To gain insights into the ototoxic effects of aminoglycoside antibiotics(AmAn) and delayed peripheral ganglion neuron death in the inner ear.experimental animal models were widely used with several different approache...To gain insights into the ototoxic effects of aminoglycoside antibiotics(AmAn) and delayed peripheral ganglion neuron death in the inner ear.experimental animal models were widely used with several different approaches including AmAn systemic injections,combination treatment of AmAn and diuretics,or local application of AmAn.In these approaches,systemic AmAn treatment alone usually causes incomplete damage to hair cells in the inner ear.Co-administration of diuretic and AmAn can completely destroy the cochlear hair cells,but it is impossible to damage the vestibular system.Only the approach of AmAn local application can selectively eliminate most sensory hair cells in the inner ear.Therefore,AmAn local application is more suitable for studies for complete hair cell destructions in cochlear and vestibular system and the following delayed peripheral ganglion neuron death.In current studies,guinea pigs were unilaterally treated with a high concentration of gentamicin(GM,40 nig/ml) through the tympanic membrane into the middle ear cavity.Auditory functions and vestibular functions were measured before and after GM treatment.The loss of hair cells and delayed degeneration of ganglion neurons in both cochlear and vestibular system were quantified 30 days or 60 days after treatment.The results showed that both auditory and vestibular functions were completely abolished after GM treatment.The sensory hair cells were totally missing in the cochlea,and severely destroyed in vestibular end-organs.The delayed spiral ganglion neuron death 60 days after the deafening procedure was over 50%.However,no obvious pathological changes were observed in vestibular ganglion neurons 60 days post-treatment.These results indicated that a high concentration of gentamycin delivered to the middle ear cavity can destroy most sensory hair cells in the inner ear that subsequently causes the delayed spiral ganglion neuron degeneration.This model might be useful for studies of hair cell regenerations,delayed degeneration of peripheral auditory neurons,and/or vestibular compensation.In addition,a potential problem of ABR recording for unilateral deafness and issues about vestibular compensation are also discussed.展开更多
Severe burn injury is often accompanied by intestinal barrier dysfunction,which is closely associated with post-burn shock,bacterial translocation,systemic inflammatory response syndrome,hypercatabolism,sepsis,multipl...Severe burn injury is often accompanied by intestinal barrier dysfunction,which is closely associated with post-burn shock,bacterial translocation,systemic inflammatory response syndrome,hypercatabolism,sepsis,multiple organ dysfunction syndrome,and other complications.The intestinal epithelium forms a physical barrier that separates the intestinal lumen from the internal milieu,in which the tight junction plays a principal role.It has been well documented that after severe burn injury,many factors such as stress,ischemia/hypoxia,proinflammatory cytokines,and endotoxins can induce intestinal barrier dysfunction via multiple signaling pathways.Recent advances have provided new insights into the mechanisms and the therapeutic strategies of intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction associated with severe burn injury.In this review,we will describe the current knowledge of the mechanisms involved in intestinal barrier dysfunction in response to severe burn injury and the emerging therapies for treating intestinal barrier dysfunction following severe burn injury.展开更多
Background:The intestinal barrier integrity is crucial for maintaining intestinal homeostasis,and the mechanisms of intestinal barrier disruption induced by burn injury remain obscure.This study was aimed to investiga...Background:The intestinal barrier integrity is crucial for maintaining intestinal homeostasis,and the mechanisms of intestinal barrier disruption induced by burn injury remain obscure.This study was aimed to investigate the changes of intestinal microbiota and barrier function in burned mice to further comprehend the mechanisms of burn-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction.Methods:Samples were from mice inflicted with 30%total body surface area(TBSA)full-thickness burns.The intestinal permeability,tight junction proteins expressions,zonula occludens-1(ZO-1)localization,inflammatory cytokines expressions,and short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)contents were determined.The microbial community was assessed via 16S rDNA Illumina sequencing.Results:The intestinal permeability was increased after severe burn injury,peaking at 6 h post-burn,with approximately 20-folds of the control(p<0.001).The expression of tight junction proteins(ZO-1,occludin,claudin-1,and claudin-2)was significantly altered(p<0.05).The ZO-1 morphology was dramatically changed following burn injury.The fecal SCFAs’contents(acetate,propionate,butyrate,isobutyrate,and isovalerate)were noticeably declined after burn injury(p<0.05).The expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines(interleukin(IL)-1βand IL-6)in ileal mucosa were increased,whereas the expressions of anti-inflammatory cytokines(IL-4 and IL-13)were decreased following burn injury(p<0.05).In addition,burned mice showed an alteration of intestinal microbial community,such as decreased diversity,reduced Bacteroidetes abundance,and increased Firmicutes abundance.Conclusions:The severe burn-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction is along with the alterations of microbial community.展开更多
