Designing a multi-constrained QoS (Quality of service) communication protocol for mission-critical applications that seeks a path connecting source node and destination node that satisfies multiple QoS constrains such...Designing a multi-constrained QoS (Quality of service) communication protocol for mission-critical applications that seeks a path connecting source node and destination node that satisfies multiple QoS constrains such as energy cost, delay, and reliability imposes a great challenge in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). In such challenging dynamic environment, traditional routing and layered infrastructure are inefficient and sometimes even infeasible. In recent research works, the opportunistic routing paradigm which delays the forwarding decision until reception of packets in forwarders by utilizing the broadcast nature of the wireless medium has been exploited to overcome the limitations of traditional routing. However, to guarantee the balance between the energy, delay and reliability requires the refinement of opportunistic routing through interaction between underlying layers known as cross-layer opportunistic routing. Indeed, these schemes fail to achieve optimal performance and hence require a new method to facilitate the adoption of the routing protocol to the dynamic challenging environments. In this paper, we propose a universal cross-layered opportunistic based communication protocol for WSNs for guaranteeing the user set constraints on multi-constrained QoS in low-duty-cycle WSN. Extensive simulation results show that the proposed work, Multi-Constrained QoS Opportunistic routing by optimal Power Tuning (MOR-PT) effectively achieves the feasible QoS trade-off constraints set by user by jointly considering the power control and selection diversity over established algorithms like DSF [1] and DTPC [2].展开更多
Silver nitrate induced MS media enhanced multiple shoot regeneration and in vitro flowering from axillary bud and leaf explants of Solanum nigrum (L.) an important antiulcer medicinal plant. Healthy axillary bud and l...Silver nitrate induced MS media enhanced multiple shoot regeneration and in vitro flowering from axillary bud and leaf explants of Solanum nigrum (L.) an important antiulcer medicinal plant. Healthy axillary bud and leaf explants were inoculated on MS medium supplemented with BAP/Kn (1.0 - 2.0 mg/l) in combination with IAA/NAA (0.5 mg/l) and AgNO<sub>3</sub> (0.1 - 1.0 mg/l). The explants were responded effectively and good regeneration frequencies were observed in all the combinations of silver nitrate tested when compared to control. Maximum number of multiple shoots (34.3) was found in leaf explants cultured on MS media supplemented with BAP (2.0 mg/l), NAA (0.5 mg/l) and AgNO<sub>3</sub> (0.4 mg/l). These regenerated shoots were sub-cultured on to the flowering media. Maximum number of in vitro flowers (12) was obtained from axillary bud explants in BAP (2.0 mg/l), Kn (1.0 mg/l), IAA (0.5 mg/l) and AgNO<sub>3</sub> (6.0 mg/l) supplemented media when compared to leaf (4) and control. All the in vitro raised shoots were transferred to rooting medium supplemented with NAA, IBA (1.0 - 2.0 mg/l) and AgNO<sub>3</sub> (0.1 - 0.6 mg/l). The best rooting response (24.6) was observed in 2.0 mg/l IBA + 0.4 mg/l AgNO<sub>3</sub>. The well rooted plantlets were transferred to polybags containing soil + vermiculate in 1:1 ratio for hardening and finally the hardened plantlets were transferred to field conditions.展开更多
One of the most important challenges in the Wireless Sensor Networks is to improve the performance of the network by extending the lifetime of the sensor nodes. So the focus is on obtaining a trade-off between minimiz...One of the most important challenges in the Wireless Sensor Networks is to improve the performance of the network by extending the lifetime of the sensor nodes. So the focus is on obtaining a trade-off between minimizing the delay involved and reducing the energy consumption of the sensor nodes which directly translate to an extended lifetime of the sensor nodes. An effective Sleep-wake scheduling mechanism can prolong the lifetime of the sensors by eliminating idle power listening, which could result in substantial delays. To counter this, an anycast forwarding scheme that could forward the packet opportunistically to the first awaken node may result in retransmissions as if the chosen node falls in resource constraints. The algorithm, namely Prim’s-Dual is proposed to solve the said problem. The algorithm considers five crucial parameters, namely the residual energy of the nodes, transmission power, receiving power, packet loss rate, interference from which the next hop is determined to extend the lifetime of the sensor node. Since the proposed work is framed keeping critical event monitoring in mind, the sleep-wake scheduling is modified as low-power, high-power scheduling where all nodes are in low-power and the nodes needed for data transmission are respectively turned on to high-power mode. The integrated framework provides several opportunities for performance enhancement for conflict-free transmissions. The aim of our algorithm is to show reliable, energy efficient transfer without compromising on lifetime and delay. The further effectiveness of the protocol is verified. The results demonstrate that the proposed protocol can efficiently handle network scalability with acceptable latency and overhead.展开更多
This paper is to identify and classify the various types of shunt and line faults in transmission line. The faults may be an insulation failure, lightning or accidental faulty operation. In a transmission line protect...This paper is to identify and classify the various types of shunt and line faults in transmission line. The faults may be an insulation failure, lightning or accidental faulty operation. In a transmission line protection important factor is identifying a fault because if any error occurs in finding fault may leads to abnormal operation of the protection system. So either a disturbance or steady state variation is called power quality variation. The proposed test system is modeled based on the neural network and fuzzy algorithm. The online symmetrical components are extracted by this above algorithm. The fuzzy is used to separate the oscillating components and average components. Here input for the fuzzy is trained by using neural network. It is based on current samples and very effective in fault classifier using rule base. This method is very much suitable for online implementation.展开更多
