Ammonia is a promising zero-carbon alternative fuel.Direct ammonia fuel cells (DAFCs),as an efficient ammonia-fueled power system,have an extremely high application value in the field of transportation for decarboniza...Ammonia is a promising zero-carbon alternative fuel.Direct ammonia fuel cells (DAFCs),as an efficient ammonia-fueled power system,have an extremely high application value in the field of transportation for decarbonization.Metals are essential components for catalysts and electrolytes in DAFCs,with catalysts being critical to their overall performance.Currently,ammoniafueled solid oxide fuel cells with Ni-based catalysts have reached peak power densities exceeding 1000 mW.cm^(-2).In the case of anion exchange membrane fuel cells,platinum-group metal catalysts can achieve a peak power density of 410 mW.cm^(-2).Despite these advancements,further development of more efficient,stable,and cost-effective catalysts is necessary to meet the demands for high efficiency and power density in transportation power systems.This review comprehensively summarizes the recent advancements of metal materials in DAFCs,as well as the potential applications of DAFCs in the transportation sector.展开更多
The design of three-dimensional printing based conformal cooling channels(CCCs)in injection molding holds great significance.Compared to CCCs,conformal cooling(CC)cavity solutions show promise in delivering enhanced c...The design of three-dimensional printing based conformal cooling channels(CCCs)in injection molding holds great significance.Compared to CCCs,conformal cooling(CC)cavity solutions show promise in delivering enhanced cooling performance for plastic products,although they have been underexplored.In this research,CC cavity is designed within the mold geometry,reinforced by body-centered cubic(BCC)lattice structures to enhance mechanical strength.Three distinct BCC lattice variations have been integrated into the CC cavity:the BCC structure,BCC with cubes,and BCC with pillars.The thermal performances of the BCC lattice-added CC cavity are assessed numerically after experimental validation.To provide feasible solutions from viewpoints of thermal performances,various BCC lattice structure thicknesses are analyzed in the range of 0.8–1.2mm.Thermal simulation outcomes reveal that thicker lattice structures enhance mechanical strength but simultaneously lead to an increase in cooling time.Upon examining all the proposed CC cavity solutions supported by BCC,the cooling times range from 2.2 to 4 s,resulting in a reduction of 38.6%to 66.1%when compared to conventional straightdrilled channels.In contrast to CCCs,CC cavities have the potential to decrease the maximum temperature nonuniformity from 8.5 to 6 K.Nevertheless,the presence of lattice structures in CC cavity solutions results in an elevated pressure drop,reaching 2.8MPa,whereas the results for CCCs remain below2.1MPa.展开更多
The influence of N on the precipitation behavior,associated corrosion,and mechanical properties of S32654 were investigated by microstructural,electrochemical,and mechanical analyses.Increasing the N content results i...The influence of N on the precipitation behavior,associated corrosion,and mechanical properties of S32654 were investigated by microstructural,electrochemical,and mechanical analyses.Increasing the N content results in several alterations:(1) grain refinement,which promotes intergranular precipitation;(2) a linear increase in the driving force for Cr2 N and Mo activity,which accelerates the precipitation of intergranular Cr2 N and π phase,respectively;(3) a linear decrease in the driving force for σ phase and Cr activity,which suppresses the formation of intragranular σ phase.The total amount of precipitates first decreased and then increased with the N content increasing.Furthermore,the intergranular corrosion susceptibility depended substantially on the total amount of precipitates and also first exhibited a decreasing and then an increasing trend as the N content increased.In addition,aging precipitation caused a considerable decrement in the ultimate tensile strength(UTS) and a remarkable increment in the yield strength(YS).Both the UTS and YS always increased with N content increasing throughout the solution and aging process.Whereas the elongation was considerably sensitive to the aging treatment,it exhibited marginal variation with the N content increasing.展开更多
