Seven-year(2005-2011)Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)images are applied to study oceanic eddies in the East China Sea.It is found that most of these eddies detected from the SAR images are less than 10 km,which are subme...Seven-year(2005-2011)Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)images are applied to study oceanic eddies in the East China Sea.It is found that most of these eddies detected from the SAR images are less than 10 km,which are submesoscale eddies.Seasonal differences are evident in the distribution of eddies,with the highest and the lowest number of eddies noted in summer and winter,respectively.Since slick streaks in SAR images look dark,an eddy identified due to the slicks is referred to as“black eddy”.As a result of wave-current interactions in the zones of current shear,it can be seen that an eddy exhibits a bright curve,the eddy is called“white eddy”.During the seven years,95 black eddies and 50 white eddies are identified in the study area.Black eddies are found in the whole study area while white eddies are mainly distributed in the vicinity of the Kuroshio Current.This study suggests that the distribution of the white eddy is denser around the Kuroshio because of the strong shear in the Kuroshio region.In terms of the eddy sizes,white eddies are generally smaller than black eddies.展开更多
Oceanic mesoscale eddies typically span tens to hundreds of kilometers and last several weeks to months.They are a key dynamic process influencing the distribution of oceanic energy,affecting energy budgets,heat distr...Oceanic mesoscale eddies typically span tens to hundreds of kilometers and last several weeks to months.They are a key dynamic process influencing the distribution of oceanic energy,affecting energy budgets,heat distributions,and material transport.Advances in satellite remote sensing and in situ observation over the past half-century have substantially enhanced our understanding of the statistical properties,energetics,and dynamic mechanisms of mesoscale eddies,establishing this field as a major focus in physical oceanography.This article presents a comprehensive review of recent advancements in 6 key areas of mesoscale eddy research:(a)eddy detection methods and data products(leading automated detection methods and the corresponding eddy datasets and data products currently available),(b)eddy generation and dissipation(eddy generation,development,and dissipation mechanisms),(c)energy cascades(energy cascades between eddies,large-scale circulation and submesoscale processes,the role of these processes in modulating the energy transfer of near-inertial internal and surface waves,and research progress in related parameterization),(d)air-sea interaction(eddy-induced interactions,especially the interaction between eddies and typhoons),(e)interdisciplinary studies(impacts of eddies on biogeochemistry,acoustics,and other related fields),and(f)observation studies(programs dedicated to studying mesoscale eddies through in situ observation).This article also discusses research prospects on mesoscale eddies.展开更多
With the availability of petabytes of oceanographic observations and numerical model simulations,artificial intelligence(AI)tools are being increasingly leveraged in a variety of applications.In this paper,these appli...With the availability of petabytes of oceanographic observations and numerical model simulations,artificial intelligence(AI)tools are being increasingly leveraged in a variety of applications.In this paper,these applications are reviewed from the perspectives of identifying,forecasting,and parameterizing ocean phenomena.Specifically,the usage of AI algorithms for the identification of mesoscale eddies,internal waves,oil spills,sea ice,and marine algae are discussed in this paper.Additionally,AI-based forecasting of surface waves,the El Niño Southern Oscillation,and storm surges is discussed.This is followed by a discussion on the usage of these schemes to parameterize oceanic turbulence and atmospheric moist physics.Moreover,physics-informed deep learning and neural networks are discussed within an oceanographic context,and further applications with ocean digital twins and physics-constrained AI algorithms are described.This review is meant to introduce beginners and experts in the marine sciences to AI methodologies and stimulate future research toward the usage of causality-adherent physics-informed neural networks and Fourier neural networks in oceanography.展开更多
基金The National Key Research and Development Program of China under contract Nos 2016YFA0601803 and 2017YFA0604100the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 41476022,41490643 and 41706008the China Ocean Mineral Resources R&D Association under contract Nos DY135-E2-2-02 and DY135-E2-3-01.
文摘Seven-year(2005-2011)Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)images are applied to study oceanic eddies in the East China Sea.It is found that most of these eddies detected from the SAR images are less than 10 km,which are submesoscale eddies.Seasonal differences are evident in the distribution of eddies,with the highest and the lowest number of eddies noted in summer and winter,respectively.Since slick streaks in SAR images look dark,an eddy identified due to the slicks is referred to as“black eddy”.As a result of wave-current interactions in the zones of current shear,it can be seen that an eddy exhibits a bright curve,the eddy is called“white eddy”.During the seven years,95 black eddies and 50 white eddies are identified in the study area.Black eddies are found in the whole study area while white eddies are mainly distributed in the vicinity of the Kuroshio Current.This study suggests that the distribution of the white eddy is denser around the Kuroshio because of the strong shear in the Kuroshio region.In terms of the eddy sizes,white eddies are generally smaller than black eddies.
基金This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract nos.42250710152,42192562,and 41906008the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Zhuhai)-funded project under contract SML2020SP007.
文摘Oceanic mesoscale eddies typically span tens to hundreds of kilometers and last several weeks to months.They are a key dynamic process influencing the distribution of oceanic energy,affecting energy budgets,heat distributions,and material transport.Advances in satellite remote sensing and in situ observation over the past half-century have substantially enhanced our understanding of the statistical properties,energetics,and dynamic mechanisms of mesoscale eddies,establishing this field as a major focus in physical oceanography.This article presents a comprehensive review of recent advancements in 6 key areas of mesoscale eddy research:(a)eddy detection methods and data products(leading automated detection methods and the corresponding eddy datasets and data products currently available),(b)eddy generation and dissipation(eddy generation,development,and dissipation mechanisms),(c)energy cascades(energy cascades between eddies,large-scale circulation and submesoscale processes,the role of these processes in modulating the energy transfer of near-inertial internal and surface waves,and research progress in related parameterization),(d)air-sea interaction(eddy-induced interactions,especially the interaction between eddies and typhoons),(e)interdisciplinary studies(impacts of eddies on biogeochemistry,acoustics,and other related fields),and(f)observation studies(programs dedicated to studying mesoscale eddies through in situ observation).This article also discusses research prospects on mesoscale eddies.
基金supported by Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Zhuhai)(SML2020SP007)Project on Exploring Interdisciplinary Frontier from Chinese Academy of Sciences:Artificial Intelligence Oceanography,2022,the Innovation Group Project of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong(Zhuhai)under contract No.311020004the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFA0604100,2016YFC1402004,and 2017YFC1404200)for supporting this research.
文摘With the availability of petabytes of oceanographic observations and numerical model simulations,artificial intelligence(AI)tools are being increasingly leveraged in a variety of applications.In this paper,these applications are reviewed from the perspectives of identifying,forecasting,and parameterizing ocean phenomena.Specifically,the usage of AI algorithms for the identification of mesoscale eddies,internal waves,oil spills,sea ice,and marine algae are discussed in this paper.Additionally,AI-based forecasting of surface waves,the El Niño Southern Oscillation,and storm surges is discussed.This is followed by a discussion on the usage of these schemes to parameterize oceanic turbulence and atmospheric moist physics.Moreover,physics-informed deep learning and neural networks are discussed within an oceanographic context,and further applications with ocean digital twins and physics-constrained AI algorithms are described.This review is meant to introduce beginners and experts in the marine sciences to AI methodologies and stimulate future research toward the usage of causality-adherent physics-informed neural networks and Fourier neural networks in oceanography.
