Background:The aim was to explore the effect of macrophage polarization and macrophage-to-myofibroblast transition(MMT)in silicosis.Methods:Male Wistar rats were divided into a control group and a silicosis group deve...Background:The aim was to explore the effect of macrophage polarization and macrophage-to-myofibroblast transition(MMT)in silicosis.Methods:Male Wistar rats were divided into a control group and a silicosis group developed using a HOPE MED 8050 dynamic automatic dusting system.Murine mac-rophage MH-S cells were randomly divided into a control group and an SiO_(2) group.The pathological changes in lung tissue were observed using hematoxylin and eosin(HE)and Van Gieson(VG)staining.The distribution and location of macrophage marker(F4/80),M1 macrophage marker(iNOS),M2 macrophage marker(CD206),and myofibroblast marker(α-smooth muscle actin[α-SMA])were detected using immu-nohistochemical and immunofluorescent staining.The expression changes in iNOS,Arg,α-SMA,vimentin,and type I collagen(Col I)were measured using Western blot.Results:The results of HE and VG staining showed obvious silicon nodule formation and the distribution of thick collagen fibers in the lung tissue of the silicosis group.Macrophage marker F4/80 increased gradually from 8 to 32 weeks after exposure to silica.Immunohistochemical and immunofluorescent staining results revealed that there were more iNOS-positive cells and some CD206-positive cells in the lung tissue of the silicosis group at 8 weeks.More CD206-positive cells were found in the silicon nodules of the lung tissues in the silicosis group at 32 weeks.Western blot analysis showed that the expressions of Inducible nitric oxide synthase and Arg protein in the lung tissues of the silicosis group were upregulated compared with those of the con-trol group.The results of immunofluorescence staining showed the co-expression of F4/80,α-SMA,and Col I,and CD206 andα-SMA were co-expressed in the lung tissue of the silicosis group.The extracted rat alveolar lavage fluid revealed F4/80+α-SMA+,CD206+α-SMA+,and F4/80+α-SMA+Col I+cells using immunofluorescence staining.Similar results were also found in MH-S cells induced by SiO_(2).Conclusions:The development of silicosis is accompanied by macrophage polarization and MMT.展开更多
Epilepsy is a serious neurological disorder;however,the effectiveness of current medications is often suboptimal.Recently,stem cell technology has demonstrated remarkable therapeutic potential in addressing various ne...Epilepsy is a serious neurological disorder;however,the effectiveness of current medications is often suboptimal.Recently,stem cell technology has demonstrated remarkable therapeutic potential in addressing various neurological diseases,igniting interest in its applicability for epilepsy treatment.This comprehensive review summarizes different therapeutic approaches utilizing various types of stem cells.Preclinical experiments have explored the use and potential therapeutic effects of mesenchymal stem cells,including genetically modified variants.Clinical trials involving patientderived mesenchymal stem cells have shown promising results,with reductions in the frequency of epileptic seizures and improvements in neurological,cognitive,and motor functions reported.Another promising therapeutic strategy involves neural stem cells.These cells can be cultured outside the body and directed to differentiate into specific cell types.The transplant of neural stem cells has the potential to replace lost inhibitory interneurons,providing a novel treatment avenue for epilepsy.Embryonic stem cells are characterized by their significant capacity for self-renewal and their ability to differentiate into any type of somatic cell.In epilepsy treatment,embryonic stem cells can serve three primary functions:neuron regeneration,the maintenance of cellular homeostasis,and restorative activity.One notable strategy involves differentiating embryonic stem cells intoγ-aminobutyric acidergic neurons for transplantation into lesion sites.This approach is currently undergoing clinical trials and could be a breakthrough in the treatment of refractory epilepsy.Induced pluripotent stem cells share the same genetic background as the donor,thereby reducing the risk of immune rejection and addressing ethical concerns.However,research on induced pluripotent stem cell therapy remains in the preclinical stage.Despite the promise of stem cell therapies for epilepsy,several limitations must be addressed.Safety concerns persist,including issues such as tumor formation,and the low survival rate of transplanted cells remains a significant challenge.Additionally,the high cost of these treatments may be prohibitive for some patients.In summary,stem cell therapy shows considerable promise in managing epilepsy,but further research is needed to overcome its existing limitations and enhance its clinical applicability.展开更多