Objective To study the effects of pubertal exposure to bisphenol A （BPA） on the reproduction of male mice in adulthood and subsequent generation mice. Methods Male mice aged 21 d were exposed to BPA at a dose of 50 ...Objective To study the effects of pubertal exposure to bisphenol A （BPA） on the reproduction of male mice in adulthood and subsequent generation mice. Methods Male mice aged 21 d were exposed to BPA at a dose of 50 mg/kg per day for 7 d by intraperitoneal injection. Sperm count, sperm deformity rate and testis histology were evaluated 35 d after exposure. Male fertility index and newborns were further observed by mating with the normal female mice. Results The epididymal sperm number was decreased by 20.6% in BPA exposure group compared with the control （P〈O. 01）. Sperm deformity rate in BPA group was increased by 9.65% compared with the control （P〈O.05）. Testis seminiferous tubules were abnormal with sloughing of germ cells; BPA exposure had no significant effects on the fertility of male mice in adulthood; sex ratio of male to female offspring was increased. Conclusion Pubertal exposure to BPA disrupted spermatogenesis in adult mice, and the proportion of male offspring was increased compared with the control.展开更多
The present study considers the impingement of a train of ethanol droplets on heated aluminum and glass surfaces.The surface temperature is allowed to vary in the interval 140℃–240℃.Impingement is considered with a...The present study considers the impingement of a train of ethanol droplets on heated aluminum and glass surfaces.The surface temperature is allowed to vary in the interval 140℃–240℃.Impingement is considered with an inclination of 63 degrees.The droplet diameter is 0.2 mm in both aluminum and glass surface experiments.Thermal gradients are observed with a thermographic camera.It is found that in comparison to glass,the aluminum surface displays very small liquid accumulations and better evaporation performance due to its higher thermal conductivity.The relatively low thermal conductivity of glass results in higher thermal gradients on the surface.The droplet impact area on the aluminum surface is smaller than the corresponding area for the glass surface.Interestingly,the liquid accumulation area is not symmetrical.Moreover,the extension of the droplet train impact region decreases on increasing the surface temperature because higher temperature values allow greater surface energy levels that enhance significantly the evaporation rate.展开更多
Steady-state hydrodynamic patterns of ethanol droplet train impingement on the heated aluminum surface is investigated in the surface temperature range of 80°C–260°C using two different Weber numbers(We)of ...Steady-state hydrodynamic patterns of ethanol droplet train impingement on the heated aluminum surface is investigated in the surface temperature range of 80°C–260°C using two different Weber numbers(We)of 618 and 792.Instead of a vertical train impingement,the droplet train is sent to the aluminum surface with an incline of 63 degrees.Changes in the spreading length are observed at different surface temperatures for two different We values,which are obtained by using two different pinholes with 100 and 150μm diameters.The greatest spreading length is seen at the lowest surface temperature(80°C)and it continuously decreases until the surface temperature of 200°C.Above 200°C,the spreading length remains stable which is most probably because of the Leidenfrost effect.The spreading lengths of the experiments with 100μm are 46.4%smaller than the experiments with 150μm.Also,splashing angles are observed for both We values.The ranges of splashing angle observations are 140°C–200°C and 170°C–185°C for We values of 792 and 618,respectively.展开更多
Photoacoustic imaging has been developed to image the immune study at the macro scale.Macrophages play diverse roles in the acute response to infection and tissue repair.However,macrophages activities in acute inflamm...Photoacoustic imaging has been developed to image the immune study at the macro scale.Macrophages play diverse roles in the acute response to infection and tissue repair.However,macrophages activities in acute inflammation at the microscopic level still remain challenging.In this work,we proposed optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy to promptly monitor the labeled macrophages activities in normal and inflammatory groups.The result showed that many labeled macrophages emerged around the vessels firstly,then exuded into tissues,and finally disappeared in the inflammatory group injected with labeled macrophages.In summary,our method allows us to exactly image and track the immune cells of inflammatory diseases.展开更多
