Argania spinosa L.(Sapotaceae family),endemic to Morocco,is a multipurpose tree with an important ecological and socio-economical interest.Nevertheless,the sustainability of the agro-forestry system is now threatened ...Argania spinosa L.(Sapotaceae family),endemic to Morocco,is a multipurpose tree with an important ecological and socio-economical interest.Nevertheless,the sustainability of the agro-forestry system is now threatened by overgrazing and over-exploitation leading to an alarming decline in the number of trees.In the present study,inter-simple sequence repeats(ISSR)markers were used to evaluate the genetic variation and to assess the genetic diversity distribution within and among 17 argan populations growing naturally under semi-arid and arid climate.Thus,a total of seven primers generated 260 well-defined bands,with an average of 37.14 bands per primer.Studied populations showed a relatively high level of genetic diversity at species level and low level of genetic diversity at population level.The percentage of polymorphic bands,Nei's gene diversity and Shannon's information index at population and species level were 30.15%,0.164,0.217 and 98.8%,0.172,0.293,respectively.A relative low level of genetic differentiation(Gst=0.39)was in agreement with the results obtained from the analysis of molecular variance(AMOVA).Estimated gene flow was Nm=0.781 among populations.Mantel test revealed a non-significant correlation between genetic and geographic distance(r=0.065,P〈0.05),suggesting that the geographic distribution is not the major factor that shaped the present population genetic structure.The results can help preserve A.spinosa L.tree as an endangered species,however,refining these finding using co-dominant markers is recommended in order to establish conservation strategies.展开更多
A field experiment was carried out in arid area to assess the influence of mycorrhizal inoculation with a native complex and bio-compost addition on establishment of Argania spinosa. The experimental area was located ...A field experiment was carried out in arid area to assess the influence of mycorrhizal inoculation with a native complex and bio-compost addition on establishment of Argania spinosa. The experimental area was located in the Admine forest at Agadir (Southwestern Morocco). The results showed a positive effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on the growth of Argania spinosa seedlings in the nursery. Six months after planting, the mycorrhizal complex revealed an increase in the growth of Argan seedlings (51%) compared to non mycorrhizal plants. In the field conditions, after one year of transplantation, this benefit was maintained. Results showed that the height of Argan seedlings treated with AMF was double that of the control group. An additional positive effect of inoculation with AMF on plant biomass was observed and it was closely related to colonization by these microorganisms. There was an estimated 169% increase in biomass compared to control plants. The use of bio-compost alone or in combination with AMF improved the production of shoot biomass of Argan plants (84% and 108% respectively compared to control plants). In addition, AMF improved the survival rate and the contents of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in the tissues of A. spinosa plants. A significant positive correlation between dry biomass and nutrient content in plant tissue was detected. The content of (P) in the leaves and roots of inoculated plants was higher than those in non-inoculated and planted seedlings in amended soils. This result reaffirms the prime necessity of mycorrhiza in arid conditions. Thus the introduction of mycorrhizal fungi in forest nurseries is a key tool to improve the quality of seedlings produced and their resistance in reforestation sites.展开更多
Argan oil is most frequently sold as pure oil,which can be directly applied topically due to its cosmetological proprieties or ingested in order to provide several health benefits.It's also commonly mixed into a n...Argan oil is most frequently sold as pure oil,which can be directly applied topically due to its cosmetological proprieties or ingested in order to provide several health benefits.It's also commonly mixed into a number of cosmetic products like shampoos,soaps and conditioners.In this study we aimed to improve the argan oil extraction yield and quality parameters by comparing the effects of different extraction technologies.Argan kernel oils were extracted using four methods:mechanical cold press,Soxhlet extraction with n-hexane,supercritical fluid extraction(SFE),and enzyme assisted extraction with three different enzyme solutions cellulase(cellulast),pectinase(Pectinex)and a mixture of carbohydrase enzymes(Viscozyme®).The quality parameters was evaluated by determining the acid,peroxide and iodine values aswell as the extinction coefficients K_(232) and K_(270) as measures of conjugated dienes and trienes,respectively.The results showed that the highest yield(66.37%±3.3%)was obtained by enzyme assisted extraction using the carbohydrases enzymes mixture(Viscozyme®),followed by Soxhlet extraction(59.5%±3.1%)and pectinase extraction(52.03%±3.55%).All argan oils samples obtained by the different methods showed a good oxidation stability,with acid,peroxide and iodine values lower than 0.8 mg/g,15 meq/kg and 110 g/100 g according to the official argan oil norm,respectively.The results of argan oils quality parameters demonstrated that the enzyme extracted argan oils showed low oxidation,with the following quality parameters:acid values(0.4-0.6 mg/g),iodine values(95-100 g/100 g),dienes(K_(232)<2),trienes(K_(270)<0.35),and peroxide values(<1.5 meq/kg).The results proved that the enzyme assisted extraction method can be applied to improve the argan oil yield without affecting the oil quality.The enzyme extraction method may be a great alternative to solvent and cold press extractions for this eco-friendly processing approach.展开更多
