To accurately diagnosemisfire faults in automotive engines,we propose a Channel Attention Convolutional Model,specifically the Squeeze-and-Excitation Networks(SENET),for classifying engine vibration signals and precis...To accurately diagnosemisfire faults in automotive engines,we propose a Channel Attention Convolutional Model,specifically the Squeeze-and-Excitation Networks(SENET),for classifying engine vibration signals and precisely pinpointing misfire faults.In the experiment,we established a total of 11 distinct states,encompassing the engine’s normal state,single-cylinder misfire faults,and dual-cylinder misfire faults for different cylinders.Data collection was facilitated by a highly sensitive acceleration signal collector with a high sampling rate of 20,840Hz.The collected data were methodically divided into training and testing sets based on different experimental groups to ensure generalization and prevent overlap between the two sets.The results revealed that,with a vibration acceleration sequence of 1000 time steps(approximately 50 ms)as input,the SENET model achieved a misfire fault detection accuracy of 99.8%.For comparison,we also trained and tested several commonly used models,including Long Short-Term Memory(LSTM),Transformer,and Multi-Scale Residual Networks(MSRESNET),yielding accuracy rates of 84%,79%,and 95%,respectively.This underscores the superior accuracy of the SENET model in detecting engine misfire faults compared to other models.Furthermore,the F1 scores for each type of recognition in the SENET model surpassed 0.98,outperforming the baseline models.Our analysis indicated that the misclassified samples in the LSTM and Transformer models’predictions were primarily due to intra-class misidentifications between single-cylinder and dual-cylinder misfire scenarios.To delve deeper,we conducted a visual analysis of the features extracted by the LSTM and SENET models using T-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding(T-SNE)technology.The findings revealed that,in the LSTMmodel,data points of the same type tended to cluster together with significant overlap.Conversely,in the SENET model,data points of various types were more widely and evenly dispersed,demonstrating its effectiveness in distinguishing between different fault types.展开更多
Hypochlorous acid(HClO)is a critical biomolecule in living organisms,playing an essential role in numerous physiological or pathological processes.Abnormal levels of HClO in the body may lead to a series of diseases,f...Hypochlorous acid(HClO)is a critical biomolecule in living organisms,playing an essential role in numerous physiological or pathological processes.Abnormal levels of HClO in the body may lead to a series of diseases,for instance,inflammation and cancer.Thus,accurate measurement of HClO levels should be more beneficial for understanding its role in diseases and gaining a deeper insight into the pathogenesis of diseases.In this work,we designed a near-infrared two-photon fluorescent probe(HDM-Cl-HClO)for detecting fluctuations in HClO levels in inflammatory and tumor-bearing mice.Notably,the probe can respond to HClO within 5 s and trigger a brilliant red fluorescence at 660 nm.It exhibits high specificity and sensitivity for HClO.The superior spectral capability of the probe has enabled the detection of HClO levels in cells and zebrafish,as well as achieved the detection of HClO in inflammatory and tumor mice.This work not only provides a novel strategy and tool for HClO imaging in living systems,but also holds great potential for the diagnosis of inflammation and cancer.展开更多
This paper focuses on the distribution of passenger flow in Huoying Station,Line 13 of Beijing subway system.The transformation measures taken by Line 13 since operation are firstly summarized.Then the authors elabora...This paper focuses on the distribution of passenger flow in Huoying Station,Line 13 of Beijing subway system.The transformation measures taken by Line 13 since operation are firstly summarized.Then the authors elaborate the facilities and equipment of this station,especially the node layout and passenger flow field.An optimization scheme is proposed to rapidly distribute the passenger flow in Huoying Station by adjusting the operation time of the escalator in the direction of Xizhimen.The authors adopt Queuing theory and Anylogic simulation software to simulate the original and the optimized schemes of Huoying Station to distribute the passenger flow.The results of the simulation indicate that the optimized scheme could effectively alleviate the traffic congestion in the hall of Huoying Station,and the pedestrian density in other places of the hall is lowered;passengers could move freely in the hall and no new congestion points would form.The rationality of the scheme is thus proved.展开更多
Spikelets are the basic unit of the inflorescence in crops, consisting of one or more florets, playing a key role in determining yield. During cereal flower development, the spikelet meristem (SM) arises from the infl...Spikelets are the basic unit of the inflorescence in crops, consisting of one or more florets, playing a key role in determining yield. During cereal flower development, the spikelet meristem (SM) arises from the inflorescence meristem or branch meristem, and subsequently gives rise to the floret meristem (FM) (Xie et al., 2023). The multi-ovary or multi-floret spikelet phenomenon is commonly observed in certain cereal germplasms (Zhu et al., 2019;Ren et al., 2020;Selva et al., 2023), demonstrating the potential for enhancing grain yield through the production of a larger number of grains. A typical sorghum spikelet produces a single fertile floret, resulting in a single-grain spikelet morphology. However, the multiple-grain spikelet (MGS) sorghum germplasm, first documented in 1936, contains more than half of the double-grain spikelets per panicle and exhibits an unusual spikelet architecture in which two mature grains are produced within a single spikelet (Karper and Stephens, 1936). Despite this, the genetic basis underlying this trait has remained unclear.展开更多
Dear Editor,Lignocellulose,primarily composed of cellulose,hemicellulose,and lignin,is the most abundant renewable bioresource used across industrial and agricultural sectors in modern society(Deng et al.,2023).Howeve...Dear Editor,Lignocellulose,primarily composed of cellulose,hemicellulose,and lignin,is the most abundant renewable bioresource used across industrial and agricultural sectors in modern society(Deng et al.,2023).However,the recalcitrance of lignocellulosic biomass hinders its utilization efficiency.As the predominant hemicellulose polysaccharide that cross-links with cellulose and lignin in grasses,xylan is an ideal target for manipulation to alter cell wall properties(Bhatia et al.,2017;Zhang et al.,2023).展开更多