BACKGROUND： Cancer immunotherapy uses one＇s own immune system to fight cancerous cells. As immune system is hard- wired to distinguish self and non-self, cancer immunotherapy is predicted to target cancerous cells s...BACKGROUND： Cancer immunotherapy uses one＇s own immune system to fight cancerous cells. As immune system is hard- wired to distinguish self and non-self, cancer immunotherapy is predicted to target cancerous cells specifically, therefore is less toxic than chemotherapy and radiation therapy, two major treatments for cancer. Cancer immunologists have spent decades to search for the specific targets in cancerous cells. METHODS： Due to the recent advances in high throughput sequencing and bioinformatics, evidence has merged that the neoantigens in cancerous cells are probably the cancer-specific targets that lead to the destruction of cancer. We will review the transplantable murine tumor models for cancer immunotherapy and the bioinformatics tools used to navigate mouse genome to identify tumor-rejecting neoantigens. RESULTS： Several groups have independently identified point mutations that can be recognized by T cells of host immune system. It is consistent with the note that the formation ofpeptide-MHC I-TCR complex is critical to activate T cells. Both anchor residue and TCR-facing residue mutations have been reported. While TCR-facing residue mutations may directly activate specific T cells, anchor residue mutations improve the binding of peptides to MHC I molecules, which increases the presentation of peptides and the T cell activation indirectly. CONCLUSIONS： Our work indicates that the affinity of neoepitopes for MHC I is not a predictor for anti-tumor immune responses in mice. Instead differential agretopic index （DAI）, the numerical difference of epitope-MHC I affinities between the mutated and un-mutated sequences is a significant predictor. A similar bioinformatics pipeline has been developed to generate personalized vaccines to treat human ovarian cancer in a Phase I clinical trial.展开更多
Numerical simulation of stratified flow of two fluids between two infinite parallel plates using the Moving Particle Semi-implicit(MPS)method is presented.The developing process from entrance to fully development flow...Numerical simulation of stratified flow of two fluids between two infinite parallel plates using the Moving Particle Semi-implicit(MPS)method is presented.The developing process from entrance to fully development flow is captured.In the simulation,the computational domain is represented by various types of particles.Governing equations are described based on particles and their interactions.Grids are not necessary in any calculation steps of the simulation.The particle number density is implicitly required to be constant to satisfy incompressibility.The weight function is used to describe the interaction between different particles.The particle is considered to constitute the free interface if the particle number density is below a set point.Results for various combinations of density,viscosity,mass flow rates,and distance between the two parallel plates are presented.The proposed procedure is validated using the derived exact solution and the earlier numerical results from the Level-Set method.Furthermore,the evolution of the interface in the developing region is captured and compares well with the derived exact solutions in the developed region.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.T2241003)。
文摘Ammonia is a promising zero-carbon alternative fuel.Direct ammonia fuel cells (DAFCs),as an efficient ammonia-fueled power system,have an extremely high application value in the field of transportation for decarbonization.Metals are essential components for catalysts and electrolytes in DAFCs,with catalysts being critical to their overall performance.Currently,ammoniafueled solid oxide fuel cells with Ni-based catalysts have reached peak power densities exceeding 1000 mW.cm^(-2).In the case of anion exchange membrane fuel cells,platinum-group metal catalysts can achieve a peak power density of 410 mW.cm^(-2).Despite these advancements,further development of more efficient,stable,and cost-effective catalysts is necessary to meet the demands for high efficiency and power density in transportation power systems.This review comprehensively summarizes the recent advancements of metal materials in DAFCs,as well as the potential applications of DAFCs in the transportation sector.
