The contamination of Aspergillus flavus and subsequent aflatoxins(AFs)has been considered as one of the most serious food safety problems due to their acute and chronic adverse effects on humans and animals.This revie...The contamination of Aspergillus flavus and subsequent aflatoxins(AFs)has been considered as one of the most serious food safety problems due to their acute and chronic adverse effects on humans and animals.This review collects the available information from recent years on the effect of the major environmental factors such as water activity(a_(w)),temperature,CO_(2),and pH on the fungal growth,the expression of AFs-related genes,and AFs production by A.flavus on foods.In particular,the relationship between the relative expression of key regulatory(aflR and aflS)and structural genes(aflD,aflO,aflQ,etc.)and AFs production under different environmental conditions are collected and discussed.The information collected in this review can be used to design control strategies of A.flavus and AFs contamination in practical applications,primarily during storage and processing.These data suggest that integrating various post-harvest methods with synergistic functions may be more efficient for the control of A.flavus growth and AFs production,although the individual environmental factors alone have an impact.展开更多
Objectives:The contamination of Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxins(AFs)is one of the most serious safety problems in food and feed.The discovery and application of plant-sourced antifungal agents are hot topics in myco...Objectives:The contamination of Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxins(AFs)is one of the most serious safety problems in food and feed.The discovery and application of plant-sourced antifungal agents are hot topics in mycotoxin control.In this study,we aim to develop efficient strategies to control A.flavus and subsequent contamination by AFs.Materials and Methods:We focused on Zongye essential oil,which was extracted from Indocalamus latifolius leaves(Zongye,the traditional food-packaging materials).Its antifungal and antitoxin activities were observed by volatile test,and the significant morphological and ultrastructural variations were observed by scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and transmission electron microscopy(TEM)analyses.The main components of Zongye essential oil were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS).RNA sequencing(RNA-Seq)and real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR)analyses were used to reveal the inhibitory mechanism.Results:Among them,No.2 Zongye essential oil completely inhibited the growth and toxin production of A.flavus after 10μL treatment.Under Zongye essential oil treatment,evidently morphological and ultrastructural variations were observed,such as hyphae shrinkage,partial distortion,and a decrease in conidia number.Longifolene and linalool were the major constituents of Zongye essential oil,accounting for 9.55% and 7.95%,respectively,and linalool had stronger inhibitory effects on fungal growth and mycotoxin biosynthesis than longifolene.Based on the experimental results,the antifungal mechanism was proposed:down-regulations of membrane proteins(AFLA_005560,AFLA_019420,and AFLA_084310,etc.)and conidial genes(fblC,steA,and abaA,etc.)inhibited fungal development,and anti-aflatoxigenic activity might be due to significant down-regulation of AF clustergenes andglobal regulators(AtfA and AtfB).Conclusion:A novel antifungal agent,Zongye essential oil,was identified,and its inhibitory mechanism was comprehensively clarified,which is helpful to control AF contamination in an environmentally friendly way.展开更多
基金We gratefully acknowledge the financial support of National Key R&D Program of China(2016YFD0400105).
文摘The contamination of Aspergillus flavus and subsequent aflatoxins(AFs)has been considered as one of the most serious food safety problems due to their acute and chronic adverse effects on humans and animals.This review collects the available information from recent years on the effect of the major environmental factors such as water activity(a_(w)),temperature,CO_(2),and pH on the fungal growth,the expression of AFs-related genes,and AFs production by A.flavus on foods.In particular,the relationship between the relative expression of key regulatory(aflR and aflS)and structural genes(aflD,aflO,aflQ,etc.)and AFs production under different environmental conditions are collected and discussed.The information collected in this review can be used to design control strategies of A.flavus and AFs contamination in practical applications,primarily during storage and processing.These data suggest that integrating various post-harvest methods with synergistic functions may be more efficient for the control of A.flavus growth and AFs production,although the individual environmental factors alone have an impact.
基金supported by the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(Nos.6212028 and 6222053)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32372457)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of Institute of Food Science and Technology,CAAS(No.CAAS-ASTIP-G2022-IFST-01).
文摘Objectives:The contamination of Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxins(AFs)is one of the most serious safety problems in food and feed.The discovery and application of plant-sourced antifungal agents are hot topics in mycotoxin control.In this study,we aim to develop efficient strategies to control A.flavus and subsequent contamination by AFs.Materials and Methods:We focused on Zongye essential oil,which was extracted from Indocalamus latifolius leaves(Zongye,the traditional food-packaging materials).Its antifungal and antitoxin activities were observed by volatile test,and the significant morphological and ultrastructural variations were observed by scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and transmission electron microscopy(TEM)analyses.The main components of Zongye essential oil were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS).RNA sequencing(RNA-Seq)and real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR)analyses were used to reveal the inhibitory mechanism.Results:Among them,No.2 Zongye essential oil completely inhibited the growth and toxin production of A.flavus after 10μL treatment.Under Zongye essential oil treatment,evidently morphological and ultrastructural variations were observed,such as hyphae shrinkage,partial distortion,and a decrease in conidia number.Longifolene and linalool were the major constituents of Zongye essential oil,accounting for 9.55% and 7.95%,respectively,and linalool had stronger inhibitory effects on fungal growth and mycotoxin biosynthesis than longifolene.Based on the experimental results,the antifungal mechanism was proposed:down-regulations of membrane proteins(AFLA_005560,AFLA_019420,and AFLA_084310,etc.)and conidial genes(fblC,steA,and abaA,etc.)inhibited fungal development,and anti-aflatoxigenic activity might be due to significant down-regulation of AF clustergenes andglobal regulators(AtfA and AtfB).Conclusion:A novel antifungal agent,Zongye essential oil,was identified,and its inhibitory mechanism was comprehensively clarified,which is helpful to control AF contamination in an environmentally friendly way.