Sorghum,the fifth most important food crop globally,is a source of silage forage,fiber,syrup,and biofuel.Moreover,it is widely recognized as an ideal model crop for studying stress biology becaused of its ability to t...Sorghum,the fifth most important food crop globally,is a source of silage forage,fiber,syrup,and biofuel.Moreover,it is widely recognized as an ideal model crop for studying stress biology becaused of its ability to tolerate multiple abiotic stresses,including high salt-alkali conditions,drought,and heat.However,functional genomics studies on sorghum have been challenging,primarily due to the limited availability of genetic resources and effective genetic transformation techniques.In this study,we developed the Sorghum Genomics and Mutation Database(SGMD),aiming to advance the genetic understanding of sorghum.Our effort encompassed a telomere-to-telomere genome assembly of an inbred sorghum line,E048,yielding 729.46 Mb of sequence data representing the complete genome.Alongside the high-quality sequence data,a gene expression atlas covering 13 distinct tissues was developed.We constructed a saturated ethyl methane sulfonate mutant library comprising 13,226 independent mutants.Causal genes in chlorosis and leafy mutants from the library were easily identified by leveraging the MutMap and MutMap+methodologies,demonstrating the powerful application of this library for identifying functional genes.To facilitate sorghum research,we performed whole-genome sequencing of 179 M2 mutant lines,resulting in 2,291,074 mutations that covered 97.54% of all genes.In addition,an Agrobacterium-mediated sorghum transformation platform was established for gene function studies.In summary,this work establishes a comprehensive platform and provides valuable resources for functional genomics investigations and genetic improvement of sorghum.展开更多
Endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation(ERAD)is an important mechanism for degrading misfolded proteins,and is mediated by different complexes containing several conserved ERlocalized ubiquitin ligases,such as Hr...Endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation(ERAD)is an important mechanism for degrading misfolded proteins,and is mediated by different complexes containing several conserved ERlocalized ubiquitin ligases,such as Hrd1,Doa10,and gp78.Recent studies have shown that the ERAD machinery is conserved in eukaryotes.However,it remains unknown whether plants have gp78 homologs.We report a functional study of Arabidopsis homologs of gp78 and their involvement in ERAD.T-DNA insertion mutations in Arabidopsis gp78 genes,AtGP78A and AtGP78B,increased degradation of mutated brassinosteroid(BR)receptors,bri1-5 and bri1-9,leading to lower activation of the signaling protein BES1,and thereby enhancing the dwarf phenotypes of bri1-5/9.This is different from the effects of knockout in known ERAD components,which suppress the dwarf phenotypes of bri1-5/9.AtGP78s interacted with and affected the stability of AtOS9,but not other components in the AtHRD1 complex.AtOS9 accumulated in atgp78a-1 atgp78b bri1-5/9,and knockout of AtOS9 rescued the enhanced-dwarf phenotypes of atgp78a-1 atgp78b bri1-5/9.We determined that AtGP78s were involved in plant ERAD by modulating the stability of AtOS9.Taken together,our results not only reveal AtGP78s as new ERAD components but also reveal a relationship between AtGP78s and the AtHRD1 complex in plants.展开更多
Protein post-translational modification （PTM） by ubiquitination has been observed during many aspects of plant growth, development, and stress responses. The ubiquitin-proteasome system precisely regulates phytohorm...Protein post-translational modification （PTM） by ubiquitination has been observed during many aspects of plant growth, development, and stress responses. The ubiquitin-proteasome system precisely regulates phytohormone signaling by affecting protein activity, localization, assembly, and interaction ability. Absci- sic acid （ABA） is a major phytohormone, and plays important roles in plants under normal or stressed growth conditions. The ABA signaling pathway is composed of phosphatases, kinases, transcription fac- tors, and membrane ion channels. It has been reported that multiple ABA signaling transducers are sub- jected to the regulations by ubiquitination. In particular, recent studies have identified different types of E3 ligases that mediate ubiquitination of ABA receptors in different cell compartments. This review focuses on modulation of these components by monoubiquitination or polyubiquitination that occurs in the plasma membrane, endomembranes, and from the cytosol to the nucleus; this implies the existence of retrograde and trafficking processes that are regulated by ubiquitination in ABA signaling. A number of single-unit E3 ligases, components of multi-subunit E3 ligases, E2s, and specific subunits of the 26S proteasome involved in ABA signal regulation are discussed. Dissecting the precise functions of ubiquitination in the ABA pathway may help us understand key factors in the signaling of other phytohormones regulated by ubiqui- tination and other types of PTMs.展开更多
Recent discovery of PYR/PYL/RCAR-type abscisic acid （ABA） receptors has become one of most significant advances in plant science in the past decade. In mammals, endosomal sorting acts as an important pathway to down...Recent discovery of PYR/PYL/RCAR-type abscisic acid （ABA） receptors has become one of most significant advances in plant science in the past decade. In mammals, endosomal sorting acts as an important pathway to downregulate different types of receptors, but its role in plant hormone signaling is poorly understood. Here, we report that an ubiquitin E2-1ike protein, VPS23A, which is a key component of ESCRT-I, negatively regulates ABA signaling. VPS23A has epistatic relationship with PYR/PYL/RCAR-type ABA receptors and disruption of VPS23A enhanced the activity of key kinase OST1 in the ABA signaling pathway under ABA treatment. Moreover, VPS23A interacts with PYR1/PYLs and K63-1inked diubiquitin, and PYL4 possesses K63-1inked ubiquitinated modification in vivo. Further analysis revealed that VPS23A affects the subcellular localization of PYR 1 and the stability of PYL4. Taken together, our results suggest that VPS23A affects PYR1/ PYL4 via vacuole-mediated degradation, providing an advanced understanding of both the turnover of ABA receptors and ESCRTs in plant hormone signaling.展开更多