文摘The design of three-dimensional printing based conformal cooling channels(CCCs)in injection molding holds great significance.Compared to CCCs,conformal cooling(CC)cavity solutions show promise in delivering enhanced cooling performance for plastic products,although they have been underexplored.In this research,CC cavity is designed within the mold geometry,reinforced by body-centered cubic(BCC)lattice structures to enhance mechanical strength.Three distinct BCC lattice variations have been integrated into the CC cavity:the BCC structure,BCC with cubes,and BCC with pillars.The thermal performances of the BCC lattice-added CC cavity are assessed numerically after experimental validation.To provide feasible solutions from viewpoints of thermal performances,various BCC lattice structure thicknesses are analyzed in the range of 0.8–1.2mm.Thermal simulation outcomes reveal that thicker lattice structures enhance mechanical strength but simultaneously lead to an increase in cooling time.Upon examining all the proposed CC cavity solutions supported by BCC,the cooling times range from 2.2 to 4 s,resulting in a reduction of 38.6%to 66.1%when compared to conventional straightdrilled channels.In contrast to CCCs,CC cavities have the potential to decrease the maximum temperature nonuniformity from 8.5 to 6 K.Nevertheless,the presence of lattice structures in CC cavity solutions results in an elevated pressure drop,reaching 2.8MPa,whereas the results for CCCs remain below2.1MPa.
基金This work was financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U1860204)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.N172507002)the Transformation Project of Major Scientific and Technological Achievements in Shenyang(No.Z17-5-003).
文摘The influence of N on the precipitation behavior,associated corrosion,and mechanical properties of S32654 were investigated by microstructural,electrochemical,and mechanical analyses.Increasing the N content results in several alterations:(1) grain refinement,which promotes intergranular precipitation;(2) a linear increase in the driving force for Cr2 N and Mo activity,which accelerates the precipitation of intergranular Cr2 N and π phase,respectively;(3) a linear decrease in the driving force for σ phase and Cr activity,which suppresses the formation of intragranular σ phase.The total amount of precipitates first decreased and then increased with the N content increasing.Furthermore,the intergranular corrosion susceptibility depended substantially on the total amount of precipitates and also first exhibited a decreasing and then an increasing trend as the N content increased.In addition,aging precipitation caused a considerable decrement in the ultimate tensile strength(UTS) and a remarkable increment in the yield strength(YS).Both the UTS and YS always increased with N content increasing throughout the solution and aging process.Whereas the elongation was considerably sensitive to the aging treatment,it exhibited marginal variation with the N content increasing.
文摘Objective To study the effects of pubertal exposure to bisphenol A （BPA） on the reproduction of male mice in adulthood and subsequent generation mice. Methods Male mice aged 21 d were exposed to BPA at a dose of 50 mg/kg per day for 7 d by intraperitoneal injection. Sperm count, sperm deformity rate and testis histology were evaluated 35 d after exposure. Male fertility index and newborns were further observed by mating with the normal female mice. Results The epididymal sperm number was decreased by 20.6% in BPA exposure group compared with the control （P〈O. 01）. Sperm deformity rate in BPA group was increased by 9.65% compared with the control （P〈O.05）. Testis seminiferous tubules were abnormal with sloughing of germ cells; BPA exposure had no significant effects on the fertility of male mice in adulthood; sex ratio of male to female offspring was increased. Conclusion Pubertal exposure to BPA disrupted spermatogenesis in adult mice, and the proportion of male offspring was increased compared with the control.
文摘The present study considers the impingement of a train of ethanol droplets on heated aluminum and glass surfaces.The surface temperature is allowed to vary in the interval 140℃–240℃.Impingement is considered with an inclination of 63 degrees.The droplet diameter is 0.2 mm in both aluminum and glass surface experiments.Thermal gradients are observed with a thermographic camera.It is found that in comparison to glass,the aluminum surface displays very small liquid accumulations and better evaporation performance due to its higher thermal conductivity.The relatively low thermal conductivity of glass results in higher thermal gradients on the surface.The droplet impact area on the aluminum surface is smaller than the corresponding area for the glass surface.Interestingly,the liquid accumulation area is not symmetrical.Moreover,the extension of the droplet train impact region decreases on increasing the surface temperature because higher temperature values allow greater surface energy levels that enhance significantly the evaporation rate.