文摘Designing a multi-constrained QoS (Quality of service) communication protocol for mission-critical applications that seeks a path connecting source node and destination node that satisfies multiple QoS constrains such as energy cost, delay, and reliability imposes a great challenge in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). In such challenging dynamic environment, traditional routing and layered infrastructure are inefficient and sometimes even infeasible. In recent research works, the opportunistic routing paradigm which delays the forwarding decision until reception of packets in forwarders by utilizing the broadcast nature of the wireless medium has been exploited to overcome the limitations of traditional routing. However, to guarantee the balance between the energy, delay and reliability requires the refinement of opportunistic routing through interaction between underlying layers known as cross-layer opportunistic routing. Indeed, these schemes fail to achieve optimal performance and hence require a new method to facilitate the adoption of the routing protocol to the dynamic challenging environments. In this paper, we propose a universal cross-layered opportunistic based communication protocol for WSNs for guaranteeing the user set constraints on multi-constrained QoS in low-duty-cycle WSN. Extensive simulation results show that the proposed work, Multi-Constrained QoS Opportunistic routing by optimal Power Tuning (MOR-PT) effectively achieves the feasible QoS trade-off constraints set by user by jointly considering the power control and selection diversity over established algorithms like DSF [1] and DTPC [2].
文摘Silver nitrate induced MS media enhanced multiple shoot regeneration and in vitro flowering from axillary bud and leaf explants of Solanum nigrum (L.) an important antiulcer medicinal plant. Healthy axillary bud and leaf explants were inoculated on MS medium supplemented with BAP/Kn (1.0 - 2.0 mg/l) in combination with IAA/NAA (0.5 mg/l) and AgNO<sub>3</sub> (0.1 - 1.0 mg/l). The explants were responded effectively and good regeneration frequencies were observed in all the combinations of silver nitrate tested when compared to control. Maximum number of multiple shoots (34.3) was found in leaf explants cultured on MS media supplemented with BAP (2.0 mg/l), NAA (0.5 mg/l) and AgNO<sub>3</sub> (0.4 mg/l). These regenerated shoots were sub-cultured on to the flowering media. Maximum number of in vitro flowers (12) was obtained from axillary bud explants in BAP (2.0 mg/l), Kn (1.0 mg/l), IAA (0.5 mg/l) and AgNO<sub>3</sub> (6.0 mg/l) supplemented media when compared to leaf (4) and control. All the in vitro raised shoots were transferred to rooting medium supplemented with NAA, IBA (1.0 - 2.0 mg/l) and AgNO<sub>3</sub> (0.1 - 0.6 mg/l). The best rooting response (24.6) was observed in 2.0 mg/l IBA + 0.4 mg/l AgNO<sub>3</sub>. The well rooted plantlets were transferred to polybags containing soil + vermiculate in 1:1 ratio for hardening and finally the hardened plantlets were transferred to field conditions.
文摘One of the most important challenges in the Wireless Sensor Networks is to improve the performance of the network by extending the lifetime of the sensor nodes. So the focus is on obtaining a trade-off between minimizing the delay involved and reducing the energy consumption of the sensor nodes which directly translate to an extended lifetime of the sensor nodes. An effective Sleep-wake scheduling mechanism can prolong the lifetime of the sensors by eliminating idle power listening, which could result in substantial delays. To counter this, an anycast forwarding scheme that could forward the packet opportunistically to the first awaken node may result in retransmissions as if the chosen node falls in resource constraints. The algorithm, namely Prim’s-Dual is proposed to solve the said problem. The algorithm considers five crucial parameters, namely the residual energy of the nodes, transmission power, receiving power, packet loss rate, interference from which the next hop is determined to extend the lifetime of the sensor node. Since the proposed work is framed keeping critical event monitoring in mind, the sleep-wake scheduling is modified as low-power, high-power scheduling where all nodes are in low-power and the nodes needed for data transmission are respectively turned on to high-power mode. The integrated framework provides several opportunities for performance enhancement for conflict-free transmissions. The aim of our algorithm is to show reliable, energy efficient transfer without compromising on lifetime and delay. The further effectiveness of the protocol is verified. The results demonstrate that the proposed protocol can efficiently handle network scalability with acceptable latency and overhead.
文摘This paper is to identify and classify the various types of shunt and line faults in transmission line. The faults may be an insulation failure, lightning or accidental faulty operation. In a transmission line protection important factor is identifying a fault because if any error occurs in finding fault may leads to abnormal operation of the protection system. So either a disturbance or steady state variation is called power quality variation. The proposed test system is modeled based on the neural network and fuzzy algorithm. The online symmetrical components are extracted by this above algorithm. The fuzzy is used to separate the oscillating components and average components. Here input for the fuzzy is trained by using neural network. It is based on current samples and very effective in fault classifier using rule base. This method is very much suitable for online implementation.