The Salt-Overly-Sensitive(SOS)signaling module,comprising the sodium-transport protein SOS1 and the regulatory proteins SOS2 and SOS3,is well known as the central salt excretion system,which helps protect plants again...The Salt-Overly-Sensitive(SOS)signaling module,comprising the sodium-transport protein SOS1 and the regulatory proteins SOS2 and SOS3,is well known as the central salt excretion system,which helps protect plants against salt stress.Here we report that VPS23A,a component of the ESCRT(endosomal sorting complex required for transport),plays an essential role in the function of the SOS module in conferring plant salt tolerance.VPS23A enhances the interaction of SOS2 and SOS3.In the presence of salt stress,VPS23A positively regulates the redistribution of SOS2 to the plasma membrane,which then activates the antiporter activity of SOS1 to reduce Na+accumulation in plant cells.Genetic evidence demonstrated that plant salt tolerance achieved by the overexpression of SOS2 and SOS3 dependeds on VPS23A.Taken together,our results revealed that VPS23A is a crucial regulator of the SOS module and affects the localization of SOS2 to the cell membrane.Moreover,the strong salt tolerance of Arabidopsis seedlings conferred by the engineered membrane-bound SOS2 revealed the significance of SOS2 sorting to the cell membrane in achieving its function,providing a potential strategy for crop salt tolerance engineering.展开更多
Sorghum,the fifth largest cereal crop,has high value as a staple food and raw material for liquor and vinegar brewing.Due to its high biomass and quality,it is also used as the second most planted silage resource.No f...Sorghum,the fifth largest cereal crop,has high value as a staple food and raw material for liquor and vinegar brewing.Due to its high biomass and quality,it is also used as the second most planted silage resource.No fragrant sorghums are currently on the market.Through CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of Sb BADH2,we obtained sorghum lines with extraordinary aromatic smell in both seeds and leaves.Animal feeding experiments showed that fragrant sorghum leaves were attractable.We believe this advantage will produce great value in the sorghum market for both grain and whole biomass forage.展开更多
A myriad of abiotic stress responses in plants are controlled by abscisic acid(ABA)signaling.ABA receptors can be degraded by both the 26S proteasome pathway and vacuolar degradation pathway after processing via the e...A myriad of abiotic stress responses in plants are controlled by abscisic acid(ABA)signaling.ABA receptors can be degraded by both the 26S proteasome pathway and vacuolar degradation pathway after processing via the endosomal sorting complex required for transport(ESCRT)proteins.Despite being essential for ABA signaling,the upstream regulators of ESCRTs remain unknown.Here,we report that the ESCRT-I component VPS23A is an unstable protein that is degraded via the ubiquitin-proteasome system(UPS).The UEV domain of VPS23A physically interacts with the two PSAP motifs of XBAT35,an E3 ubiquitin ligase,and this interaction results in the deposition of K48 polyubiquitin chains on VPS23A,marking it for degradation by 26S proteasomes.We showed that XBAT35 in plants is a positive regulator of ABA responses that acts via the VPS23A/PYL4 complex,specifically by accelerating VPS23A turnover and thereby increasing accumulation of the ABA receptor PYL4.This work deciphers how an ESCRT component is regulated in plants and deepens our understanding of plant stress responses by illustrating a mechanism whereby crosstalk between the UPS and endosome-vacuole-mediated degradation pathways controls ABA signaling.展开更多
During recovery from heat stress,plants clear away the heat-stress-induced misfolded proteins through the ubiquitin-proteasome system(UPS).In the UPS,the recognition of substrate proteins by E3 ligase can be regulated...During recovery from heat stress,plants clear away the heat-stress-induced misfolded proteins through the ubiquitin-proteasome system(UPS).In the UPS,the recognition of substrate proteins by E3 ligase can be regulated by the N-terminal acetyltransferase A(NatA)complex.Here,we determined that Arabidopsis STRESS-RELATED UBIQUITIN-ASSOCIATED-DOMAIN PROTEIN FACTOR 1(SUF1)interacts with the NatA complex core subunit NAA15 and positively regulates NAA15.The suf1 and naa15 mutants are sensitive to heat stress;the NatA substrate NSNC1 is stabilized in suf1 mutant plants during heat stress recovery.Therefore,SUF1 and its interactor NAA15 play important roles in basal thermotolerance in Arabidopsis.展开更多
The intestinal microbiota help regulate hibernation in vertebrates.However,it needs to be established how hibernation modulates the gut microbiome and intestinal metabolism.In the present study,we used an artificial h...The intestinal microbiota help regulate hibernation in vertebrates.However,it needs to be established how hibernation modulates the gut microbiome and intestinal metabolism.In the present study,we used an artificial hibernation model to examine the responses of the gut microbiota of the Strauchbufo raddei to the environmental changes associated with this behavior.Hibernation significantly lowered the diversity of the microbiota and altered the microbial community of the gut.Proteobacteria,Firmicutes,and Bacteroidota were the major bacterial phyla in the intestines of S.raddei.However,Firmicutes and Proteobacteria predominated in the gut of active and hibernating S.raddei,respectively.Certain bacterial genera such as Pseudomonas,Vibrio,Ralstonia,and Rhodococcus could serve as biomarkers distinguishing hibernating and non-hibernating S.raddei.The gut microbiota was more resistant to environmental stress in hibernating than active S.raddei.Moreover,metabolomics revealed that metabolites implicated in fatty acid biosynthesis were highly upregulated in the intestines of hibernating S.raddei.The metabolites that were enriched during hibernation enabled S.raddei to adapt to the low temperatures and the lack of exogenous food that are characteristic of hibernation.A correlation analysis of the intestinal microbiota and their metabolites revealed that the gut microbiota might participate in the metabolic regulation of hibernating S.raddei.The present study clarified the modifications that occur in the intestinal bacteria and their symbiotic relationship with their host during hibernation.These findings are indicative of the adaptive changes in the metabolism of amphibians under different environmental conditions.展开更多
