This study presents the first comprehensive analysis of coconut water from three main cultivars(coconut water of Hainan Gaoye(GY),Wenye No.2(WY2),and Wenye No.3(WY3)),across maturation stages spanning 5 to 10 month-ag...This study presents the first comprehensive analysis of coconut water from three main cultivars(coconut water of Hainan Gaoye(GY),Wenye No.2(WY2),and Wenye No.3(WY3)),across maturation stages spanning 5 to 10 month-ages in China.As the coconuts matured,pH,protein,amino acids,phenolics,and minerals(e.g.,K,Ca)increased,while total acidity and malic acid declined.Sweetness parameters and vitamins peaked at 7-8 monthages,reflecting an optimal flavor window.A wide range of eighty metabolites were annotated in untargeted metabolomics analysis,including amino acids,vitamins,flavonoids,lipids,and alkaloids.Twenty-one of them were reported for the first time in coconut water.GY formed a unique cluster,with WY2 as well as WY3 showing greater similarity.Functional pathway enrichment suggested that cultivars differ in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism,while developmental changes were linked to pathways influencing energy metabolism,amino acid biosynthesis,and secondary metabolite production.These findings identify key harvest windows for coconut water,and provide guidance for its high-value utilization.展开更多
文摘This study presents the first comprehensive analysis of coconut water from three main cultivars(coconut water of Hainan Gaoye(GY),Wenye No.2(WY2),and Wenye No.3(WY3)),across maturation stages spanning 5 to 10 month-ages in China.As the coconuts matured,pH,protein,amino acids,phenolics,and minerals(e.g.,K,Ca)increased,while total acidity and malic acid declined.Sweetness parameters and vitamins peaked at 7-8 monthages,reflecting an optimal flavor window.A wide range of eighty metabolites were annotated in untargeted metabolomics analysis,including amino acids,vitamins,flavonoids,lipids,and alkaloids.Twenty-one of them were reported for the first time in coconut water.GY formed a unique cluster,with WY2 as well as WY3 showing greater similarity.Functional pathway enrichment suggested that cultivars differ in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism,while developmental changes were linked to pathways influencing energy metabolism,amino acid biosynthesis,and secondary metabolite production.These findings identify key harvest windows for coconut water,and provide guidance for its high-value utilization.
