In this paper we tested the behavior of gravid Epiphyas postvittana in select- ing the most-appropriate site for oviposition thus benefitting offspring performance. Our hypothesis was built on Jaenike＇s preference-pe...In this paper we tested the behavior of gravid Epiphyas postvittana in select- ing the most-appropriate site for oviposition thus benefitting offspring performance. Our hypothesis was built on Jaenike＇s preference-performance hypothesis （also referred to as the ＂mother-knows-the-best＂ hypothesis）. To test this, we used the interacting Epiphyas postvittana, its host Vitis vinifera, and the pathogenic microbe Botrytis cinerea system. Populations ofE. postvittana and B. cinerea often exist concurrently on 14. vinifera in Aus- tralasia and their interaction and mutual influence are currently being explored, although the suggestion presently is that the relationship between E. postvittana and B. cinerea is mutualistic. We tested the effect of volatiles from B. cinerea-infected berries and unin- fected （control） berries of V. vinifera on the oviposition behavior of E. postvittana. We also characterized the effects of B. cinerea infection on the berries of V. vinifera on the growth and development of E. postvittana. Contrary to the preference-performance hy- pothesis, oviposition choices made by gravid E. postvittana did not result in the best offspring survival, development, and performance. The preference for oviposition by E. postvittana was strongly influenced by the olfactory and tactile cues. She laid fewer eggs on B. cinerea-infected berries compared to uninfected berries of V. vinifera. The larvae of E. postvittana showed no preference to uninfected berries of V. vinifera. The larvae fed on B. cinerea-infected berries of V. vinifera showing greater survival rate, shorter time to pupation, greater pupal mass, and on becoming adults they laid more numbers of eggs than the larvae that were enabled to feed on uninfected berries. The larvae of E. postvittana transport the conidia of B. cinerea and transmit grey-mould disease to uninfected berries of V. vinifera.展开更多
Risk assessments quantify the probability of undesirable events along with their consequences.They are used to prioritize management interventions and assess tradeoffs,serving as an essential component of ecosystem-ba...Risk assessments quantify the probability of undesirable events along with their consequences.They are used to prioritize management interventions and assess tradeoffs,serving as an essential component of ecosystem-based management(EBM).A central objective of most risk assessments for conservation and management is to characterize uncertainty and impacts associated with one or more pressures of interest.Risk assessments have been used in marine resource management to help evaluate the risk of environmental,ecological,and anthropogenic pressures on species or habitats including for data-poor fisheries management(e.g.,toxicity,probability of extinction,habitat alteration impacts).Traditionally,marine risk assessments focused on singular pressure-response relationships,but recent advancements have included use of risk assessments in an EBM context,providing a method for evaluating the cumulative impacts of multiple pressures on multiple ecosystem components.Here,we describe a conceptual framework for ecosystem risk assessment(ERA),highlighting its role in operationalizing EBM,with specific attention to ocean management considerations.This framework builds on the ecotoxicological and conservation literature on risk assessment and includes recent advances that focus on risks posed by fishing to marine ecosystems.We review how examples of ERAs from the United States fit into this framework,explore the variety of analytical approaches that have been used to conduct ERAs,and assess the challenges and data gaps that remain.This review discusses future prospects for ERAs as EBM decision-support tools,their expanded role in integrated ecosystem assessments,and the development of next-generation risk assessments for coupled natural-human systems.展开更多
文摘In this paper we tested the behavior of gravid Epiphyas postvittana in select- ing the most-appropriate site for oviposition thus benefitting offspring performance. Our hypothesis was built on Jaenike＇s preference-performance hypothesis （also referred to as the ＂mother-knows-the-best＂ hypothesis）. To test this, we used the interacting Epiphyas postvittana, its host Vitis vinifera, and the pathogenic microbe Botrytis cinerea system. Populations ofE. postvittana and B. cinerea often exist concurrently on 14. vinifera in Aus- tralasia and their interaction and mutual influence are currently being explored, although the suggestion presently is that the relationship between E. postvittana and B. cinerea is mutualistic. We tested the effect of volatiles from B. cinerea-infected berries and unin- fected （control） berries of V. vinifera on the oviposition behavior of E. postvittana. We also characterized the effects of B. cinerea infection on the berries of V. vinifera on the growth and development of E. postvittana. Contrary to the preference-performance hy- pothesis, oviposition choices made by gravid E. postvittana did not result in the best offspring survival, development, and performance. The preference for oviposition by E. postvittana was strongly influenced by the olfactory and tactile cues. She laid fewer eggs on B. cinerea-infected berries compared to uninfected berries of V. vinifera. The larvae of E. postvittana showed no preference to uninfected berries of V. vinifera. The larvae fed on B. cinerea-infected berries of V. vinifera showing greater survival rate, shorter time to pupation, greater pupal mass, and on becoming adults they laid more numbers of eggs than the larvae that were enabled to feed on uninfected berries. The larvae of E. postvittana transport the conidia of B. cinerea and transmit grey-mould disease to uninfected berries of V. vinifera.
文摘Risk assessments quantify the probability of undesirable events along with their consequences.They are used to prioritize management interventions and assess tradeoffs,serving as an essential component of ecosystem-based management(EBM).A central objective of most risk assessments for conservation and management is to characterize uncertainty and impacts associated with one or more pressures of interest.Risk assessments have been used in marine resource management to help evaluate the risk of environmental,ecological,and anthropogenic pressures on species or habitats including for data-poor fisheries management(e.g.,toxicity,probability of extinction,habitat alteration impacts).Traditionally,marine risk assessments focused on singular pressure-response relationships,but recent advancements have included use of risk assessments in an EBM context,providing a method for evaluating the cumulative impacts of multiple pressures on multiple ecosystem components.Here,we describe a conceptual framework for ecosystem risk assessment(ERA),highlighting its role in operationalizing EBM,with specific attention to ocean management considerations.This framework builds on the ecotoxicological and conservation literature on risk assessment and includes recent advances that focus on risks posed by fishing to marine ecosystems.We review how examples of ERAs from the United States fit into this framework,explore the variety of analytical approaches that have been used to conduct ERAs,and assess the challenges and data gaps that remain.This review discusses future prospects for ERAs as EBM decision-support tools,their expanded role in integrated ecosystem assessments,and the development of next-generation risk assessments for coupled natural-human systems.
