The increasing interconnection of modern industrial control systems(ICSs)with the Internet has enhanced operational efficiency,but alsomade these systemsmore vulnerable to cyberattacks.This heightened exposure has dri...The increasing interconnection of modern industrial control systems(ICSs)with the Internet has enhanced operational efficiency,but alsomade these systemsmore vulnerable to cyberattacks.This heightened exposure has driven a growing need for robust ICS security measures.Among the key defences,intrusion detection technology is critical in identifying threats to ICS networks.This paper provides an overview of the distinctive characteristics of ICS network security,highlighting standard attack methods.It then examines various intrusion detection methods,including those based on misuse detection,anomaly detection,machine learning,and specialised requirements.This paper concludes by exploring future directions for developing intrusion detection systems to advance research and ensure the continued security and reliability of ICS operations.展开更多
Redox-active porous aromatic frameworks(PAFs)have emerged as hopeful candidates for sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)in view of their porous structures,chemical stability and tunable architectures.Herein,we successfully synt...Redox-active porous aromatic frameworks(PAFs)have emerged as hopeful candidates for sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)in view of their porous structures,chemical stability and tunable architectures.Herein,we successfully synthesized two redox-active PAFs(PAF-305 and PAF-306)with different nitrogen-containing motifs,and demonstrated their application as cathode materials for SIBs.Density functional theory(DFT)calculations reveal that nitrogen-rich PAF-305 exhibits a lower lowest unoccupied molecular orbital(LUMO)energy level(-3.35 eV)and a narrower energy gap(E_(g))(2.40 eV)compared with nitrogen-poor PAF-306.As expected,PAF-305 displays outstanding electrochemical performance,comprising a high reversible capacity of 145.2 mAh g^(-1)at 0.05 A g^(-1)and satisfactory cycling stability with 92% capacity retention over 1000 cycles at 0.2 A g^(-1).Remarkably,PAF-305 maintains robust electrochemical properties across a wide temperature range(-20℃ to 50℃).Through a combination of experimental characterizations and theoretical calculations,the sodium-ion storage mechanism of PAF-305 is elucidated.This study not only provides a promising strategy for exploring other redox-active organic units in the design of novel PAFs,but also expands the potential applications of PAFs in energy storage systems.展开更多
A superamphiphobic(SAP)surface was fabricated by electrodepositing Cu-Ni micro-nano particles on aluminum substrate and modifying via 1 H,1 H,2 H,2 Hperfluorodecyltrimethoxysilane.Scanning electron microscopy,X-ray di...A superamphiphobic(SAP)surface was fabricated by electrodepositing Cu-Ni micro-nano particles on aluminum substrate and modifying via 1 H,1 H,2 H,2 Hperfluorodecyltrimethoxysilane.Scanning electron microscopy,X-ray diffraction,energydispersive X-ray spectroscopy,and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy were employed to investigate the morphology and chemical composition.The results showed that the SAP surface had three-dimensional micro-nano structures and exhibited a maximum water contact angle of 160.0°,oil contact angle of 151.6°,a minimum water slide angle of 0°and oil slide angle of 9°.The mechanical strength and chemical stability of the SAP surface were tested further.The experimental results showed that the SAP surface presented excellent resistance to wear,prominent acid-resistance and alkali-resistance,self-cleaning and anti-fouling properties.展开更多
