Nerve guidance conduits have demonstrated great promise for the restoration of injured peripheral nerves in recent decades.Associated research has focused on improving the structure and function of these conduits as w...Nerve guidance conduits have demonstrated great promise for the restoration of injured peripheral nerves in recent decades.Associated research has focused on improving the structure and function of these conduits as well as simplifying the manufacturing processes.Herein,a novel decellularized umbilical cord(DUC)wrapped with conductive hydrogel is presented for peripheral nerve regeneration,which is prepared by integrating the DUC matrix into a methacrylate gelatin(GelMA)/Ti3C2Tx MXene(MXene)composite hollow conduit(named DUC–MXene–GelMA conduit).The obtained DUC–MXene–GelMA conduit displays superior mechanical properties,electrical conductivity,and biocompatibility.Particularly,ascribed to the introduction of DUC and MXene,the DUC–MXene–GelMA conduit exhibits satisfactory biological effects in promoting neuron growth and Schwann cell proliferation and migration.Through in vivo experiments using a rat sciatic nerve injury model,the beneficial effects of the DUC–MXene–GelMA conduit on axonal regeneration and motor function recovery are demonstrated.These findings indicate that the DUC–MXene–GelMA conduit may be a promising candidate for peripheral nerve injury repair.展开更多
Hydrogel-based patches have demonstrated their values in diabetic wounds repair,particularly those intelligent dressings with continuous repair promoting and monitoring capabilities.Here,we propose a type of dual phys...Hydrogel-based patches have demonstrated their values in diabetic wounds repair,particularly those intelligent dressings with continuous repair promoting and monitoring capabilities.Here,we propose a type of dual physiological responsive structural color particles for wound repair.The particles are composed of a hyaluronic acid methacryloyl(HAMA)-sodium alginate(Alg)inverse opal scaffold,filled with oxidized dextran(ODex)/quaternized chitosan(QCS)hydrogel.The photo-polymerized HAMA and ionically cross-linked Ca-Alg constitute to the dual-network hydrogel with stable structural color.Furthermore,the ODex/QCS hydrogel,combined with glucose oxidase(GOX),exhibits pH/glucose dual responsiveness.Moreover,antimmicrobial peptide(AMP)plus vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)are comprised within the GOX-doped ODex/QCS hydrogel.In the high-glucose wound environment,GOX catalyzes glucose to generate acidic products,triggering rapid release of AMP and VEGF.Importantly,this process also leads to structural color changes of the particles,offering significant potential for wound monitoring.It has been demonstrated that such particles greatly promote the healing progress of diabetic wound in vivo.These results indicate that the present dual responsive particles would find valuable applications in diabetic wounds repair and the associated areas.展开更多
Neuroblastoma is a profoundly heterogenous extracranial solid tumor in pediatric patients.Elevated risk grade of neuroblastoma has been correlated with unsatisfactory prognosis and resistance to chemotherapy.Despite m...Neuroblastoma is a profoundly heterogenous extracranial solid tumor in pediatric patients.Elevated risk grade of neuroblastoma has been correlated with unsatisfactory prognosis and resistance to chemotherapy.Despite multimodal therapies exploited for killing neuroblastoma tumor cells,in high-risk neuroblastoma patients,the long-term survival is currently less than 50%.Promising approaches to evaluating the extent of heterogeneity via gene expression profiling of cell subpopulations within individual tumors are still lacking.There is uncertainty about the cross-talk between neuroblastoma cells and other non-neoplastic cell components in the tumor microenvironment.Recently,concerns about individualized eradication therapies have advanced the demand for the diversified construction of neuroblastoma tumor models.This review briefly introduces the genetic variation,subpopulations,and tumor microenvironment aspects of neuroblastoma heterogeneity.Then,we summarize recent methods of constructing tumor models to mimic the biological features of neuroblastoma tumors in vitro.Finally,we conclude the future trends and perspectives in neuroblastoma tumor therapy.展开更多
Wound healing is a complex physiological process that involves coordinated phases such as inflammation and neovascularization.Attempts to promote the healing process tend to construct an effective delivery system base...Wound healing is a complex physiological process that involves coordinated phases such as inflammation and neovascularization.Attempts to promote the healing process tend to construct an effective delivery system based on different drugs and materials.In this paper,we propose novel MXene-integrated microneedle patches with adenosine encapsulation for wound healing.Owing to the dynamic covalent bonding capacity of boronate molecules with adenosine,3-(acrylamido)phenylboronic acid-(PBA-)integrated polyethylene glycol diacrylate(PEGDA)hydrogel is utilized as the host material of microneedle patches.Benefitting from photothermal conversion capacity of MXene,the release of loaded adenosine could be accelerated under NIR irradiation for maintaining the activation signal around injury site.In vitro cell experiments proved the effect of MXene-integrated microneedle patches with adenosine encapsulation in enhancing angiogenesis.When applied for treating animal models,it is demonstrated that the microneedle patches efficiently promote angiogenesis,which is conductive to wound healing.These features make the proposed microneedle patch potential for finding applications in wound healing and other biomedical fields.展开更多