The weak interlayer van der Waals(vdW) interactions in two-dimensional(2D) vdW materials enable sliding ferroelectricity as an effective strategy for modulating their intrinsic properties. In this work, we systematica...The weak interlayer van der Waals(vdW) interactions in two-dimensional(2D) vdW materials enable sliding ferroelectricity as an effective strategy for modulating their intrinsic properties. In this work, we systematically investigate the influence of interlayer sliding on the electronic behavior of PtSe_(2) using density functional theory(DFT) calculations. Our results demonstrate that interlayer sliding induces a pronounced photocurrent spanning the short-wavelength infrared to visible spectral ranges. Remarkably, under an applied gate voltage, the sliding ferroelectric PtSe_(2) exhibits anomalously enhanced photovoltaic performance and an ultrahigh extinction ratio.Transmission spectral analysis reveals that this phenomenon originates from band structure modifications driven by energy-level transitions. Furthermore, the observed photocurrent enhancement via sliding ferroelectricity demonstrates universality across diverse platinum-based optoelectronic devices. This study introduces a novel paradigm for tailoring the intrinsic characteristics of 2D vdW semiconductors, expanding the design space for next-generation ferroelectric materials in advanced optoelectronic applications.展开更多
Devising robust S-scheme photocatalysts is of central importance for achieving high-efficient micropollu-tant decontamination.However,the conscious optimization of S-scheme system with high performance remains a prime...Devising robust S-scheme photocatalysts is of central importance for achieving high-efficient micropollu-tant decontamination.However,the conscious optimization of S-scheme system with high performance remains a prime challenge.Herein,carbon quantum dots(CDs)and Mn_(0.5)Cd_(0.5)S(MCS)are mounted on BiOBr(BOB)microspheres,establishing an advanced S-scheme heterojunction with interfacial Bi-S bond.The interfacial Bi-S bonds function as superb channels at atomic-scale to abate the energy barrier for S-scheme charge transportation.Meanwhile,CDs serve as electron collectors to preserve highly reductive electrons from MCS,further augmenting the spatial separation of photo-carriers.Therefore,the optimized CDs/MCS/BOB(MBC)heterojunction manifests significantly strengthened tetracycline hydrochloride(TC)destruction activity and its reaction rate constant is approximately 3.1,2.2,2.1,and 1.5 folds that than that of MCS,BOB,BOB/CDs and MCS/BOB.In addition,MBC exhibits high stability and significant resistance to environmental interferences.The toxicology evaluation confirms the effective abatement of toxicity of TC after treatment.This achievement demonstrates the benefits of CDs-optimized S-scheme photosystems with chemical bonds for photocatalytic water decontamination.展开更多
Inefficient photo-carrier separation and sluggish photoreaction dynamics appreciably undermine the photocatalytic decontamination efficacy of photocatalysts.Herein,an S-scheme Mn_(0.5)Cd_(0.5)S/Bi_(2)MoO_(6)heterojunc...Inefficient photo-carrier separation and sluggish photoreaction dynamics appreciably undermine the photocatalytic decontamination efficacy of photocatalysts.Herein,an S-scheme Mn_(0.5)Cd_(0.5)S/Bi_(2)MoO_(6)heterojunction with interfacial Mo-S chemical bond is designed as an efficient photocatalyst.In this integrated photosystem,Bi2MoO6 and Mn_(0.5)Cd_(0.5)S function as oxidation and reduction centers of Mn_(0.5)Cd_(0.5)S/Bi_(2)MoO_(6)microspheres,respectively.Importantly,the unique charge transfer mechanism in the chemically bonded S-scheme heterojunction with Mo-S bond as atom-scale charge transport highway effectively inhibits the photocorrosion of Mn_(0.5)Cd_(0.5)S and the recombination of photo-generated electron-hole pairs,endowing Mn_(0.5)Cd_(0.5)S/Bi_(2)MoO_(6)photocatalyst with excellent photocatalytic decontamination performance and stability.Besides,integration of Mn_(0.5)Cd_(0.5)S nanocrystals into Bi2MoO6 improves hydrophilicity,conducive to the photoreactions.Strikingly,compared with Mn_(0.5)Cd_(0.5)S and Bi2MoO6,the Mn_(0.5)Cd_(0.5)S/Bi_(2)MoO_(6)unveils much augmented photoactivity in tetracycline eradication,among which Mn_(0.5)Cd_(0.5)S/Bi_(2)MoO_(6)-2 possesses the highest activity with the rate constant up to 0.0323 min-1,prominently outperforming other counterparts.This research offers a chemical bonding engineering combining with S-scheme heterojunction strategy for constructing extraordinary photocatalysts for environmental purification.展开更多