Purpose:To evaluate choroidal thickness and retinal nerve fiber layer(RNFL)thickness in different trimesters using enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography(EDI-OCT).Methods:A prospective comparative study i...Purpose:To evaluate choroidal thickness and retinal nerve fiber layer(RNFL)thickness in different trimesters using enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography(EDI-OCT).Methods:A prospective comparative study included 45 healthy pregnant women in the first trimester,45 women in the second,45 women in the third and 45 healthy non-pregnant women as the control group.Macular choroidal thickness was measured at three locations:The subfoveal,1 mm temporal,and 1 mm nasal from the fovea with EDI-OCT.Peripapillary choroidal thickness(PPCT)and RNFL thickness parameters were automatically calculated by the Spectralis OCT.Results:The subfoveal,temporal and nasal macular choroidal thickness were all significantly thicker in the second trimester,compared with those parameters in the first,the third trimesters and the control group(all P<0.05).The PPCT was significantly increased in the second trimeter compared with the control group at global,temporal,temporal inferior,nasal and nasal inferior positions(all P<0.05).The RNFL thickness was also significantly increased in pregnant women at nasal superior and nasal inferior quadrants(all P<0.05).Conclusions:The choroidal thickness in pregnant women was found to be thicker than the control group,regardless of macular or optic disc location.Findings of RNFL thickening might indicate subclinical involvement of the central nervous system.展开更多
According to the research by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(http://www.fao.org/3/i5199e/i5199e.pdf),>1 billion hectares of land are affected by saline-alkaline conditions,which severely...According to the research by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(http://www.fao.org/3/i5199e/i5199e.pdf),>1 billion hectares of land are affected by saline-alkaline conditions,which severely affects plant growth and crop yield,posing great threats to global food security and ecosystems.Saline-alkaline land can be classified into three different types—salinity,alkalinity,and alkaline-salinity,depending on the salt components in the soil.To date,the mechanism of plant tolerance to salt stress has been extensively studied,while the understanding of the plant alkaline stress response is still very preliminary,which impedes the breeding of salt–alkali-tolerant crops by using modern molecular breeding techniques.展开更多
Hereditary spastic paraplegia(HSP)is a group of disorders with genetic heterogeneity,lower-extremity weakness,and spasticity are the most common signs and symptoms.SPAST is the most frequently disease-causing gene.Spa...Hereditary spastic paraplegia(HSP)is a group of disorders with genetic heterogeneity,lower-extremity weakness,and spasticity are the most common signs and symptoms.SPAST is the most frequently disease-causing gene.Spastin is a microtubule-severing enzyme encoded by SPAST that cleaves long microtubules into short fragments by interacting with other proteins or membranes.Hereditary spastic paraplegia type 4(SPG4),which is autosomal dominant,is the clinical subtype associated with SPAST mutations.SPG4 accounts for up to one-third of all HSP cases and usually presents with isolated lower extremity spasticity,with or without bladder or sensory dysfunction.1 The main cause of SPG4 is believed to be spastin haploinsufficiency,which results from mutations in the SPAST gene.展开更多
Dear editor,Thank you for your letter.We appreciate you put forward such an intriguing question.And we also very agree with your viewpoint on possible reasons of RNFL thickening in pregnant women.RNFL is the inner ret...Dear editor,Thank you for your letter.We appreciate you put forward such an intriguing question.And we also very agree with your viewpoint on possible reasons of RNFL thickening in pregnant women.RNFL is the inner retinal layer formed of axons from the retinal ganglion cells,and is the only CNS structure which is visible on fundo-scopic examination as axons converge in the optic disc.1 Therefore,optic nerve is considered the"window to the brain"for many systemic diseases.展开更多
Sorghum(Sorghum bicolor),the fifth most important cereal crop worldwide,serves as a staple food in arid and semi-arid regions and is a critical resource for livestock forage,bioenergy production,and industrial applica...Sorghum(Sorghum bicolor),the fifth most important cereal crop worldwide,serves as a staple food in arid and semi-arid regions and is a critical resource for livestock forage,bioenergy production,and industrial applications.Owing to its relatively small genome and strong tolerance to abiotic stresses such as drought,salinity-alkalinity,and heat,sorghum has emerged as an important model crop for abiotic stress research.This Perspective article synthesizes recent advances on sorghum genomics,including the development of gapless reference genome assemblies,pan-genome analyses of extensive structural variation,and population resequencing studies that have uncovered domestication signatures and loci associated with stress adaptation.We also summarize the progress in sorghum genetic resource collection,selection strategies,and breeding improvement.Functional genetic studies have identified key genes regulating yield-related traits,quality attributes,and tolerance to both abiotic and biotic stresses.In molecular breeding,notable achievements include the establishment of efficient transformation systems,CRiSPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing enhanced by morphogenic regulators,and the development of mutagenized populations for gene function validation.Nevertheless,major challenges remain,particularly in functional dissection of complex quantitative traits,the integration of multi-omics datasets,and genotypedependent transformation efficiency.Future research directions emphasize the exploitation of wild germplasm,in-depth analysis of structural variation,population-scale transcriptomics,investigation of plant—microbiome interactions,and the application of Al-driven intelligent breeding approaches.Together,these strategies are expected to accelerate the development of climate-resilient sorghum varieties,thereby enhancing global food security and supporting sustainable bioenergy production.展开更多