As perovskite quantum dots(PeQDs)are performing their outstanding characteristics,incremental efforts have been devoted to such materials.Here,inspired by the spider spinning process,we present novel PeQDs microfibers...As perovskite quantum dots(PeQDs)are performing their outstanding characteristics,incremental efforts have been devoted to such materials.Here,inspired by the spider spinning process,we present novel PeQDs microfibers with tailorable morphologies and functions from a multi-injection microfluidic approach.The microfibers were generated by introducing PeQDs precursors into each barrel of the inner capillary array and mixing them in the spindle middle channel,where the poly(vinylidene fluoride)(PVDF)dissolved in N,N-dimethyl formamide(DMF)was also injected as their sheath fluid.During this process,the PeQDs were in situ synthesized with the connection of precursor cations and anions in the core fluid;while the PVDF formed solidified microfibers to encapsulate PeQDs with the fast dispersion of DMF into the outer aqueous solution.Thus,the good encapsulation of PeQDs was achieved in PVDF microfibers,which effectively protected them from different hostile environments.Because of the highly tunable spinning processes,the microfibers exhibited controllable diameters and helical geometric structures,and the encapsulated PeQDs could yield adjustable emission peaks.Based on the PeQDs microfibers,we have explored their potential as luminescent materials in barcodes and as flexible photodetectors,which make such microfibers highly versatile for different areas.展开更多
Perovskite quantum dots(PQDs)are new class of optoelectronic materials,which have been widely studied for their extraordinary physical properties.Attempts to develop these materials are tending to make their fabricati...Perovskite quantum dots(PQDs)are new class of optoelectronic materials,which have been widely studied for their extraordinary physical properties.Attempts to develop these materials are tending to make their fabrication much controllable and extend their values in different areas.Here,we present a novel strategy for one-step in situ synthesis of PQD-encapsulated barcode particles with the assistance of microfluidic technique.By changing the halide ratio in perovskite precursor solutions that emulsified in microfluidic devices,a series of PQDs with different colors have been successfully fabricated,which made them ideal materials as barcodes.Because of the stable encapsulation of ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate(EGDMA)resin,the PQD-encapsulated barcode particles were with no cytotoxicity and could be anti-quenched.It was demonstrated for the first time that the PQD-encapsutated barcode particles by microfluidics were valuable for multiplex biomolecular encoding and assays.These features indicate that the PQD-encapsutated barcode particles by microfluidics are ideal for many practical applications and have a broad prospect in biomedical field.展开更多
Osteoarthritis has been regarded as a complex and serious degenerative disease.Attempts in this area are focused on improving the curative effect of stem cell-based therapies.In this work,we present a novel inverse op...Osteoarthritis has been regarded as a complex and serious degenerative disease.Attempts in this area are focused on improving the curative effect of stem cell-based therapies.In this work,we present a novel inverse opal microcarriers-based cytokines delivery system to induce autologous stem cell homing for osteoarthritis treatment.Considering their important role in stem cell recruitment and chondro-genic differentiation respectively,platelet-derived growth factor BB(PDGF-BB)and transforming growth factorβ3(TGF-β3)are loaded into inverse opal microcarriers as model cytokines.Since cytokine release induces the corresponding variations in characteristic reflection spectra and structural colors,the inverse opal microcarriers possess the optical self-reporting capacity to monitor the release process.In vitro cell experiments reveal that inverse opal microcarriers could successfully recruit the gathering of mesenchymal stem cells through the release of loaded cytokines.Based on these features,we have demonstrated the enhanced therapeutic effect of PDGF-BB and TGF-β3 loaded inverse opal microcarriers in the treatment of rat osteoarthritis models.These results indicate that the multifunctional inverse opal microcarriers-based cytokines delivery system wouldfind broad prospects in osteoarthritis treatment and other biomedicalfields.展开更多