Professor Li Ao was one of the founders of Chinese burn medicine and one of the most renowned doctors and researchers of burns in China. He established one of the Chinese earliest special departments for burns at Thir...Professor Li Ao was one of the founders of Chinese burn medicine and one of the most renowned doctors and researchers of burns in China. He established one of the Chinese earliest special departments for burns at Third Military Medical University (TMMU) in 1958. To memorialize Professor Li Ao on his 100th birthday in 2017 and introduce our extensive experience, it is our honor to briefly review the development and achievement of the Chinese burn medicine from TMMU. The epidemiology and outcomes of admitted burn patients since 1958 were reviewed. Furthermore, main achievements of basic and clinical research for the past roughly 60 years were presented. These achievements mainly included the Chinese Rule of Nine, fluid resuscitation protocol, experience in inhalation injury, wound treatment strategies, prevention and treatment of burn infections, nutrition therapy, organ support therapies, and rehabilitation. The progress shaped and enriched modern Chinese burn medicine and promoted the development of world burn medicine.展开更多
Incineration experiment of medical waste was carried out in a mobile animal carcass incinerator.Simulated medical waste(69%cotton,1.5%wood product,4.5%mask and 25%moisture)was used as raw material.The temperature tren...Incineration experiment of medical waste was carried out in a mobile animal carcass incinerator.Simulated medical waste(69%cotton,1.5%wood product,4.5%mask and 25%moisture)was used as raw material.The temperature trend of first and second combustion chamber,the operating conditions and the emission characteristics of gaseous pollutants were studied.The results indicated that the temperature of first combustion chamber can be maintained at 550-650℃ without external heating,while in the final stage a burner was used to realize the burnout of material.The temperature of the second combustion chamber was always lower than that of the first combustion after the burner stopped working.The concentration of CO emission in flue gas was high due to the low disposal efficiency of the mobile incinerator,while NOX and SO2 emission concentrations were far below the standard limit value(GB 18484-2001).展开更多
基金supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China(No.81170912)the Major State Basic Research Development Program of China(973 Program,No.2014CB943003)
文摘To gain insights into the ototoxic effects of aminoglycoside antibiotics(AmAn) and delayed peripheral ganglion neuron death in the inner ear.experimental animal models were widely used with several different approaches including AmAn systemic injections,combination treatment of AmAn and diuretics,or local application of AmAn.In these approaches,systemic AmAn treatment alone usually causes incomplete damage to hair cells in the inner ear.Co-administration of diuretic and AmAn can completely destroy the cochlear hair cells,but it is impossible to damage the vestibular system.Only the approach of AmAn local application can selectively eliminate most sensory hair cells in the inner ear.Therefore,AmAn local application is more suitable for studies for complete hair cell destructions in cochlear and vestibular system and the following delayed peripheral ganglion neuron death.In current studies,guinea pigs were unilaterally treated with a high concentration of gentamicin(GM,40 nig/ml) through the tympanic membrane into the middle ear cavity.Auditory functions and vestibular functions were measured before and after GM treatment.The loss of hair cells and delayed degeneration of ganglion neurons in both cochlear and vestibular system were quantified 30 days or 60 days after treatment.The results showed that both auditory and vestibular functions were completely abolished after GM treatment.The sensory hair cells were totally missing in the cochlea,and severely destroyed in vestibular end-organs.The delayed spiral ganglion neuron death 60 days after the deafening procedure was over 50%.However,no obvious pathological changes were observed in vestibular ganglion neurons 60 days post-treatment.These results indicated that a high concentration of gentamycin delivered to the middle ear cavity can destroy most sensory hair cells in the inner ear that subsequently causes the delayed spiral ganglion neuron degeneration.This model might be useful for studies of hair cell regenerations,delayed degeneration of peripheral auditory neurons,and/or vestibular compensation.In addition,a potential problem of ABR recording for unilateral deafness and issues about vestibular compensation are also discussed.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81471871,81772081).