基金Yongxian Huang supported by Projects of Guangzhou Science and Technology Plan(2023A04J0409)。
文摘To accurately diagnosemisfire faults in automotive engines,we propose a Channel Attention Convolutional Model,specifically the Squeeze-and-Excitation Networks(SENET),for classifying engine vibration signals and precisely pinpointing misfire faults.In the experiment,we established a total of 11 distinct states,encompassing the engine’s normal state,single-cylinder misfire faults,and dual-cylinder misfire faults for different cylinders.Data collection was facilitated by a highly sensitive acceleration signal collector with a high sampling rate of 20,840Hz.The collected data were methodically divided into training and testing sets based on different experimental groups to ensure generalization and prevent overlap between the two sets.The results revealed that,with a vibration acceleration sequence of 1000 time steps(approximately 50 ms)as input,the SENET model achieved a misfire fault detection accuracy of 99.8%.For comparison,we also trained and tested several commonly used models,including Long Short-Term Memory(LSTM),Transformer,and Multi-Scale Residual Networks(MSRESNET),yielding accuracy rates of 84%,79%,and 95%,respectively.This underscores the superior accuracy of the SENET model in detecting engine misfire faults compared to other models.Furthermore,the F1 scores for each type of recognition in the SENET model surpassed 0.98,outperforming the baseline models.Our analysis indicated that the misclassified samples in the LSTM and Transformer models’predictions were primarily due to intra-class misidentifications between single-cylinder and dual-cylinder misfire scenarios.To delve deeper,we conducted a visual analysis of the features extracted by the LSTM and SENET models using T-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding(T-SNE)technology.The findings revealed that,in the LSTMmodel,data points of the same type tended to cluster together with significant overlap.Conversely,in the SENET model,data points of various types were more widely and evenly dispersed,demonstrating its effectiveness in distinguishing between different fault types.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22264013)Hainan Province Clinical Medical Center(No.2021)Hainan Province Science and Technology Special Fund(No.ZDYF2024SHFZ104).
文摘Hypochlorous acid(HClO)is a critical biomolecule in living organisms,playing an essential role in numerous physiological or pathological processes.Abnormal levels of HClO in the body may lead to a series of diseases,for instance,inflammation and cancer.Thus,accurate measurement of HClO levels should be more beneficial for understanding its role in diseases and gaining a deeper insight into the pathogenesis of diseases.In this work,we designed a near-infrared two-photon fluorescent probe(HDM-Cl-HClO)for detecting fluctuations in HClO levels in inflammatory and tumor-bearing mice.Notably,the probe can respond to HClO within 5 s and trigger a brilliant red fluorescence at 660 nm.It exhibits high specificity and sensitivity for HClO.The superior spectral capability of the probe has enabled the detection of HClO levels in cells and zebrafish,as well as achieved the detection of HClO in inflammatory and tumor mice.This work not only provides a novel strategy and tool for HClO imaging in living systems,but also holds great potential for the diagnosis of inflammation and cancer.
基金This research is supported by Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation(9204023)Ministry of Education“Tiancheng Huizhi”Innovation and Education Promotion Foundation(2018A01012).
文摘This paper focuses on the distribution of passenger flow in Huoying Station,Line 13 of Beijing subway system.The transformation measures taken by Line 13 since operation are firstly summarized.Then the authors elaborate the facilities and equipment of this station,especially the node layout and passenger flow field.An optimization scheme is proposed to rapidly distribute the passenger flow in Huoying Station by adjusting the operation time of the escalator in the direction of Xizhimen.The authors adopt Queuing theory and Anylogic simulation software to simulate the original and the optimized schemes of Huoying Station to distribute the passenger flow.The results of the simulation indicate that the optimized scheme could effectively alleviate the traffic congestion in the hall of Huoying Station,and the pedestrian density in other places of the hall is lowered;passengers could move freely in the hall and no new congestion points would form.The rationality of the scheme is thus proved.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32241038,32472124,32241045,32241042,and 32201780)the National High-Level Personnel of Special Support Program(2024WRQB003)+5 种基金the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(JCYJ20240813151204006)the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFD1500503,2023YFD1200700,and 2023YFD1200704)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA0440302)the ShenZhen Postdoctoral Funding Project(77000*42100029)the Fundamental Research Fund for the Central Universities(77000-12240011)a joint research project from Shanxi Xinghuacun Fenjiu Distillery Co.Ltd.
文摘Spikelets are the basic unit of the inflorescence in crops, consisting of one or more florets, playing a key role in determining yield. During cereal flower development, the spikelet meristem (SM) arises from the inflorescence meristem or branch meristem, and subsequently gives rise to the floret meristem (FM) (Xie et al., 2023). The multi-ovary or multi-floret spikelet phenomenon is commonly observed in certain cereal germplasms (Zhu et al., 2019;Ren et al., 2020;Selva et al., 2023), demonstrating the potential for enhancing grain yield through the production of a larger number of grains. A typical sorghum spikelet produces a single fertile floret, resulting in a single-grain spikelet morphology. However, the multiple-grain spikelet (MGS) sorghum germplasm, first documented in 1936, contains more than half of the double-grain spikelets per panicle and exhibits an unusual spikelet architecture in which two mature grains are produced within a single spikelet (Karper and Stephens, 1936). Despite this, the genetic basis underlying this trait has remained unclear.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFF1001400)a grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32270274)Chinese Universities Scientific Fund grant 1201-15052001.
