Reactive nitrogen and oxygen species(RNOS)are defined as highly reactive molecules that can be generated endogenously and exogenously.The overproduction of RNOS leads to inflammation,neurodegenerative diseases,diabete...Reactive nitrogen and oxygen species(RNOS)are defined as highly reactive molecules that can be generated endogenously and exogenously.The overproduction of RNOS leads to inflammation,neurodegenerative diseases,diabetes,obesity,and cancer.Natural antioxidants derived from plants are molecules that can neutralize those RNOS.In this study,to increase the antioxidant capacity in neutralizing RNOS,an in vitro evaluation of a binary combination of bitter gourd(Momordica charantia L.)and black galingale(Kaempferia parviflora)extracts as potential natural antioxidant sources at different ratios was conducted.A combination at the ratio of 1:6 showed the highest total phenolic content(TPC)(336.48±0.04 mg GAE/100g DW),while the ratios 1:6(1511.73±0.20 mg QE/100g DW)and 1:8(1398.91±0.28 mg QE/100g DW)exhibited the highest total flavonoid content(TFC)compared to the bitter gourd extract and other mixed ratios.The highest scavenging capacities in the DPPH,ABTS,and FRAP assays were detected at the ratios of 1:3(IC_(50)9.1±0.07 mg/mL;moderate synergism),1:6(IC_(50)1.07±0.07 mg/mL;synergism),and 1:4(IC_(50)2.44±0.04 mg/mL;strong synergism),respectively.Based on the overall cumulative ability to scavenge free radicals with synergistic or additive antioxidant interactions and the presence of functional groups analyzed using FT-IR,the 1:6 ratio was determined as the best combination ratio to neutralize RNOS where 15 proposed beneficial bioactive compounds were detected.Additionally,in vivo studies showed that the increase of CAT mRNA expression and the suppression of NF-kB and CPT-1 mRNA expression at 250 mg/kg BW of dosage confirms that this methanolic mixed extract potentially can effectively act as both an anti-inflammation and antioxidant agent.This study demonstrates that a specific binary combination ratio of plant extracts can synergistically and additively increase their antioxidant capacity,even when utilized in small quantities.展开更多
Phenols,flavonoids,and anthocyanins are compounds that reported play important roles in plant defence mechanism system.Antioxidant activity is mostly derived from these phytochemical groups,which have a wide range of ...Phenols,flavonoids,and anthocyanins are compounds that reported play important roles in plant defence mechanism system.Antioxidant activity is mostly derived from these phytochemical groups,which have a wide range of pharmaceutical properties,including antimicrobial,antitumor,anti-inflammatory,antipyretic,antiallergy,anti-fertility,hypoglycemic,anti-histamine,antioxidant,antiviral,analgesic,anti-ulcerogenic,neph-roprotective,antidiabetic,immuno-secretory,cardiovascular,anti-platelet aggregation,antibacterial,anticancer,and hepatoprotective activities.However,these compounds in Solanum lasiocarpum from Borneo areas are remaining unclear.In this experiment,we performed comprehensive evaluation on effect of extraction solvents on phenols,flavonoids,and anthocyanin’s contents and further on the scavenging activity(2,2-diphenyl-1-pic-rylhydrazyl-hydrate,DPPH;2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid),ABTS;and ferric-reducing antioxidant power,FRAP).High phenolic,flavonoid and anthocyanin contents be found in low polar solvent.Antioxidant assay showed acetone was higher activity with IC_(50) of 6.36 mg/mL compared to methanol(12.1 mg/mL)and hexane(17.8 mg/mL).Furthermore,liquid chromatography mass spectrometry quadrupole-time of flight(LCMS Q-TOF)mass spectrometer detected N-Acryloylglycine,butoctamide hydrogen succinate,eruberin B,emmotin A and N-Cyclohexanecarbonylpentadecylamine that important in natural polymers,serve as sleep disorders treatment agents,anti-fibrotic property,immunomodulatory activity,and act as differentiator between N-palmitoylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase(NPAA)compared to fatty acid amide hydrolase(FAAH),respectively.The limitation of this research is the assessment of antioxidant properties related to the polarity of the extraction solvent.Polar solvents may exhibit high scavenging activity,but phenolic compounds,flavonoids,and anthocyanins are found in higher concentrations in non-polar solvents.We encourage further investigation into phytochemical profiles due to the abundance from non-polar solvents.展开更多
基金the financial support from research grants SDK0315-2020 and UMS Great(GUG0622-1/2023)that were provided by Universiti Malaysia Sabah for funding this research.
