Mendoza city(Argentina)hosted the VIII Latin American Forestry Congress(CONFLAT)and the V Forestry Congress of Argentina(CFA)in 2023,where relevant issues were addressed,such as climate change,degradation,reforestatio...Mendoza city(Argentina)hosted the VIII Latin American Forestry Congress(CONFLAT)and the V Forestry Congress of Argentina(CFA)in 2023,where relevant issues were addressed,such as climate change,degradation,reforestation,management and forest industry,monitoring,environmental services,social issues,and governance,among others.The objective of this Special Issue was to present the main advances in Forestry Science for Latin-America in the context of changing governance and forest livelihoods for people.The ffteen articles emphasize the interdisciplinary nature of the forest management and conservation,and that multiple variables must be considered to achieve sustainability.The articles come from studies across Southern South-America(Argentina,Brazil,Chile,and Uruguay),and the collaboration of researchers of other countries(México,Canada,and Spain).Articles include research in tropical,Mediterranean and temperate Sub-Antarctic forests.Together,these articles provide a snapshot of new forestry research carried out locally and internationally to bring about benefcial ecological and environmental outcomes in a world facing the challenges of sustainable management and conservation amongst the threats and uncertainty of climate change and environmental degradation responsible for extensive loss of biodiversity and environmental services.We believe that this Special Issue will encourage more inter-disciplinary research focusing on management and conservation of forests.展开更多
Background Forest ecosystems undergo significant transformations due to harvesting and climate fluctuations,emphasizing the critical role of seeding in natural regeneration and long-term structural preservation.Climat...Background Forest ecosystems undergo significant transformations due to harvesting and climate fluctuations,emphasizing the critical role of seeding in natural regeneration and long-term structural preservation.Climate change further amplifies these dynamics,affecting phenology across species and regions.In Tierra del Fuego(Argentina),Nothofagus pumilio(lenga)forests represent the most important timber resource,and it is managed through different silvicultural strategies.This species demonstrates notable post-disturbance regeneration,yet seed fall exhibits signifi-cant variability,leading to variations in seed quality(e.g.,viability).This study aims to assess fluctuations in N.pumilio seed quality,determine how it varies concerning forest management strategies,annual productivity,and the co-occurrence of climatic phenomena including El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation(ENSO)and the Southern Annular Mode(SAM).Results Viable seeds represented 18.4%of the total,notably higher in unharvested than in managed areas.Con-versely,empty seeds were more prevalent in harvested areas(>75%).Seed quality exhibited significant differences across silvicultural treatments,except for insect-predated seeds,which had similar proportions across all areas,though dispersed retention showed higher predation.When considering years with varying production levels,high-production years favoured full and viable seeds,particularly in unharvested forests and aggregated retention,while low-production years saw reduced viability across all treatments.Quadratic models revealed that viability increased with seed production,where unharvested forests achieved the highest values.Climate variability influenced seed proportions,where ENSO+/SAM+promoting more full and viable seeds,while ENSO–/SAM+favoured non-predated seeds,especially in unharvested stands.Conclusions Seed quality varies among treatments and years with different levels of seeding.Variations in seed qual-ity,linked to climatic events,influence seed viability.Seed quality plays a critical role in forest regeneration,ensuring a seedling bank for harvested stands to face climate variability.These findings are relevant for forest management and ecosystem services,considering the increasing climate variability and extreme events.Understanding these influ-ences is crucial for Nothofagus pumilio forests'sustainability and global forest adaptation strategies.展开更多
Background Treeline ecotones of Mediterranean ecoregions have been affected by the increasing intensity and severity of droughts.Even though the effect of droughts on forest dynamics has been widely documented,knowled...Background Treeline ecotones of Mediterranean ecoregions have been affected by the increasing intensity and severity of droughts.Even though the effect of droughts on forest dynamics has been widely documented,knowledge is relatively scarce of how extreme climate episodes affect the hydraulic structure and,therefore,the phys-iology of woody plants.The Mediterranean Andes have experienced an uninterrupted period of drought since 2010,including an extremely dry year in 2019 with approximately 80%rainfall deficit.Here,we investigated shifts in wood anatomical and physiological traits of Kageneckia angustifolia,an endemic treeline species,in response to this drought period.Methods We evaluated the xylem plasticity of three K.angustifolia populations across their natural distribution(31–35°SL)based on anatomical(vessel