Nano ceria(nano-CeO_(2))has been widely applied in various fields of industry and daily life,however,knowledge regarding the biological effects of nano-CeO_(2)with different intrinsic physicochemical properties remain...Nano ceria(nano-CeO_(2))has been widely applied in various fields of industry and daily life,however,knowledge regarding the biological effects of nano-CeO_(2)with different intrinsic physicochemical properties remains limited.In this study,we investigated the impact of nano-CeO_(2)with different properties on the growth of a typical environmental species(romaine lettuce,Lactuca sativa L.)by exposing the plant to four types of CeO_(2)(rod-like nano-CeO_(2)(RNC),cubic nano-CeO_(2)(CNC),spherical nano-CeO_(2)(SNC)and commercial irregular CeO_(2)(CIC))during the germination stage.The results indicated that different types of CeO_(2)exhibited varying inhibitory effects on plant growth.RNC and SNC significantly inhibited the elongation of roots and shoots,while CNC and CIC did not have a significant impact.We further examined the distribution and biotransformation of the four CeO_(2)in plant tissues using transmission electron microscopy(TEM)and synchrotron X-ray absorption near edge structure(XANES).Specifically,the positively charged RNC and SNC were more readily adsorbed onto the root surface,and needle-like nanoclusters were deposited in the intercellular space inside the roots.The absolute content of Ce(III)in the roots romaine lettuce was in the order of RNC>SNC>>CNC>>CIC.The size and shape(i.e.,exposed crystal surface)of the materials affected their reactivity and dissolution ratios,and zeta potentials affected their bioavailability,both of which influenced the overall contents of Ce^(3+)ions in plant tissues.Thus,these characteristics together led to different biological effects.These findings highlight the importance of considering the intrinsic properties of nano-CeO_(2)when assessing their environmental and biological effects.展开更多
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(no.82204006)the Science and Technology of Project of Hebei Education Department(QN2022009)+1 种基金the Provincial Graduate Student Innovation Funding Project of Hebei Province(CXZZBS2022104)the National Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(H2020209292).
文摘Background:The aim was to explore the effect of macrophage polarization and macrophage-to-myofibroblast transition(MMT)in silicosis.Methods:Male Wistar rats were divided into a control group and a silicosis group developed using a HOPE MED 8050 dynamic automatic dusting system.Murine mac-rophage MH-S cells were randomly divided into a control group and an SiO_(2) group.The pathological changes in lung tissue were observed using hematoxylin and eosin(HE)and Van Gieson(VG)staining.The distribution and location of macrophage marker(F4/80),M1 macrophage marker(iNOS),M2 macrophage marker(CD206),and myofibroblast marker(α-smooth muscle actin[α-SMA])were detected using immu-nohistochemical and immunofluorescent staining.The expression changes in iNOS,Arg,α-SMA,vimentin,and type I collagen(Col I)were measured using Western blot.Results:The results of HE and VG staining showed obvious silicon nodule formation and the distribution of thick collagen fibers in the lung tissue of the silicosis group.Macrophage marker F4/80 increased gradually from 8 to 32 weeks after exposure to silica.Immunohistochemical and immunofluorescent staining results revealed that there were more iNOS-positive cells and some CD206-positive cells in the lung tissue of the silicosis group at 8 weeks.More CD206-positive cells were found in the silicon nodules of the lung tissues in the silicosis group at 32 weeks.Western blot analysis showed that the expressions of Inducible nitric oxide synthase and Arg protein in the lung tissues of the silicosis group were upregulated compared with those of the con-trol group.The results of immunofluorescence staining showed the co-expression of F4/80,α-SMA,and Col I,and CD206 andα-SMA were co-expressed in the lung tissue of the silicosis group.The extracted rat alveolar lavage fluid revealed F4/80+α-SMA+,CD206+α-SMA+,and F4/80+α-SMA+Col I+cells using immunofluorescence staining.Similar results were also found in MH-S cells induced by SiO_(2).Conclusions:The development of silicosis is accompanied by macrophage polarization and MMT.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.82471471(to WJ),82471485(to FY)Shaanxi Province Special Support Program for Leading Talents in Scientific and Technological Innovation,No.tzjhjw(to WJ)+1 种基金Shaanxi Key Research and Development Plan Project,No.2023-YBSF-353(to XW)the Joint Fund Project of Innovation Research Institute of Xijing Hospital,No.LHJJ24JH13(to ZS)。