文摘Dear Editor,Lignocellulose,primarily composed of cellulose,hemicellulose,and lignin,is the most abundant renewable bioresource used across industrial and agricultural sectors in modern society(Deng et al.,2023).However,the recalcitrance of lignocellulosic biomass hinders its utilization efficiency.As the predominant hemicellulose polysaccharide that cross-links with cellulose and lignin in grasses,xylan is an ideal target for manipulation to alter cell wall properties(Bhatia et al.,2017;Zhang et al.,2023).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaNational Natural Science Foundation of China(32241042,32430077,32222010,and 32241038)and Chinese Universities Scientific Fund Chinese Universities Scientific Fund grant(1201-—15054001).
文摘Sorghum,the fifth most important food crop globally,is a source of silage forage,fiber,syrup,and biofuel.Moreover,it is widely recognized as an ideal model crop for studying stress biology becaused of its ability to tolerate multiple abiotic stresses,including high salt-alkali conditions,drought,and heat.However,functional genomics studies on sorghum have been challenging,primarily due to the limited availability of genetic resources and effective genetic transformation techniques.In this study,we developed the Sorghum Genomics and Mutation Database(SGMD),aiming to advance the genetic understanding of sorghum.Our effort encompassed a telomere-to-telomere genome assembly of an inbred sorghum line,E048,yielding 729.46 Mb of sequence data representing the complete genome.Alongside the high-quality sequence data,a gene expression atlas covering 13 distinct tissues was developed.We constructed a saturated ethyl methane sulfonate mutant library comprising 13,226 independent mutants.Causal genes in chlorosis and leafy mutants from the library were easily identified by leveraging the MutMap and MutMap+methodologies,demonstrating the powerful application of this library for identifying functional genes.To facilitate sorghum research,we performed whole-genome sequencing of 179 M2 mutant lines,resulting in 2,291,074 mutations that covered 97.54% of all genes.In addition,an Agrobacterium-mediated sorghum transformation platform was established for gene function studies.In summary,this work establishes a comprehensive platform and provides valuable resources for functional genomics investigations and genetic improvement of sorghum.
基金financially supported by grants from the Third Xinjiang Scientific Expedition Program(2022xjkk0202)the National Natural Science Foundation(31972862)of Chinathe National Key R&D Program of China(2016YFA0500501)。
文摘Endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation(ERAD)is an important mechanism for degrading misfolded proteins,and is mediated by different complexes containing several conserved ERlocalized ubiquitin ligases,such as Hrd1,Doa10,and gp78.Recent studies have shown that the ERAD machinery is conserved in eukaryotes.However,it remains unknown whether plants have gp78 homologs.We report a functional study of Arabidopsis homologs of gp78 and their involvement in ERAD.T-DNA insertion mutations in Arabidopsis gp78 genes,AtGP78A and AtGP78B,increased degradation of mutated brassinosteroid(BR)receptors,bri1-5 and bri1-9,leading to lower activation of the signaling protein BES1,and thereby enhancing the dwarf phenotypes of bri1-5/9.This is different from the effects of knockout in known ERAD components,which suppress the dwarf phenotypes of bri1-5/9.AtGP78s interacted with and affected the stability of AtOS9,but not other components in the AtHRD1 complex.AtOS9 accumulated in atgp78a-1 atgp78b bri1-5/9,and knockout of AtOS9 rescued the enhanced-dwarf phenotypes of atgp78a-1 atgp78b bri1-5/9.We determined that AtGP78s were involved in plant ERAD by modulating the stability of AtOS9.Taken together,our results not only reveal AtGP78s as new ERAD components but also reveal a relationship between AtGP78s and the AtHRD1 complex in plants.
文摘Protein post-translational modification （PTM） by ubiquitination has been observed during many aspects of plant growth, development, and stress responses. The ubiquitin-proteasome system precisely regulates phytohormone signaling by affecting protein activity, localization, assembly, and interaction ability. Absci- sic acid （ABA） is a major phytohormone, and plays important roles in plants under normal or stressed growth conditions. The ABA signaling pathway is composed of phosphatases, kinases, transcription fac- tors, and membrane ion channels. It has been reported that multiple ABA signaling transducers are sub- jected to the regulations by ubiquitination. In particular, recent studies have identified different types of E3 ligases that mediate ubiquitination of ABA receptors in different cell compartments. This review focuses on modulation of these components by monoubiquitination or polyubiquitination that occurs in the plasma membrane, endomembranes, and from the cytosol to the nucleus; this implies the existence of retrograde and trafficking processes that are regulated by ubiquitination in ABA signaling. A number of single-unit E3 ligases, components of multi-subunit E3 ligases, E2s, and specific subunits of the 26S proteasome involved in ABA signal regulation are discussed. Dissecting the precise functions of ubiquitination in the ABA pathway may help us understand key factors in the signaling of other phytohormones regulated by ubiqui- tination and other types of PTMs.
文摘Recent discovery of PYR/PYL/RCAR-type abscisic acid （ABA） receptors has become one of most significant advances in plant science in the past decade. In mammals, endosomal sorting acts as an important pathway to downregulate different types of receptors, but its role in plant hormone signaling is poorly understood. Here, we report that an ubiquitin E2-1ike protein, VPS23A, which is a key component of ESCRT-I, negatively regulates ABA signaling. VPS23A has epistatic relationship with PYR/PYL/RCAR-type ABA receptors and disruption of VPS23A enhanced the activity of key kinase OST1 in the ABA signaling pathway under ABA treatment. Moreover, VPS23A interacts with PYR1/PYLs and K63-1inked diubiquitin, and PYL4 possesses K63-1inked ubiquitinated modification in vivo. Further analysis revealed that VPS23A affects the subcellular localization of PYR 1 and the stability of PYL4. Taken together, our results suggest that VPS23A affects PYR1/ PYL4 via vacuole-mediated degradation, providing an advanced understanding of both the turnover of ABA receptors and ESCRTs in plant hormone signaling.