structure and distribution)and physiological(intrinsic water-use efficiency)variables in the tree rings.We focused on the period 2000–2020 that corresponds to before the megadrought(2000–2007),(ii)megadrought(2008–2018)and(iii)hyperdrought(2019–2020).The variables were annualized and analyzed by linear mixed-effects models.Results Our results provide insights to the anatomical and physiological mechanisms underlying the resilience of treeline forests to persistent droughts in central Chile.We found that the extreme drought in 2019–2020 triggered shifts in vessel size and frequency that increased hydraulic safety.These significant shifts in vessel traits occurred in parallel with a decrease in pit aperture area and an increase in water-use efficiency,further increasing the resilience of K.angustifolia to extreme drought stress.Conclusions Our results revealed coordinated shifts in vessel size and frequency and water-use efficiency in response to the megadrought,thereby reducing vulnerability to hydraulic failure.The apparent resilience of K.angustifolia to extreme droughts suggests that this adaptation to drought stress may increase its ability to tolerate novel climatic conditions of treeline environments of the Mediterranean Andes,although it is not clear whether these adaptations will be sufficient to persist in scenarios that predict intensification of climate stress.Finally,our results provide empirical evidence that integrating wood anatomical and physiological traits facilitates the understanding of resilience mechanisms that treeline forests develop in the face of increasing drought stress.展开更多
Background The increase in the frequency and intensity of droughts is pointed out as one of the main factors altering biogeochemical cycles in the Amazon basin.An eco-nutritional approach using X-ray fluorescence micr...Background The increase in the frequency and intensity of droughts is pointed out as one of the main factors altering biogeochemical cycles in the Amazon basin.An eco-nutritional approach using X-ray fluorescence micro-analysis(μXRF)is proposed to verify the long-and short-term effects of droughts on the growth and xylem nutrient concentrations of Cedrela fissilis Vell.Methods Fourteen radii were selected from a tree-ring width chronology and X-rayed by Itrax Multiscanner.Profiles of ring width,wood density,and concentrations of aluminum(Al),phosphorus(P),sulfur(S),calcium(Ca),potassium(K),manganese(Mn),iron(Fe)and strontium(Sr)together with Al/Ca,Ca/Mn,K/Ca,Sr/Ca and Mn/S ratios were constructed and correlated with precipitation,temperature,the difference between precipitation and potential evapotranspiration(P-PET)and standardized precipitation-evapotranspiration index(SPEI).Results During dry years,C.fissilis showed narrower,less dense rings,lower Al,P,S and Ca,and higher K and Fe concentrations(the opposite was found in wet years).Ring width decreased(together with Al,P,S,K,Ca,Mn,Fe,Sr,Al/Ca,K/Ca and Sr/Ca)and wood density increased(together with Ca/Mn and Mn/S),which was associated with an increase in evapotranspiration and temperature over time,mainly since 1990.Cedrela fissilis showed a tendency to increase its capacity for resistance,and a recovery and resilience in growth over time associated with responses in Al,Ca,P and S.However,it showed a risk in the capacity for recovery of the pre-drought density values,associated with unsatisfactory responses in Al,Ca,K,Fe and P.Conclusions This study is the first attempt to analyze tree-ring nutritional evidences of C.fissilis trees to climate sensitivity and resilience to drought,based on long-term data from seasonal moist tropical forests of the Amazon.Our data suggested that C.fissilis is undergoing alterations in the concentration,use and redistribution of nutrients associated with increasing wood density and decreasing growth over time,due to the increase of drought frequency in the southern Amazon.展开更多
文摘Mendoza city(Argentina)hosted the VIII Latin American Forestry Congress(CONFLAT)and the V Forestry Congress of Argentina(CFA)in 2023,where relevant issues were addressed,such as climate change,degradation,reforestation,management and forest industry,monitoring,environmental services,social issues,and governance,among others.The objective of this Special Issue was to present the main advances in Forestry Science for Latin-America in the context of changing governance and forest livelihoods for people.The ffteen articles emphasize the interdisciplinary nature of the forest management and conservation,and that multiple variables must be considered to achieve sustainability.The articles come from studies across Southern South-America(Argentina,Brazil,Chile,and Uruguay),and the collaboration of researchers of other countries(México,Canada,and Spain).Articles include research in tropical,Mediterranean and temperate Sub-Antarctic forests.Together,these articles provide a snapshot of new forestry research carried out locally and internationally to bring about benefcial ecological and environmental outcomes in a world facing the challenges of sustainable management and conservation amongst the threats and uncertainty of climate change and environmental degradation responsible for extensive loss of biodiversity and environmental services.We believe that this Special Issue will encourage more inter-disciplinary research focusing on management and conservation of forests.