Colloidal crystals are materials self-assembled from the colloidal nanoparticles.Due to the ordered microstructure,they exhibit significant optical properties and have shown huge potential in the field of biosensing.B...Colloidal crystals are materials self-assembled from the colloidal nanoparticles.Due to the ordered microstructure,they exhibit significant optical properties and have shown huge potential in the field of biosensing.Besides,the unique macroscopic shapes can also play a critical role in the sensing process.Here,we present a comprehensive discussion on the colloidal crystal-based biosensors with different topological shapes,including the development strategies of currently reported colloidal crystal particles,films,and fibers,and their recent progress in biosensing.In addition,the faced challenges and the possible solutions are also concluded and discussed.We expect this review can enrich the knowledge and encourage the communication of interdisciplinary researchers,thus promoting the further development and practical applications of colloidal crystal-based biosensors.展开更多
Exosomes,which play an important role in intercellular communication,are closely related to the pathogenesis of disease.However,their effective capture and multiplex screening are still challenging.Here,inspired by th...Exosomes,which play an important role in intercellular communication,are closely related to the pathogenesis of disease.However,their effective capture and multiplex screening are still challenging.Here,inspired by the unique structure of pollens,we present novel photonic crystal(PhC)barcodes with prickly surface by hydrothermal synthesis for multiplex exosome capturing and screening.These pollen-inspired PhC barcodes are imparted with extremely high specific surface area and excellent prickly surface nanostructures,which can improve the capture rate and detection sensitivity of exosomes.As the internal periodic structures are kept during the hydrothermal synthesis process,the pollen-inspired PhC barcodes exhibit obvious and stable structural colors for identification,which enables multiplex detection of exosomes.Thus,the pollen-inspired PhC barcodes can not only effectively capture and enrich cancer-related exosomes but also support multiplex screening of exosomes with high sensitivity.These features make the prickly PhC barcodes ideal for the analysis of exosomes in medical diagnosis.展开更多
基金National Key R&D Program of China,Grant/Award Numbers:2020YFA0113600,2021YFA1101300,2021YFA1101800,2020YFA0112503National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Numbers:82330033,82030029,92149304,82371167,82102181+9 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province,Grant/Award Numbers:BK20232007,BK20210009Jiangsu Provincial Scientific Research Center of Applied Mathematics,Grant/Award Number:BK20233002Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province,Grant/Award Number:2021YFS0371Shenzhen Science and Technology Program,Grant/Award Numbers:JCYJ20190814093401920,JCYJ202103241256080222022 Open Project Fund of Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences,Grant/Award Number:YKY-KF202201China National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talent,Grant/Award Number:BX20230070China Postdoctoral Science Foundation,Grant/Award Number:2023M740606Jiangsu Funding Program for Excellent Postdoctoral Talent,Grant/Award Number:2023ZB597SEU Innovation Capability Enhancement Plan for Doctoral Students,Grant/Award Number:CXJH_SEU 24214Nanjing Distinguished Young Scholars Foundation,Grant/Award Number:JQX22002。
文摘Nerve guidance conduits have demonstrated great promise for the restoration of injured peripheral nerves in recent decades.Associated research has focused on improving the structure and function of these conduits as well as simplifying the manufacturing processes.Herein,a novel decellularized umbilical cord(DUC)wrapped with conductive hydrogel is presented for peripheral nerve regeneration,which is prepared by integrating the DUC matrix into a methacrylate gelatin(GelMA)/Ti3C2Tx MXene(MXene)composite hollow conduit(named DUC–MXene–GelMA conduit).The obtained DUC–MXene–GelMA conduit displays superior mechanical properties,electrical conductivity,and biocompatibility.Particularly,ascribed to the introduction of DUC and MXene,the DUC–MXene–GelMA conduit exhibits satisfactory biological effects in promoting neuron growth and Schwann cell proliferation and migration.Through in vivo experiments using a rat sciatic nerve injury model,the beneficial effects of the DUC–MXene–GelMA conduit on axonal regeneration and motor function recovery are demonstrated.These findings indicate that the DUC–MXene–GelMA conduit may be a promising candidate for peripheral nerve injury repair.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFA1105300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82372145,82102181,52403189)+5 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20210009)the Nanjing Distinguished Young Scholars Foundation(JQX22002)supported by the Research Project(347897)Solution for Health Profile(336355)InFLAMES Flagship(337531)"Printed Intelligence Infrastructure(PII-FIRI)"from Research Council of Finland.