文摘Epilepsy is a serious neurological disorder;however,the effectiveness of current medications is often suboptimal.Recently,stem cell technology has demonstrated remarkable therapeutic potential in addressing various neurological diseases,igniting interest in its applicability for epilepsy treatment.This comprehensive review summarizes different therapeutic approaches utilizing various types of stem cells.Preclinical experiments have explored the use and potential therapeutic effects of mesenchymal stem cells,including genetically modified variants.Clinical trials involving patientderived mesenchymal stem cells have shown promising results,with reductions in the frequency of epileptic seizures and improvements in neurological,cognitive,and motor functions reported.Another promising therapeutic strategy involves neural stem cells.These cells can be cultured outside the body and directed to differentiate into specific cell types.The transplant of neural stem cells has the potential to replace lost inhibitory interneurons,providing a novel treatment avenue for epilepsy.Embryonic stem cells are characterized by their significant capacity for self-renewal and their ability to differentiate into any type of somatic cell.In epilepsy treatment,embryonic stem cells can serve three primary functions:neuron regeneration,the maintenance of cellular homeostasis,and restorative activity.One notable strategy involves differentiating embryonic stem cells intoγ-aminobutyric acidergic neurons for transplantation into lesion sites.This approach is currently undergoing clinical trials and could be a breakthrough in the treatment of refractory epilepsy.Induced pluripotent stem cells share the same genetic background as the donor,thereby reducing the risk of immune rejection and addressing ethical concerns.However,research on induced pluripotent stem cell therapy remains in the preclinical stage.Despite the promise of stem cell therapies for epilepsy,several limitations must be addressed.Safety concerns persist,including issues such as tumor formation,and the low survival rate of transplanted cells remains a significant challenge.Additionally,the high cost of these treatments may be prohibitive for some patients.In summary,stem cell therapy shows considerable promise in managing epilepsy,but further research is needed to overcome its existing limitations and enhance its clinical applicability.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2024YFB3211701)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. T2222011, 62174026, and 12274234)+1 种基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant Nos. 2023YFB3611400 and 2019YFA0308000)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. 242023k30027)。
文摘The weak interlayer van der Waals(vdW) interactions in two-dimensional(2D) vdW materials enable sliding ferroelectricity as an effective strategy for modulating their intrinsic properties. In this work, we systematically investigate the influence of interlayer sliding on the electronic behavior of PtSe_(2) using density functional theory(DFT) calculations. Our results demonstrate that interlayer sliding induces a pronounced photocurrent spanning the short-wavelength infrared to visible spectral ranges. Remarkably, under an applied gate voltage, the sliding ferroelectric PtSe_(2) exhibits anomalously enhanced photovoltaic performance and an ultrahigh extinction ratio.Transmission spectral analysis reveals that this phenomenon originates from band structure modifications driven by energy-level transitions. Furthermore, the observed photocurrent enhancement via sliding ferroelectricity demonstrates universality across diverse platinum-based optoelectronic devices. This study introduces a novel paradigm for tailoring the intrinsic characteristics of 2D vdW semiconductors, expanding the design space for next-generation ferroelectric materials in advanced optoelectronic applications.
基金supported by the NSFC-Zhejiang Joint Fund for Integration of Industrialization and Diversification(No.U1809214)the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(Nos.LTGN23E080001 and LY20E080014)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Project of Zhoushan(No.2022C41011)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22201251).