基金funded by the grant PIP 2021–2023 N°0871“Resilience of managed Nothofagus pumilioforests against harvesting,climate change and extreme events in Tierra del Fuego”of CONICET(Argentina)
文摘Background Forest ecosystems undergo significant transformations due to harvesting and climate fluctuations,emphasizing the critical role of seeding in natural regeneration and long-term structural preservation.Climate change further amplifies these dynamics,affecting phenology across species and regions.In Tierra del Fuego(Argentina),Nothofagus pumilio(lenga)forests represent the most important timber resource,and it is managed through different silvicultural strategies.This species demonstrates notable post-disturbance regeneration,yet seed fall exhibits signifi-cant variability,leading to variations in seed quality(e.g.,viability).This study aims to assess fluctuations in N.pumilio seed quality,determine how it varies concerning forest management strategies,annual productivity,and the co-occurrence of climatic phenomena including El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation(ENSO)and the Southern Annular Mode(SAM).Results Viable seeds represented 18.4%of the total,notably higher in unharvested than in managed areas.Con-versely,empty seeds were more prevalent in harvested areas(>75%).Seed quality exhibited significant differences across silvicultural treatments,except for insect-predated seeds,which had similar proportions across all areas,though dispersed retention showed higher predation.When considering years with varying production levels,high-production years favoured full and viable seeds,particularly in unharvested forests and aggregated retention,while low-production years saw reduced viability across all treatments.Quadratic models revealed that viability increased with seed production,where unharvested forests achieved the highest values.Climate variability influenced seed proportions,where ENSO+/SAM+promoting more full and viable seeds,while ENSO–/SAM+favoured non-predated seeds,especially in unharvested stands.Conclusions Seed quality varies among treatments and years with different levels of seeding.Variations in seed qual-ity,linked to climatic events,influence seed viability.Seed quality plays a critical role in forest regeneration,ensuring a seedling bank for harvested stands to face climate variability.These findings are relevant for forest management and ecosystem services,considering the increasing climate variability and extreme events.Understanding these influ-ences is crucial for Nothofagus pumilio forests'sustainability and global forest adaptation strategies.
基金FONDECYT Postdoctorado 3200765AVG to Fondecyt Regular 1221701+1 种基金DC to FONDECYT Project 1201347supported by a fellowship from the Fundacao de AmparoàPesquisa do Estado do Sao Paulo(FAPESP,grants 2023/07753-6)
文摘Background Treeline ecotones of Mediterranean ecoregions have been affected by the increasing intensity and severity of droughts.Even though the effect of droughts on forest dynamics has been widely documented,knowledge is relatively scarce of how extreme climate episodes affect the hydraulic structure and,therefore,the phys-iology of woody plants.The Mediterranean Andes have experienced an uninterrupted period of drought since 2010,including an extremely dry year in 2019 with approximately 80%rainfall deficit.Here,we investigated shifts in wood anatomical and physiological traits of Kageneckia angustifolia,an endemic treeline species,in response to this drought period.Methods We evaluated the xylem plasticity of three K.angustifolia populations across their natural distribution(31–35°SL)based on anatomical(vessel structure and distribution)and physiological(intrinsic water-use efficiency)variables in the tree rings.We focused on the period 2000–2020 that corresponds to before the megadrought(2000–2007),(ii)megadrought(2008–2018)and(iii)hyperdrought(2019–2020).The variables were annualized and analyzed by linear mixed-effects models.Results Our results provide insights to the anatomical and physiological mechanisms underlying the resilience of treeline forests to persistent droughts in central Chile.We found that the extreme drought in 2019–2020 triggered shifts in vessel size and frequency that increased hydraulic safety.These significant shifts in vessel traits occurred in parallel with a decrease in pit aperture area and an increase in water-use efficiency,further increasing the resilience of K.angustifolia to extreme drought stress.Conclusions Our results revealed coordinated shifts in vessel size and frequency and water-use efficiency in response to the megadrought,thereby reducing vulnerability to hydraulic failure.The apparent resilience of K.angustifolia to extreme droughts suggests that this adaptation to drought stress may increase its ability to tolerate novel climatic conditions of treeline environments of the Mediterranean Andes,although it is not clear whether these adaptations will be sufficient to persist in scenarios that predict intensification of climate stress.Finally,our results provide empirical evidence that integrating wood anatomical and physiological traits facilitates the understanding of resilience mechanisms that treeline forests develop in the face of increasing drought stress.