文摘Hydrogel-based patches have demonstrated their values in diabetic wounds repair,particularly those intelligent dressings with continuous repair promoting and monitoring capabilities.Here,we propose a type of dual physiological responsive structural color particles for wound repair.The particles are composed of a hyaluronic acid methacryloyl(HAMA)-sodium alginate(Alg)inverse opal scaffold,filled with oxidized dextran(ODex)/quaternized chitosan(QCS)hydrogel.The photo-polymerized HAMA and ionically cross-linked Ca-Alg constitute to the dual-network hydrogel with stable structural color.Furthermore,the ODex/QCS hydrogel,combined with glucose oxidase(GOX),exhibits pH/glucose dual responsiveness.Moreover,antimmicrobial peptide(AMP)plus vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)are comprised within the GOX-doped ODex/QCS hydrogel.In the high-glucose wound environment,GOX catalyzes glucose to generate acidic products,triggering rapid release of AMP and VEGF.Importantly,this process also leads to structural color changes of the particles,offering significant potential for wound monitoring.It has been demonstrated that such particles greatly promote the healing progress of diabetic wound in vivo.These results indicate that the present dual responsive particles would find valuable applications in diabetic wounds repair and the associated areas.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82303960,82101906,82101184,82102181)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20210009)+3 种基金the Nanjing Distinguished Young Scholars Foundation(JQX22002)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2024A1515010457)the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(JCYJ20210324102809024)the Shenzhen Medical Research Fund(A2303017).
文摘Neuroblastoma is a profoundly heterogenous extracranial solid tumor in pediatric patients.Elevated risk grade of neuroblastoma has been correlated with unsatisfactory prognosis and resistance to chemotherapy.Despite multimodal therapies exploited for killing neuroblastoma tumor cells,in high-risk neuroblastoma patients,the long-term survival is currently less than 50%.Promising approaches to evaluating the extent of heterogeneity via gene expression profiling of cell subpopulations within individual tumors are still lacking.There is uncertainty about the cross-talk between neuroblastoma cells and other non-neoplastic cell components in the tumor microenvironment.Recently,concerns about individualized eradication therapies have advanced the demand for the diversified construction of neuroblastoma tumor models.This review briefly introduces the genetic variation,subpopulations,and tumor microenvironment aspects of neuroblastoma heterogeneity.Then,we summarize recent methods of constructing tumor models to mimic the biological features of neuroblastoma tumors in vitro.Finally,we conclude the future trends and perspectives in neuroblastoma tumor therapy.
基金was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2020YFA0908200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52073060 and 61927805)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu(BE2018707)the Shenzhen Fundamental Research Program(JCYJ20190813152616459).