文摘Devising robust S-scheme photocatalysts is of central importance for achieving high-efficient micropollu-tant decontamination.However,the conscious optimization of S-scheme system with high performance remains a prime challenge.Herein,carbon quantum dots(CDs)and Mn_(0.5)Cd_(0.5)S(MCS)are mounted on BiOBr(BOB)microspheres,establishing an advanced S-scheme heterojunction with interfacial Bi-S bond.The interfacial Bi-S bonds function as superb channels at atomic-scale to abate the energy barrier for S-scheme charge transportation.Meanwhile,CDs serve as electron collectors to preserve highly reductive electrons from MCS,further augmenting the spatial separation of photo-carriers.Therefore,the optimized CDs/MCS/BOB(MBC)heterojunction manifests significantly strengthened tetracycline hydrochloride(TC)destruction activity and its reaction rate constant is approximately 3.1,2.2,2.1,and 1.5 folds that than that of MCS,BOB,BOB/CDs and MCS/BOB.In addition,MBC exhibits high stability and significant resistance to environmental interferences.The toxicology evaluation confirms the effective abatement of toxicity of TC after treatment.This achievement demonstrates the benefits of CDs-optimized S-scheme photosystems with chemical bonds for photocatalytic water decontamination.
文摘Inefficient photo-carrier separation and sluggish photoreaction dynamics appreciably undermine the photocatalytic decontamination efficacy of photocatalysts.Herein,an S-scheme Mn_(0.5)Cd_(0.5)S/Bi_(2)MoO_(6)heterojunction with interfacial Mo-S chemical bond is designed as an efficient photocatalyst.In this integrated photosystem,Bi2MoO6 and Mn_(0.5)Cd_(0.5)S function as oxidation and reduction centers of Mn_(0.5)Cd_(0.5)S/Bi_(2)MoO_(6)microspheres,respectively.Importantly,the unique charge transfer mechanism in the chemically bonded S-scheme heterojunction with Mo-S bond as atom-scale charge transport highway effectively inhibits the photocorrosion of Mn_(0.5)Cd_(0.5)S and the recombination of photo-generated electron-hole pairs,endowing Mn_(0.5)Cd_(0.5)S/Bi_(2)MoO_(6)photocatalyst with excellent photocatalytic decontamination performance and stability.Besides,integration of Mn_(0.5)Cd_(0.5)S nanocrystals into Bi2MoO6 improves hydrophilicity,conducive to the photoreactions.Strikingly,compared with Mn_(0.5)Cd_(0.5)S and Bi2MoO6,the Mn_(0.5)Cd_(0.5)S/Bi_(2)MoO_(6)unveils much augmented photoactivity in tetracycline eradication,among which Mn_(0.5)Cd_(0.5)S/Bi_(2)MoO_(6)-2 possesses the highest activity with the rate constant up to 0.0323 min-1,prominently outperforming other counterparts.This research offers a chemical bonding engineering combining with S-scheme heterojunction strategy for constructing extraordinary photocatalysts for environmental purification.
基金funded by National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFA1207600)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(12175263,11875267,and 12075262).
文摘Nano ceria(nano-CeO_(2))has been widely applied in various fields of industry and daily life,however,knowledge regarding the biological effects of nano-CeO_(2)with different intrinsic physicochemical properties remains limited.In this study,we investigated the impact of nano-CeO_(2)with different properties on the growth of a typical environmental species(romaine lettuce,Lactuca sativa L.)by exposing the plant to four types of CeO_(2)(rod-like nano-CeO_(2)(RNC),cubic nano-CeO_(2)(CNC),spherical nano-CeO_(2)(SNC)and commercial irregular CeO_(2)(CIC))during the germination stage.The results indicated that different types of CeO_(2)exhibited varying inhibitory effects on plant growth.RNC and SNC significantly inhibited the elongation of roots and shoots,while CNC and CIC did not have a significant impact.We further examined the distribution and biotransformation of the four CeO_(2)in plant tissues using transmission electron microscopy(TEM)and synchrotron X-ray absorption near edge structure(XANES).Specifically,the positively charged RNC and SNC were more readily adsorbed onto the root surface,and needle-like nanoclusters were deposited in the intercellular space inside the roots.The absolute content of Ce(III)in the roots romaine lettuce was in the order of RNC>SNC>>CNC>>CIC.The size and shape(i.e.,exposed crystal surface)of the materials affected their reactivity and dissolution ratios,and zeta potentials affected their bioavailability,both of which influenced the overall contents of Ce^(3+)ions in plant tissues.Thus,these characteristics together led to different biological effects.These findings highlight the importance of considering the intrinsic properties of nano-CeO_(2)when assessing their environmental and biological effects.