文摘Steady-state hydrodynamic patterns of ethanol droplet train impingement on the heated aluminum surface is investigated in the surface temperature range of 80°C–260°C using two different Weber numbers(We)of 618 and 792.Instead of a vertical train impingement,the droplet train is sent to the aluminum surface with an incline of 63 degrees.Changes in the spreading length are observed at different surface temperatures for two different We values,which are obtained by using two different pinholes with 100 and 150μm diameters.The greatest spreading length is seen at the lowest surface temperature(80°C)and it continuously decreases until the surface temperature of 200°C.Above 200°C,the spreading length remains stable which is most probably because of the Leidenfrost effect.The spreading lengths of the experiments with 100μm are 46.4%smaller than the experiments with 150μm.Also,splashing angles are observed for both We values.The ranges of splashing angle observations are 140°C–200°C and 170°C–185°C for We values of 792 and 618,respectively.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 91859113 and 81922034)Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of Fujian Province (No. 2018J06024)Science and Technology Program of Jiangxi Province (No. 20171ACB20027)
文摘Photoacoustic imaging has been developed to image the immune study at the macro scale.Macrophages play diverse roles in the acute response to infection and tissue repair.However,macrophages activities in acute inflammation at the microscopic level still remain challenging.In this work,we proposed optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy to promptly monitor the labeled macrophages activities in normal and inflammatory groups.The result showed that many labeled macrophages emerged around the vessels firstly,then exuded into tissues,and finally disappeared in the inflammatory group injected with labeled macrophages.In summary,our method allows us to exactly image and track the immune cells of inflammatory diseases.
文摘BACKGROUND： Cancer immunotherapy uses one＇s own immune system to fight cancerous cells. As immune system is hard- wired to distinguish self and non-self, cancer immunotherapy is predicted to target cancerous cells specifically, therefore is less toxic than chemotherapy and radiation therapy, two major treatments for cancer. Cancer immunologists have spent decades to search for the specific targets in cancerous cells. METHODS： Due to the recent advances in high throughput sequencing and bioinformatics, evidence has merged that the neoantigens in cancerous cells are probably the cancer-specific targets that lead to the destruction of cancer. We will review the transplantable murine tumor models for cancer immunotherapy and the bioinformatics tools used to navigate mouse genome to identify tumor-rejecting neoantigens. RESULTS： Several groups have independently identified point mutations that can be recognized by T cells of host immune system. It is consistent with the note that the formation ofpeptide-MHC I-TCR complex is critical to activate T cells. Both anchor residue and TCR-facing residue mutations have been reported. While TCR-facing residue mutations may directly activate specific T cells, anchor residue mutations improve the binding of peptides to MHC I molecules, which increases the presentation of peptides and the T cell activation indirectly. CONCLUSIONS： Our work indicates that the affinity of neoepitopes for MHC I is not a predictor for anti-tumor immune responses in mice. Instead differential agretopic index （DAI）, the numerical difference of epitope-MHC I affinities between the mutated and un-mutated sequences is a significant predictor. A similar bioinformatics pipeline has been developed to generate personalized vaccines to treat human ovarian cancer in a Phase I clinical trial.
文摘Numerical simulation of stratified flow of two fluids between two infinite parallel plates using the Moving Particle Semi-implicit(MPS)method is presented.The developing process from entrance to fully development flow is captured.In the simulation,the computational domain is represented by various types of particles.Governing equations are described based on particles and their interactions.Grids are not necessary in any calculation steps of the simulation.The particle number density is implicitly required to be constant to satisfy incompressibility.The weight function is used to describe the interaction between different particles.The particle is considered to constitute the free interface if the particle number density is below a set point.Results for various combinations of density,viscosity,mass flow rates,and distance between the two parallel plates are presented.The proposed procedure is validated using the derived exact solution and the earlier numerical results from the Level-Set method.Furthermore,the evolution of the interface in the developing region is captured and compares well with the derived exact solutions in the developed region.
