method under a com-pressive sensing framework to demultiplex the superimposed spectra of multiple cells during their dynamic processes.Unlike the previous methods which ignore the information connection be-tween the spectra of the cells recorded at different time,the proposed method utilizes a prior that a cell's spectra acquired at different time have the same sparsity structure in their principal components.Rather than independently demultiplexing the mixed spectra at the individual time intervals,the method demultiplexes the whole spectral sequence acquired continuously during the dynamic process.By penalizing the sparsity combined from all time intervals,the collaborative optimization of the inversion problem gave more accurate recovery results.The performances of the method were substantiated by a 1D Raman tweezers array,which monitored the germination of multiple bacterial spores.The method can be extended to the monitoring of many living cells randomly scattering on a coverslip,and has a potential to improve the throughput by a few orders.
文摘The method and theoretical system of well logging geology have been widely used in the fields of basic geology,petroleum geology and engineering geology,but the different response sensitivity of different well logging series to geological information and the mismatching between geophysical properties of multiple well logs and geological genesis of rocks frequently result in misunderstandings in the research process of well logging geology.Therefore,it is in an urgent need to analyze the typical misunderstanding cases in the research of well logging geology and explore the corresponding scientific ideas and countermeasures.After analyzing the typical misunderstandings in the research of well logging geology,this paper investigates vertical resolution scale of various logging series and its contradiction with detection depth and illustrates the importance of the integration of different scales of data.In addition,the factor inducing“fake logging data”and its influence on interpretation evaluation are clarified and a set of ideas for well logging evaluation of geological interpretation is put forward.And the following research results are obtained.First,the typical misunderstandings in the research of well logging geology can be classified into two categories,namely geological body interpretation misunderstanding and reservoir property parameter calculation misunderstanding.Second,special geological phenomena,such as high-density and high-resistivity mudstone can lead to logging data ambiguity,so attention shall be paid to petrophysical response mechanisms during geological logging interpretation.Third,to carry out well logging evaluation of unconventional oil and gas,it is necessary to integrate new technologies of electric imaging logging,dipole acoustic logging and nuclear magnetic resonance logging,and the calibration of core data and the integration of geological ideas can improve the interpretation accuracy.Fourth,In the process of borehole structural logging analysis,sedimentary response,geostress evaluation and fracture identification,geological ideas shall be integrated to avoid the logging interpretation misunderstanding caused by the same response of different geological phenomena in well logs.In conclusion,the dialectical and systematic thinking from geology to logging and then to geology,from practice to recognition and then to practice and from“a narrow view”to“a broad view”can provide a scientific ideas for the comprehensive research of well logging geology.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42002133)strategic cooperation project of PetroChina and CUPB(China University of Petroleum,Beijing)(ZLZX2020-01)Science Foundation of China University of Petroleum,Beijing(No.2462023QNXZ010).
文摘Geophysical well logs are widely used in geological fields,however,there are considerable incompatibilities existing in solving geological issues using well log data.This review critically fills the gaps between geology and geophysical well logs,as assessed from peer reviewed papers and from the authors’personal experiences,in the particular goal of solving geological issues using geophysical well logs.The origin and history of geophysical logging are summarized.Next follows a review of the state of knowledge for geophysical well logs in terms of type of specifications,vertical resolution,depth of investigations and demonstrated applications.Then the current status and advances in applications of geophysical well logs in fields of structural geology,sedimentary geology and petroleum geology are discussed.Well logs are used in structural and sedimentary geology in terms of structure detection,in situ stress evaluation,sedimentary characterization,sequence stratigraphy division and fracture prediction.Well logs can also be applied in petroleum geology fields of optimizing sweet spots for hydraulic fracturing in unconventional oil and gas resource.Geophysical well logs are extending their application in other fields of geosciences,and geological issues will be efficiently solved via well logs with the improvements of advanced well log suits.Further work is required in order to improve accuracy and diminish uncertainties by introducing artificial intelligence.This review provides a systematic and clear descriptions of the applications of geophysical well log data along with examples of how the data is displayed and processed for solving geologic problems.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42002133)Strategic Cooperation Project of PetroChina and China University of Petroleum,Beijing(CUPB)(Grant No.ZLZX2020-01-05)Science Foundation of CUPB(Grant No.2462021YXZZ003).