文摘Severe burn injury is often accompanied by intestinal barrier dysfunction,which is closely associated with post-burn shock,bacterial translocation,systemic inflammatory response syndrome,hypercatabolism,sepsis,multiple organ dysfunction syndrome,and other complications.The intestinal epithelium forms a physical barrier that separates the intestinal lumen from the internal milieu,in which the tight junction plays a principal role.It has been well documented that after severe burn injury,many factors such as stress,ischemia/hypoxia,proinflammatory cytokines,and endotoxins can induce intestinal barrier dysfunction via multiple signaling pathways.Recent advances have provided new insights into the mechanisms and the therapeutic strategies of intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction associated with severe burn injury.In this review,we will describe the current knowledge of the mechanisms involved in intestinal barrier dysfunction in response to severe burn injury and the emerging therapies for treating intestinal barrier dysfunction following severe burn injury.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81772081)。
文摘Background:The intestinal barrier integrity is crucial for maintaining intestinal homeostasis,and the mechanisms of intestinal barrier disruption induced by burn injury remain obscure.This study was aimed to investigate the changes of intestinal microbiota and barrier function in burned mice to further comprehend the mechanisms of burn-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction.Methods:Samples were from mice inflicted with 30%total body surface area(TBSA)full-thickness burns.The intestinal permeability,tight junction proteins expressions,zonula occludens-1(ZO-1)localization,inflammatory cytokines expressions,and short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)contents were determined.The microbial community was assessed via 16S rDNA Illumina sequencing.Results:The intestinal permeability was increased after severe burn injury,peaking at 6 h post-burn,with approximately 20-folds of the control(p<0.001).The expression of tight junction proteins(ZO-1,occludin,claudin-1,and claudin-2)was significantly altered(p<0.05).The ZO-1 morphology was dramatically changed following burn injury.The fecal SCFAs’contents(acetate,propionate,butyrate,isobutyrate,and isovalerate)were noticeably declined after burn injury(p<0.05).The expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines(interleukin(IL)-1βand IL-6)in ileal mucosa were increased,whereas the expressions of anti-inflammatory cytokines(IL-4 and IL-13)were decreased following burn injury(p<0.05).In addition,burned mice showed an alteration of intestinal microbial community,such as decreased diversity,reduced Bacteroidetes abundance,and increased Firmicutes abundance.Conclusions:The severe burn-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction is along with the alterations of microbial community.
文摘Professor Li Ao was one of the founders of Chinese burn medicine and one of the most renowned doctors and researchers of burns in China. He established one of the Chinese earliest special departments for burns at Third Military Medical University (TMMU) in 1958. To memorialize Professor Li Ao on his 100th birthday in 2017 and introduce our extensive experience, it is our honor to briefly review the development and achievement of the Chinese burn medicine from TMMU. The epidemiology and outcomes of admitted burn patients since 1958 were reviewed. Furthermore, main achievements of basic and clinical research for the past roughly 60 years were presented. These achievements mainly included the Chinese Rule of Nine, fluid resuscitation protocol, experience in inhalation injury, wound treatment strategies, prevention and treatment of burn infections, nutrition therapy, organ support therapies, and rehabilitation. The progress shaped and enriched modern Chinese burn medicine and promoted the development of world burn medicine.
文摘Incineration experiment of medical waste was carried out in a mobile animal carcass incinerator.Simulated medical waste(69%cotton,1.5%wood product,4.5%mask and 25%moisture)was used as raw material.The temperature trend of first and second combustion chamber,the operating conditions and the emission characteristics of gaseous pollutants were studied.The results indicated that the temperature of first combustion chamber can be maintained at 550-650℃ without external heating,while in the final stage a burner was used to realize the burnout of material.The temperature of the second combustion chamber was always lower than that of the first combustion after the burner stopped working.The concentration of CO emission in flue gas was high due to the low disposal efficiency of the mobile incinerator,while NOX and SO2 emission concentrations were far below the standard limit value(GB 18484-2001).
