With the prevalence of obesity and associated comorbidities,studies aimed at revealing mechanisms that regulate energy homeostasis have gained increasing interest.In 1994,the cloning of leptin was a milestone in metab...With the prevalence of obesity and associated comorbidities,studies aimed at revealing mechanisms that regulate energy homeostasis have gained increasing interest.In 1994,the cloning of leptin was a milestone in metabolic research.As an adipocytokine,leptin governs food intake and energy homeostasis through leptin receptors(LepR)in the brain.The failure of increased leptin levels to suppress feeding and elevate energy expenditure is referred to as leptin resistance,which encompasses complex pathophysiological processes.Within the brain,LepR-expressing neurons are distributed in hypothalamus and other brain areas,and each population of the LepR-expressing neurons may mediate particular aspects of leptin effects.In LepR-expressing neurons,the binding of leptin to LepR initiates multiple signaling cascades including janus kinase(JAK)–signal transducers and activators of transcription(STAT)phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase(PI3K)-protein kinase B(AKT),extracellular regulated protein kinase(ERK),and AMP-activated protein kinase(AMPK)signaling,etc.,mediating leptin actions.These findings place leptin at the intersection of metabolic and neuroendocrine regulations,and render leptin a key target for treating obesity and associated comorbidities.This review highlights the main discoveries that shaped the field of leptin for better understanding of the mechanism governing metabolic homeostasis,and guides the development of safe and effective interventions to treat obesity and associated diseases.展开更多
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82170864.No.81471064.No.81670779,No.81870590 to R.Z)the Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation(No.7162097,No.H2018206641 to R.Z)+1 种基金the Peking University Research Foundation(No.BMU20140366 to R.Z)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFC1700402 to R.Z.).
文摘With the prevalence of obesity and associated comorbidities,studies aimed at revealing mechanisms that regulate energy homeostasis have gained increasing interest.In 1994,the cloning of leptin was a milestone in metabolic research.As an adipocytokine,leptin governs food intake and energy homeostasis through leptin receptors(LepR)in the brain.The failure of increased leptin levels to suppress feeding and elevate energy expenditure is referred to as leptin resistance,which encompasses complex pathophysiological processes.Within the brain,LepR-expressing neurons are distributed in hypothalamus and other brain areas,and each population of the LepR-expressing neurons may mediate particular aspects of leptin effects.In LepR-expressing neurons,the binding of leptin to LepR initiates multiple signaling cascades including janus kinase(JAK)–signal transducers and activators of transcription(STAT)phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase(PI3K)-protein kinase B(AKT),extracellular regulated protein kinase(ERK),and AMP-activated protein kinase(AMPK)signaling,etc.,mediating leptin actions.These findings place leptin at the intersection of metabolic and neuroendocrine regulations,and render leptin a key target for treating obesity and associated comorbidities.This review highlights the main discoveries that shaped the field of leptin for better understanding of the mechanism governing metabolic homeostasis,and guides the development of safe and effective interventions to treat obesity and associated diseases.