基金This project was financially supported by grants from the National Key R&D Program of China(2016YFA0500501)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31800228 and 31571441)also partially supported by the Transgenic Research Projects(2016ZX08009-003).
文摘The Salt-Overly-Sensitive(SOS)signaling module,comprising the sodium-transport protein SOS1 and the regulatory proteins SOS2 and SOS3,is well known as the central salt excretion system,which helps protect plants against salt stress.Here we report that VPS23A,a component of the ESCRT(endosomal sorting complex required for transport),plays an essential role in the function of the SOS module in conferring plant salt tolerance.VPS23A enhances the interaction of SOS2 and SOS3.In the presence of salt stress,VPS23A positively regulates the redistribution of SOS2 to the plasma membrane,which then activates the antiporter activity of SOS1 to reduce Na+accumulation in plant cells.Genetic evidence demonstrated that plant salt tolerance achieved by the overexpression of SOS2 and SOS3 dependeds on VPS23A.Taken together,our results revealed that VPS23A is a crucial regulator of the SOS module and affects the localization of SOS2 to the cell membrane.Moreover,the strong salt tolerance of Arabidopsis seedlings conferred by the engineered membrane-bound SOS2 revealed the significance of SOS2 sorting to the cell membrane in achieving its function,providing a potential strategy for crop salt tolerance engineering.
基金supported by a grant from the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Grant No.XDA24010306(to Q.X.)supported by the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences。
文摘Sorghum,the fifth largest cereal crop,has high value as a staple food and raw material for liquor and vinegar brewing.Due to its high biomass and quality,it is also used as the second most planted silage resource.No fragrant sorghums are currently on the market.Through CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of Sb BADH2,we obtained sorghum lines with extraordinary aromatic smell in both seeds and leaves.Animal feeding experiments showed that fragrant sorghum leaves were attractable.We believe this advantage will produce great value in the sorghum market for both grain and whole biomass forage.
基金grant 2016YFA0500500 from the National Key R&D Program of Chinagrant 31800228 from the National Natural Science Foundation of China.
文摘A myriad of abiotic stress responses in plants are controlled by abscisic acid(ABA)signaling.ABA receptors can be degraded by both the 26S proteasome pathway and vacuolar degradation pathway after processing via the endosomal sorting complex required for transport(ESCRT)proteins.Despite being essential for ABA signaling,the upstream regulators of ESCRTs remain unknown.Here,we report that the ESCRT-I component VPS23A is an unstable protein that is degraded via the ubiquitin-proteasome system(UPS).The UEV domain of VPS23A physically interacts with the two PSAP motifs of XBAT35,an E3 ubiquitin ligase,and this interaction results in the deposition of K48 polyubiquitin chains on VPS23A,marking it for degradation by 26S proteasomes.We showed that XBAT35 in plants is a positive regulator of ABA responses that acts via the VPS23A/PYL4 complex,specifically by accelerating VPS23A turnover and thereby increasing accumulation of the ABA receptor PYL4.This work deciphers how an ESCRT component is regulated in plants and deepens our understanding of plant stress responses by illustrating a mechanism whereby crosstalk between the UPS and endosome-vacuole-mediated degradation pathways controls ABA signaling.
基金financially supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos 31625004and 31970287)the Zhejiang Provincial Talent Program(No.2019R52005)。
文摘During recovery from heat stress,plants clear away the heat-stress-induced misfolded proteins through the ubiquitin-proteasome system(UPS).In the UPS,the recognition of substrate proteins by E3 ligase can be regulated by the N-terminal acetyltransferase A(NatA)complex.Here,we determined that Arabidopsis STRESS-RELATED UBIQUITIN-ASSOCIATED-DOMAIN PROTEIN FACTOR 1(SUF1)interacts with the NatA complex core subunit NAA15 and positively regulates NAA15.The suf1 and naa15 mutants are sensitive to heat stress;the NatA substrate NSNC1 is stabilized in suf1 mutant plants during heat stress recovery.Therefore,SUF1 and its interactor NAA15 play important roles in basal thermotolerance in Arabidopsis.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31471953).
文摘The intestinal microbiota help regulate hibernation in vertebrates.However,it needs to be established how hibernation modulates the gut microbiome and intestinal metabolism.In the present study,we used an artificial hibernation model to examine the responses of the gut microbiota of the Strauchbufo raddei to the environmental changes associated with this behavior.Hibernation significantly lowered the diversity of the microbiota and altered the microbial community of the gut.Proteobacteria,Firmicutes,and Bacteroidota were the major bacterial phyla in the intestines of S.raddei.However,Firmicutes and Proteobacteria predominated in the gut of active and hibernating S.raddei,respectively.Certain bacterial genera such as Pseudomonas,Vibrio,Ralstonia,and Rhodococcus could serve as biomarkers distinguishing hibernating and non-hibernating S.raddei.The gut microbiota was more resistant to environmental stress in hibernating than active S.raddei.Moreover,metabolomics revealed that metabolites implicated in fatty acid biosynthesis were highly upregulated in the intestines of hibernating S.raddei.The metabolites that were enriched during hibernation enabled S.raddei to adapt to the low temperatures and the lack of exogenous food that are characteristic of hibernation.A correlation analysis of the intestinal microbiota and their metabolites revealed that the gut microbiota might participate in the metabolic regulation of hibernating S.raddei.The present study clarified the modifications that occur in the intestinal bacteria and their symbiotic relationship with their host during hibernation.These findings are indicative of the adaptive changes in the metabolism of amphibians under different environmental conditions.