文摘Argania spinosa L.(Sapotaceae family),endemic to Morocco,is a multipurpose tree with an important ecological and socio-economical interest.Nevertheless,the sustainability of the agro-forestry system is now threatened by overgrazing and over-exploitation leading to an alarming decline in the number of trees.In the present study,inter-simple sequence repeats(ISSR)markers were used to evaluate the genetic variation and to assess the genetic diversity distribution within and among 17 argan populations growing naturally under semi-arid and arid climate.Thus,a total of seven primers generated 260 well-defined bands,with an average of 37.14 bands per primer.Studied populations showed a relatively high level of genetic diversity at species level and low level of genetic diversity at population level.The percentage of polymorphic bands,Nei's gene diversity and Shannon's information index at population and species level were 30.15%,0.164,0.217 and 98.8%,0.172,0.293,respectively.A relative low level of genetic differentiation(Gst=0.39)was in agreement with the results obtained from the analysis of molecular variance(AMOVA).Estimated gene flow was Nm=0.781 among populations.Mantel test revealed a non-significant correlation between genetic and geographic distance(r=0.065,P〈0.05),suggesting that the geographic distribution is not the major factor that shaped the present population genetic structure.The results can help preserve A.spinosa L.tree as an endangered species,however,refining these finding using co-dominant markers is recommended in order to establish conservation strategies.
文摘A field experiment was carried out in arid area to assess the influence of mycorrhizal inoculation with a native complex and bio-compost addition on establishment of Argania spinosa. The experimental area was located in the Admine forest at Agadir (Southwestern Morocco). The results showed a positive effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on the growth of Argania spinosa seedlings in the nursery. Six months after planting, the mycorrhizal complex revealed an increase in the growth of Argan seedlings (51%) compared to non mycorrhizal plants. In the field conditions, after one year of transplantation, this benefit was maintained. Results showed that the height of Argan seedlings treated with AMF was double that of the control group. An additional positive effect of inoculation with AMF on plant biomass was observed and it was closely related to colonization by these microorganisms. There was an estimated 169% increase in biomass compared to control plants. The use of bio-compost alone or in combination with AMF improved the production of shoot biomass of Argan plants (84% and 108% respectively compared to control plants). In addition, AMF improved the survival rate and the contents of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in the tissues of A. spinosa plants. A significant positive correlation between dry biomass and nutrient content in plant tissue was detected. The content of (P) in the leaves and roots of inoculated plants was higher than those in non-inoculated and planted seedlings in amended soils. This result reaffirms the prime necessity of mycorrhiza in arid conditions. Thus the introduction of mycorrhizal fungi in forest nurseries is a key tool to improve the quality of seedlings produced and their resistance in reforestation sites.
基金This research was funded by the EU and project EXANDAS-H2020-MSCA-RISE-2015–“Exploitation of aromatic plants'by-products for the development of novel cosmeceuticals and food Supplements”(Grant Agreement No 691247).
文摘Argan oil is most frequently sold as pure oil,which can be directly applied topically due to its cosmetological proprieties or ingested in order to provide several health benefits.It's also commonly mixed into a number of cosmetic products like shampoos,soaps and conditioners.In this study we aimed to improve the argan oil extraction yield and quality parameters by comparing the effects of different extraction technologies.Argan kernel oils were extracted using four methods:mechanical cold press,Soxhlet extraction with n-hexane,supercritical fluid extraction(SFE),and enzyme assisted extraction with three different enzyme solutions cellulase(cellulast),pectinase(Pectinex)and a mixture of carbohydrase enzymes(Viscozyme®).The quality parameters was evaluated by determining the acid,peroxide and iodine values aswell as the extinction coefficients K_(232) and K_(270) as measures of conjugated dienes and trienes,respectively.The results showed that the highest yield(66.37%±3.3%)was obtained by enzyme assisted extraction using the carbohydrases enzymes mixture(Viscozyme®),followed by Soxhlet extraction(59.5%±3.1%)and pectinase extraction(52.03%±3.55%).All argan oils samples obtained by the different methods showed a good oxidation stability,with acid,peroxide and iodine values lower than 0.8 mg/g,15 meq/kg and 110 g/100 g according to the official argan oil norm,respectively.The results of argan oils quality parameters demonstrated that the enzyme extracted argan oils showed low oxidation,with the following quality parameters:acid values(0.4-0.6 mg/g),iodine values(95-100 g/100 g),dienes(K_(232)<2),trienes(K_(270)<0.35),and peroxide values(<1.5 meq/kg).The results proved that the enzyme assisted extraction method can be applied to improve the argan oil yield without affecting the oil quality.The enzyme extraction method may be a great alternative to solvent and cold press extractions for this eco-friendly processing approach.