文摘Wound healing is a complex physiological process that involves coordinated phases such as inflammation and neovascularization.Attempts to promote the healing process tend to construct an effective delivery system based on different drugs and materials.In this paper,we propose novel MXene-integrated microneedle patches with adenosine encapsulation for wound healing.Owing to the dynamic covalent bonding capacity of boronate molecules with adenosine,3-(acrylamido)phenylboronic acid-(PBA-)integrated polyethylene glycol diacrylate(PEGDA)hydrogel is utilized as the host material of microneedle patches.Benefitting from photothermal conversion capacity of MXene,the release of loaded adenosine could be accelerated under NIR irradiation for maintaining the activation signal around injury site.In vitro cell experiments proved the effect of MXene-integrated microneedle patches with adenosine encapsulation in enhancing angiogenesis.When applied for treating animal models,it is demonstrated that the microneedle patches efficiently promote angiogenesis,which is conductive to wound healing.These features make the proposed microneedle patch potential for finding applications in wound healing and other biomedical fields.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2020YFA0908200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52073060 and 61927805)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu(BE2018707)Shenzhen Fundamental Research Program(JCYJ20190813152616459)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2020M680652)。
文摘As perovskite quantum dots(PeQDs)are performing their outstanding characteristics,incremental efforts have been devoted to such materials.Here,inspired by the spider spinning process,we present novel PeQDs microfibers with tailorable morphologies and functions from a multi-injection microfluidic approach.The microfibers were generated by introducing PeQDs precursors into each barrel of the inner capillary array and mixing them in the spindle middle channel,where the poly(vinylidene fluoride)(PVDF)dissolved in N,N-dimethyl formamide(DMF)was also injected as their sheath fluid.During this process,the PeQDs were in situ synthesized with the connection of precursor cations and anions in the core fluid;while the PVDF formed solidified microfibers to encapsulate PeQDs with the fast dispersion of DMF into the outer aqueous solution.Thus,the good encapsulation of PeQDs was achieved in PVDF microfibers,which effectively protected them from different hostile environments.Because of the highly tunable spinning processes,the microfibers exhibited controllable diameters and helical geometric structures,and the encapsulated PeQDs could yield adjustable emission peaks.Based on the PeQDs microfibers,we have explored their potential as luminescent materials in barcodes and as flexible photodetectors,which make such microfibers highly versatile for different areas.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2020YFA0908200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (T2225003,61927805,and 52073060)+5 种基金the Nanjing Medical Science and Technique Development Foundation (ZKX21019)the Clinical Trials from Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital (2022-LCYJ-ZD-01)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (2021B1515120054)the Shenzhen Fundamental Research Program (JCYJ20190813152616459 and JCYJ20210324133214038)Jiangsu Funding Program for Excellent Postdoctoral Talent (2022ZB710)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2022TQ0145 and 2022M721581)。
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2020YFA0908200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52073060,61971216)+3 种基金the Key Research and Development Project of Jiangsu Province(BE2019603,BE2019761,BE2020768)Jiangsu Province Top Health Talents Project(LGY2019001)Shenzhen Fundamental Research Program(JCYJ20190813152616459)the project funded by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2020M681556,2021T140318)。
文摘Perovskite quantum dots(PQDs)are new class of optoelectronic materials,which have been widely studied for their extraordinary physical properties.Attempts to develop these materials are tending to make their fabrication much controllable and extend their values in different areas.Here,we present a novel strategy for one-step in situ synthesis of PQD-encapsulated barcode particles with the assistance of microfluidic technique.By changing the halide ratio in perovskite precursor solutions that emulsified in microfluidic devices,a series of PQDs with different colors have been successfully fabricated,which made them ideal materials as barcodes.Because of the stable encapsulation of ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate(EGDMA)resin,the PQD-encapsulated barcode particles were with no cytotoxicity and could be anti-quenched.It was demonstrated for the first time that the PQD-encapsutated barcode particles by microfluidics were valuable for multiplex biomolecular encoding and assays.These features indicate that the PQD-encapsutated barcode particles by microfluidics are ideal for many practical applications and have a broad prospect in biomedical field.
