Surgical trauma and ischemia reperfusion injury(IRI)are unavoidable aspects of any solid organ transplant procedure.They trigger a multifactorial antigen-independent inflammatory process that profoundly affects both t...Surgical trauma and ischemia reperfusion injury(IRI)are unavoidable aspects of any solid organ transplant procedure.They trigger a multifactorial antigen-independent inflammatory process that profoundly affects both the early and long-term outcomes of the transplanted organ.The injury associated with donor organ procurement,storage,and engraftment triggers innate immune activation that inevitably results in cell death,which may occur in many different forms.Dying cells in donor grafts release damage-associated molecular patterns(DAMPs),which alert recipient innate cells,including macrophages and dendritic cells(DCs),through the activation of the complement cascade and toll-like receptors(TLRs).The long-term effect of inflammation on innate immune cells is associated with changes in cellular metabolism that skew the cells towards aerobic glycolysis,resulting in innate immune cell activation and inflammatory cytokine production.The different roles of proinflammatory cytokines in innate immune activation have been described,and these cytokines also stimulate optimal T-cell expansion during allograft rejection.Therefore,early innate immune events after organ transplantation determine the fate of the adaptive immune response.In this review,we summarize the contributions of innate immunity to allograft rejection and discuss recent studies and emerging concepts in the targeted delivery of therapeutics to modulate the innate immune system to enhance allograft survival.展开更多
TiO2 nanorods have been successfully grown into a track-etched polycarbonate （PC） membrane by a particulate sol-electrophoretic deposition from an aqueous medium. The prepared sols had a narrow particle size distrib...TiO2 nanorods have been successfully grown into a track-etched polycarbonate （PC） membrane by a particulate sol-electrophoretic deposition from an aqueous medium. The prepared sols had a narrow particle size distribution around 17 nm and excellent stability against aging, with zeta potentials in the range of 47-50 mV at pH 2. It was found that TiO2 nanorods were grown from dilute aqueous sol with a low, 0.1-M concentration. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FT-IR） analysis confirmed that a full conversion of titanium isopropoxide was obtained by hydrolysis, resulting in the formation of TiO2 particles. X-ray diffraction （XRD） results revealed that TiO2 nanorods dried at 100℃ were a mixture of anatase and brookite phases, whereas they were a mixture of anatase and futile structures at 500℃. Moreover, the rutile content of the TiO2 nanorods was higher than that of TiO2 powders. Transmission electron microscope （TEM） images confirmed that TiO2 nanorods had a smooth morphology and longi- tudinal uniformity in diameter. Field emission scanning electron microscope （FE-SEM） images showed that TiO2 nanorods grown by sol-electrophoresis from the dilute aqueous sol had a dense structure with a uniform diameter of 200 rim, containing small particles with an average size of 15 nm. Simultaneous differential thermal （SDT） analysis verified that individual TiO2 nanorods, grown into a PC template, were obtained after annealing at 500℃. Based on kinetic studies, it was found that uniform TiO2 nanorods with high-quality morphology were obtained under optimum conditions at an applied potential of 0.3 V/cm and a deposition time of 60 min.展开更多
文摘Surgical trauma and ischemia reperfusion injury(IRI)are unavoidable aspects of any solid organ transplant procedure.They trigger a multifactorial antigen-independent inflammatory process that profoundly affects both the early and long-term outcomes of the transplanted organ.The injury associated with donor organ procurement,storage,and engraftment triggers innate immune activation that inevitably results in cell death,which may occur in many different forms.Dying cells in donor grafts release damage-associated molecular patterns(DAMPs),which alert recipient innate cells,including macrophages and dendritic cells(DCs),through the activation of the complement cascade and toll-like receptors(TLRs).The long-term effect of inflammation on innate immune cells is associated with changes in cellular metabolism that skew the cells towards aerobic glycolysis,resulting in innate immune cell activation and inflammatory cytokine production.The different roles of proinflammatory cytokines in innate immune activation have been described,and these cytokines also stimulate optimal T-cell expansion during allograft rejection.Therefore,early innate immune events after organ transplantation determine the fate of the adaptive immune response.In this review,we summarize the contributions of innate immunity to allograft rejection and discuss recent studies and emerging concepts in the targeted delivery of therapeutics to modulate the innate immune system to enhance allograft survival.
文摘TiO2 nanorods have been successfully grown into a track-etched polycarbonate （PC） membrane by a particulate sol-electrophoretic deposition from an aqueous medium. The prepared sols had a narrow particle size distribution around 17 nm and excellent stability against aging, with zeta potentials in the range of 47-50 mV at pH 2. It was found that TiO2 nanorods were grown from dilute aqueous sol with a low, 0.1-M concentration. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FT-IR） analysis confirmed that a full conversion of titanium isopropoxide was obtained by hydrolysis, resulting in the formation of TiO2 particles. X-ray diffraction （XRD） results revealed that TiO2 nanorods dried at 100℃ were a mixture of anatase and brookite phases, whereas they were a mixture of anatase and futile structures at 500℃. Moreover, the rutile content of the TiO2 nanorods was higher than that of TiO2 powders. Transmission electron microscope （TEM） images confirmed that TiO2 nanorods had a smooth morphology and longi- tudinal uniformity in diameter. Field emission scanning electron microscope （FE-SEM） images showed that TiO2 nanorods grown by sol-electrophoresis from the dilute aqueous sol had a dense structure with a uniform diameter of 200 rim, containing small particles with an average size of 15 nm. Simultaneous differential thermal （SDT） analysis verified that individual TiO2 nanorods, grown into a PC template, were obtained after annealing at 500℃. Based on kinetic studies, it was found that uniform TiO2 nanorods with high-quality morphology were obtained under optimum conditions at an applied potential of 0.3 V/cm and a deposition time of 60 min.