文摘Knowledge of how high can fracture porosity become in the ultra-deep burial conditions is important but remains problematic.Fracture aperture and porosity are measured using X-ray computed tomography(CT)at atmospheric pressure and then calculated by image logs.Special attention is paid to how high fracture porosity can become in ultra-deep(>6000 m)settings,and which situations will result in high fracture porosities.In situ stress magnitudes,which can be calculated using well logs,control fracture performances,and dissolution along fracture improve fracture porosity at ultra-deep burial depths.Low horizontal stress difference(Dr<25 MPa),very high fracture density will result in a high fracture porosity.Fracture porosity can keep as high as 2.0%in relatively low in situ stress conditions even at ultra-deep burial depths.In intense in situ stress conditions(Dr>45 MPa),a high degree of dissolution along the fracture dramatically increases fracture porosity.Dissolution will result in the vuggy fracture planes and improve fracture porosity up to 2.0%.The results provide insights into the detection,characterization,and modeling of subsurface fractures.
基金supported by Natural Science Foundation of Beijing(No.8204069)Science Foundation of China University of Petroleum,Beijing(No.2462021YXZZ003).
文摘Diagenesis exerts an important control on porosity evolution,and research of diagenesis and diagenetic minerals provides insights into reservoir quality evaluation and CO_(2) storage.Thin section,XRD(X-ray diffraction),CT(Computed Tomography),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and NMR(Nuclear Magnetic Resonance)tests were used to investigate composition,texture,pore spaces,and diagenesis of sandstones in Paleogene Dongying Formation in Bohai Bay Basin,China,with special aims to unravel diagentic dissolution along bedding planes.The oversized pores,remnants in feldspar-hosted pores,and kaolinite within feldspar grains indicate a high degree of dissolution the framework grains experienced during burial.The CO_(2)-rich or organic acids are responsible for the feldspar dissolution.Grain size plays the primary role in enhancing bedding dissolution process,and bedding planes in fine-medium grained sandstones with high content of feldspars are frequently enlarged by dissolution.The CT scanning image confirms dissolution pores are distributed discontinuously along the bedding planes.The dissolution pores along bedding planes have large pore size,and correspond to the right peak of the bi-modal T_(2)(transverse relaxation time)spectrum.The laminated sandstones and siltstones,or sandstones with cross beddings help improve framework grain dissolution.These new findings help improve the understanding of diagenetic models,and have implications in reservoir quality prediction and resource assessments in sandstones.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12047564,and 51725104)the support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12227806)+4 种基金the support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11974036,and 11834014)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.2024CDJXY022)the Chinesisch-Deutsche Mobilit?tsprogamm of Chinesisch-Deutsche Zentrum für Wissenschaftsf?rderung(Grant No.M-0496)the Open Fund of the China Spallation Neutron Source Songshan Lake Science City(Grant No.DG2431351H)funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft(DFG,German Research Foundation)(Grant No.277146847-CRC 1238)。
文摘The spin-orbit assisted Mott insulator α-RuCl_(3) is a prime candidate for material realization of the Kitaev quantum spin liquid.While little attention has been paid to charge degrees of freedom,charge effects,such as electric polarization,may arise in this system.Here,we report distortion-induced local electric polarization in α-RuCl_(3) as evidenced by single-crystal X-ray diffraction,second harmonic generation(SHG)and dielectric measurements.The SHG signal appears at room temperature and develops substantially in the Kitaev paramagnetic state when short-range spin correlations come into play.Despite sizable pyroelectric currents in the Kitaev paramagnetic state,the absence of hysteresis in the polarization-electric field(P-E)points to the shortrange nature of electric polarization.This localized electric polarization is likely the result of distortion-induced charge dimerization,achieved through virtual hopping-induced charge redistribution.In addition,the electric polarization is boosted by short-range spin correlations via spin-phonon coupling in the Kitaev paramagnetic state.Our results emphasize the importance of charge degrees of freedom in α-RuCl_(3),which establish a novel platform to investigate charge effects in Kitaev materials.