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China,Grant/Award Number:2020YFA0908200National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Numbers:T2225003,52073060,61927805,82302398,82272165+3 种基金Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation,Grant/Award Number:2021B1515120054Shenzhen Fundamental Research Program,Grant/Award Numbers:JCYJ20190813152616459,JCYJ20210324133214038Jiangsu Funding Program for Excellent Postdoctoral Talent,Grant/Award Number:2022ZB710China Postdoctoral Science Foundation,Grant/Award Numbers:2022TQ0145,2022M721581。
文摘Osteoarthritis has been regarded as a complex and serious degenerative disease.Attempts in this area are focused on improving the curative effect of stem cell-based therapies.In this work,we present a novel inverse opal microcarriers-based cytokines delivery system to induce autologous stem cell homing for osteoarthritis treatment.Considering their important role in stem cell recruitment and chondro-genic differentiation respectively,platelet-derived growth factor BB(PDGF-BB)and transforming growth factorβ3(TGF-β3)are loaded into inverse opal microcarriers as model cytokines.Since cytokine release induces the corresponding variations in characteristic reflection spectra and structural colors,the inverse opal microcarriers possess the optical self-reporting capacity to monitor the release process.In vitro cell experiments reveal that inverse opal microcarriers could successfully recruit the gathering of mesenchymal stem cells through the release of loaded cytokines.Based on these features,we have demonstrated the enhanced therapeutic effect of PDGF-BB and TGF-β3 loaded inverse opal microcarriers in the treatment of rat osteoarthritis models.These results indicate that the multifunctional inverse opal microcarriers-based cytokines delivery system wouldfind broad prospects in osteoarthritis treatment and other biomedicalfields.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Numbers:22302231,21902024,82102511,22104154,82102181Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation,Grant/Award Number:2023A1515011986+7 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu,Grant/Award Numbers:BK20210021,BE20210009,BK20200568Research Project of Jiangsu Province Health Committee,Grant/Award Number:M2021031Shenzhen Fundamental Research Program,Grant/Award Number:JCYJ20190808120405672Futian Healthcare Research Project,Grant/Award Numbers:FTWS2022013,FTWS2023080Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,Sun Yat-sen University,Grant/Award Number:23qnpy153Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,Grant/Award Number:2242021R41178Funding for Clinical Trials from the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital,Medical School of Nanjing University,Grant/Award Number:2022-LCYJ-PY-05Shenzhen Medical Academy of Research and Translation Program,Grant/Award Number:A2303017。
文摘Colloidal crystals are materials self-assembled from the colloidal nanoparticles.Due to the ordered microstructure,they exhibit significant optical properties and have shown huge potential in the field of biosensing.Besides,the unique macroscopic shapes can also play a critical role in the sensing process.Here,we present a comprehensive discussion on the colloidal crystal-based biosensors with different topological shapes,including the development strategies of currently reported colloidal crystal particles,films,and fibers,and their recent progress in biosensing.In addition,the faced challenges and the possible solutions are also concluded and discussed.We expect this review can enrich the knowledge and encourage the communication of interdisciplinary researchers,thus promoting the further development and practical applications of colloidal crystal-based biosensors.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2020YFA0908200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22002018 and 21902024)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20180408)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2021B1515120054)the Shenzhen Fundamental Research Program(JCYJ20190813152616459 and JCYJ20210324133214038).
文摘Exosomes,which play an important role in intercellular communication,are closely related to the pathogenesis of disease.However,their effective capture and multiplex screening are still challenging.Here,inspired by the unique structure of pollens,we present novel photonic crystal(PhC)barcodes with prickly surface by hydrothermal synthesis for multiplex exosome capturing and screening.These pollen-inspired PhC barcodes are imparted with extremely high specific surface area and excellent prickly surface nanostructures,which can improve the capture rate and detection sensitivity of exosomes.As the internal periodic structures are kept during the hydrothermal synthesis process,the pollen-inspired PhC barcodes exhibit obvious and stable structural colors for identification,which enables multiplex detection of exosomes.Thus,the pollen-inspired PhC barcodes can not only effectively capture and enrich cancer-related exosomes but also support multiplex screening of exosomes with high sensitivity.These features make the prickly PhC barcodes ideal for the analysis of exosomes in medical diagnosis.