基金We thank the Wood Anatomy and Tree-Ring Laboratory(LAIM)(FAPESP project:2009/53951-7)Department of Forest Sciences,Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture(ESALQ)+6 种基金DROR was supported by a fellowship from the Fundação de AmparoàPesquisa do Estado do São Paulo(FAPESP,grants#2018/22914-8,2020/04608-7)RSS was supported by VULBOS project(UPO-1263216),VURECLIM(P20_00813)AH by PinCaR project(UHU-1266324)both from FEDER Funds,Andalusia Regional Government,Consejería de Economía,Conocimiento,Empresas y Universidad 2014-2020RSS and AH were also supported by EQC2018-004821-P and IE19_074 UPO projects cofounded by Spanish“Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2017-2020”and“Plan Andaluz de Invetigación,Desarrollo e Innovación(PAIDI 2020)”,respectivelyRCB was supported from FAPESP(Grant#2020/11502-0)MJF and MTF were supported from FAPESP-FAPEAM(#01/2020)and CAPES(PROCAD/Amazônia,#21/2018)This study was also partially funded by PIRE-project(FAPESP,Grant#2017/50085-3).
文摘Background The increase in the frequency and intensity of droughts is pointed out as one of the main factors altering biogeochemical cycles in the Amazon basin.An eco-nutritional approach using X-ray fluorescence micro-analysis(μXRF)is proposed to verify the long-and short-term effects of droughts on the growth and xylem nutrient concentrations of Cedrela fissilis Vell.Methods Fourteen radii were selected from a tree-ring width chronology and X-rayed by Itrax Multiscanner.Profiles of ring width,wood density,and concentrations of aluminum(Al),phosphorus(P),sulfur(S),calcium(Ca),potassium(K),manganese(Mn),iron(Fe)and strontium(Sr)together with Al/Ca,Ca/Mn,K/Ca,Sr/Ca and Mn/S ratios were constructed and correlated with precipitation,temperature,the difference between precipitation and potential evapotranspiration(P-PET)and standardized precipitation-evapotranspiration index(SPEI).Results During dry years,C.fissilis showed narrower,less dense rings,lower Al,P,S and Ca,and higher K and Fe concentrations(the opposite was found in wet years).Ring width decreased(together with Al,P,S,K,Ca,Mn,Fe,Sr,Al/Ca,K/Ca and Sr/Ca)and wood density increased(together with Ca/Mn and Mn/S),which was associated with an increase in evapotranspiration and temperature over time,mainly since 1990.Cedrela fissilis showed a tendency to increase its capacity for resistance,and a recovery and resilience in growth over time associated with responses in Al,Ca,P and S.However,it showed a risk in the capacity for recovery of the pre-drought density values,associated with unsatisfactory responses in Al,Ca,K,Fe and P.Conclusions This study is the first attempt to analyze tree-ring nutritional evidences of C.fissilis trees to climate sensitivity and resilience to drought,based on long-term data from seasonal moist tropical forests of the Amazon.Our data suggested that C.fissilis is undergoing alterations in the concentration,use and redistribution of nutrients associated with increasing wood density and decreasing growth over time,due to the increase of drought frequency in the southern Amazon.