文摘Reactive nitrogen and oxygen species(RNOS)are defined as highly reactive molecules that can be generated endogenously and exogenously.The overproduction of RNOS leads to inflammation,neurodegenerative diseases,diabetes,obesity,and cancer.Natural antioxidants derived from plants are molecules that can neutralize those RNOS.In this study,to increase the antioxidant capacity in neutralizing RNOS,an in vitro evaluation of a binary combination of bitter gourd(Momordica charantia L.)and black galingale(Kaempferia parviflora)extracts as potential natural antioxidant sources at different ratios was conducted.A combination at the ratio of 1:6 showed the highest total phenolic content(TPC)(336.48±0.04 mg GAE/100g DW),while the ratios 1:6(1511.73±0.20 mg QE/100g DW)and 1:8(1398.91±0.28 mg QE/100g DW)exhibited the highest total flavonoid content(TFC)compared to the bitter gourd extract and other mixed ratios.The highest scavenging capacities in the DPPH,ABTS,and FRAP assays were detected at the ratios of 1:3(IC_(50)9.1±0.07 mg/mL;moderate synergism),1:6(IC_(50)1.07±0.07 mg/mL;synergism),and 1:4(IC_(50)2.44±0.04 mg/mL;strong synergism),respectively.Based on the overall cumulative ability to scavenge free radicals with synergistic or additive antioxidant interactions and the presence of functional groups analyzed using FT-IR,the 1:6 ratio was determined as the best combination ratio to neutralize RNOS where 15 proposed beneficial bioactive compounds were detected.Additionally,in vivo studies showed that the increase of CAT mRNA expression and the suppression of NF-kB and CPT-1 mRNA expression at 250 mg/kg BW of dosage confirms that this methanolic mixed extract potentially can effectively act as both an anti-inflammation and antioxidant agent.This study demonstrates that a specific binary combination ratio of plant extracts can synergistically and additively increase their antioxidant capacity,even when utilized in small quantities.
基金funded by Universiti Malaysia Sabah and project code numbers were DN20082 and GUG0619.
文摘Phenols,flavonoids,and anthocyanins are compounds that reported play important roles in plant defence mechanism system.Antioxidant activity is mostly derived from these phytochemical groups,which have a wide range of pharmaceutical properties,including antimicrobial,antitumor,anti-inflammatory,antipyretic,antiallergy,anti-fertility,hypoglycemic,anti-histamine,antioxidant,antiviral,analgesic,anti-ulcerogenic,neph-roprotective,antidiabetic,immuno-secretory,cardiovascular,anti-platelet aggregation,antibacterial,anticancer,and hepatoprotective activities.However,these compounds in Solanum lasiocarpum from Borneo areas are remaining unclear.In this experiment,we performed comprehensive evaluation on effect of extraction solvents on phenols,flavonoids,and anthocyanin’s contents and further on the scavenging activity(2,2-diphenyl-1-pic-rylhydrazyl-hydrate,DPPH;2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid),ABTS;and ferric-reducing antioxidant power,FRAP).High phenolic,flavonoid and anthocyanin contents be found in low polar solvent.Antioxidant assay showed acetone was higher activity with IC_(50) of 6.36 mg/mL compared to methanol(12.1 mg/mL)and hexane(17.8 mg/mL).Furthermore,liquid chromatography mass spectrometry quadrupole-time of flight(LCMS Q-TOF)mass spectrometer detected N-Acryloylglycine,butoctamide hydrogen succinate,eruberin B,emmotin A and N-Cyclohexanecarbonylpentadecylamine that important in natural polymers,serve as sleep disorders treatment agents,anti-fibrotic property,immunomodulatory activity,and act as differentiator between N-palmitoylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase(NPAA)compared to fatty acid amide hydrolase(FAAH),respectively.The limitation of this research is the assessment of antioxidant properties related to the polarity of the extraction solvent.Polar solvents may exhibit high scavenging activity,but phenolic compounds,flavonoids,and anthocyanins are found in higher concentrations in non-polar solvents.We encourage further investigation into phytochemical profiles due to the abundance from non-polar solvents.