基金supported by The Medical and health science and technology plan of Zhejiang Province(Grant No.2021RC163 and No.2022RC284).
文摘Purpose:To evaluate choroidal thickness and retinal nerve fiber layer(RNFL)thickness in different trimesters using enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography(EDI-OCT).Methods:A prospective comparative study included 45 healthy pregnant women in the first trimester,45 women in the second,45 women in the third and 45 healthy non-pregnant women as the control group.Macular choroidal thickness was measured at three locations:The subfoveal,1 mm temporal,and 1 mm nasal from the fovea with EDI-OCT.Peripapillary choroidal thickness(PPCT)and RNFL thickness parameters were automatically calculated by the Spectralis OCT.Results:The subfoveal,temporal and nasal macular choroidal thickness were all significantly thicker in the second trimester,compared with those parameters in the first,the third trimesters and the control group(all P<0.05).The PPCT was significantly increased in the second trimeter compared with the control group at global,temporal,temporal inferior,nasal and nasal inferior positions(all P<0.05).The RNFL thickness was also significantly increased in pregnant women at nasal superior and nasal inferior quadrants(all P<0.05).Conclusions:The choroidal thickness in pregnant women was found to be thicker than the control group,regardless of macular or optic disc location.Findings of RNFL thickening might indicate subclinical involvement of the central nervous system.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32222010 and U1906204)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA24010306)+1 种基金the Agricultural Breeding Program in Ningxia Province(2019NYYZ04)the Chinese Universities Scientific Fund(1201-15052001).
文摘According to the research by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(http://www.fao.org/3/i5199e/i5199e.pdf),>1 billion hectares of land are affected by saline-alkaline conditions,which severely affects plant growth and crop yield,posing great threats to global food security and ecosystems.Saline-alkaline land can be classified into three different types—salinity,alkalinity,and alkaline-salinity,depending on the salt components in the soil.To date,the mechanism of plant tolerance to salt stress has been extensively studied,while the understanding of the plant alkaline stress response is still very preliminary,which impedes the breeding of salt–alkali-tolerant crops by using modern molecular breeding techniques.
基金the Shanghai Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan Program of China(No.20Y11907200,22Y11907200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82201807)+1 种基金the Municipal Human Resources Development Program for Outstanding Young Talents in Medical and Health Sciences in Shanghai,China(No.2022YQ075)Shanghai“Rising Stars of Medical Talents”Youth Development Program(China).
文摘Hereditary spastic paraplegia(HSP)is a group of disorders with genetic heterogeneity,lower-extremity weakness,and spasticity are the most common signs and symptoms.SPAST is the most frequently disease-causing gene.Spastin is a microtubule-severing enzyme encoded by SPAST that cleaves long microtubules into short fragments by interacting with other proteins or membranes.Hereditary spastic paraplegia type 4(SPG4),which is autosomal dominant,is the clinical subtype associated with SPAST mutations.SPG4 accounts for up to one-third of all HSP cases and usually presents with isolated lower extremity spasticity,with or without bladder or sensory dysfunction.1 The main cause of SPG4 is believed to be spastin haploinsufficiency,which results from mutations in the SPAST gene.
文摘Dear editor,Thank you for your letter.We appreciate you put forward such an intriguing question.And we also very agree with your viewpoint on possible reasons of RNFL thickening in pregnant women.RNFL is the inner retinal layer formed of axons from the retinal ganglion cells,and is the only CNS structure which is visible on fundo-scopic examination as axons converge in the optic disc.1 Therefore,optic nerve is considered the"window to the brain"for many systemic diseases.
基金supported in part by the National Key R&D Program of China(2023YFF1001400)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32525045,32430077,32472124,and 32241042)+1 种基金the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Key R&D Program(2024BBF02001)the Pinduoduo-China Agricultural University Research Fund(PC2024B01004).
文摘Sorghum(Sorghum bicolor),the fifth most important cereal crop worldwide,serves as a staple food in arid and semi-arid regions and is a critical resource for livestock forage,bioenergy production,and industrial applications.Owing to its relatively small genome and strong tolerance to abiotic stresses such as drought,salinity-alkalinity,and heat,sorghum has emerged as an important model crop for abiotic stress research.This Perspective article synthesizes recent advances on sorghum genomics,including the development of gapless reference genome assemblies,pan-genome analyses of extensive structural variation,and population resequencing studies that have uncovered domestication signatures and loci associated with stress adaptation.We also summarize the progress in sorghum genetic resource collection,selection strategies,and breeding improvement.Functional genetic studies have identified key genes regulating yield-related traits,quality attributes,and tolerance to both abiotic and biotic stresses.In molecular breeding,notable achievements include the establishment of efficient transformation systems,CRiSPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing enhanced by morphogenic regulators,and the development of mutagenized populations for gene function validation.Nevertheless,major challenges remain,particularly in functional dissection of complex quantitative traits,the integration of multi-omics datasets,and genotypedependent transformation efficiency.Future research directions emphasize the exploitation of wild germplasm,in-depth analysis of structural variation,population-scale transcriptomics,investigation of plant—microbiome interactions,and the application of Al-driven intelligent breeding approaches.Together,these strategies are expected to accelerate the development of climate-resilient sorghum varieties,thereby enhancing global food security and supporting sustainable bioenergy production.