Efficient and stable electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction(OER)in acidic environment is vital for polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolysis(PEMWE).In this work,we have devised the formation of heterostru...Efficient and stable electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction(OER)in acidic environment is vital for polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolysis(PEMWE).In this work,we have devised the formation of heterostructured RuO_(2)/MnO_(2)with nanoflower structure for acidic OER catalysis.Compared to commercial RuO_(2),the overpotential at 50mA/cm^(2)is decreased by 36 mV,corresponding to a 3.7-fold better mass activity.The boosted acidic OER performance is attributed to the heterostructure inducing more electrons are filled in e_(g)orbital of Ru atom triggering a better deprotonation of bridge oxygen atom in Ru-O_(bri)-Mn structure evidenced by pH-independent cyclic voltammetry test.Moreover,RuO_(2)/MnO_(2)sustains its acidic OER activity within 20 h,longer than commercial RuO_(2).The membrane electrode assembly(MEA)test suggests than only 2.18 V is required to achieve a current density of 5 A/cm^(2).The theoretical calculation reveals that the e_(g)filling of Ru atom is increased from 2.18 to 2.39 after MnO_(2)incorporation,reducing the energy for the formation of ∗OOH moiety.展开更多
The commercialization of polymer electrolyte membrane water splitting technology significantly depends on the oxygen/hydrogen evolution reaction(OER/HER)electrocatalysts;customarily catalyzed by platinum(Pt)and ruthen...The commercialization of polymer electrolyte membrane water splitting technology significantly depends on the oxygen/hydrogen evolution reaction(OER/HER)electrocatalysts;customarily catalyzed by platinum(Pt)and ruthenium/iridium oxides(RuO_(2)/IrO_(2)).In this work,we have devised a novel strategy to improve the catalytic activities towards OER and HER catalysis via the decoration of RuO_(2)with Pt.Pt dopants in ruthenium oxides(Pt-RuO_(2))create more oxygen vacancies inducing a weaker interaction between active site and oxygen reaction intermediates,evidenced by downshifted d band center and increment in e_(g)orbital filling of Ru atom;thereby,the acidic OER performance of Pt-RuO_(2)is enhanced by 3.5-fold than commercial RuO_(2)by mean of turnover frequency at 1.6 V vs.RHE.Moreover,Pt-RuO_(2)exhibits a similar HER performance to commercial Pt/C.The potential for overall water splitting is decreased by 0.18 V at100 mA/cm^(2);besides,an excellent stability is also recorded after the incorporation of Pt dopants.TheΔ_(ε_(d-p))value of Pt-RuO_(2)was 1.76 e V,which is lower than the counterpart of RuO_(2),suggesting easy electron transition between d and p orbitals,suppressing the over-oxidation of RuO_(2);thereby,a higher stability is achieved for Pt-RuO_(2).The invitation of Pt dopants to boost catalytic activity and stability has also been extended to IrO_(2).展开更多
A stable and efficient oxygen evolution reaction(OER)electrocatalyst in acidic medium is strongly required for the industrialization of polymer electrolyte membrane water splitting(PEMWS)technology.Herein,we devise th...A stable and efficient oxygen evolution reaction(OER)electrocatalyst in acidic medium is strongly required for the industrialization of polymer electrolyte membrane water splitting(PEMWS)technology.Herein,we devise the formation of nanoneedle-like RuO_(2)/V_(2)O_(5)heterostructure with the template of MIL 88B.The incorporation of V_(2)O_(5)to RuO_(2)significantly increases the deprotonation capability resulting in a better OER performance demanding 216mV overpotential at 10 mA/cm^(2),lowered by 27mV with relative to benchmarked RuO_(2).Moreover,the electronic interplay between RuO_(2)and V_(2)O_(5)contributes to an increment in oxidation of Ru to high valance state;thereby,a robust stability is achieved for RuO_(2)/V_(2)O_(5).From the theoretical calculation,it is noticed that the d band center of Ru is downshifted after V_(2)O_(5)decoration;moreover,the e_(g)filling of Ru is simultaneously increased;in this regard,the adsorption of OH^(∗)specie is weakened,in accordance to methanol detection,resulting in a higher OER performance.展开更多
文摘The increasing interconnection of modern industrial control systems(ICSs)with the Internet has enhanced operational efficiency,but alsomade these systemsmore vulnerable to cyberattacks.This heightened exposure has driven a growing need for robust ICS security measures.Among the key defences,intrusion detection technology is critical in identifying threats to ICS networks.This paper provides an overview of the distinctive characteristics of ICS network security,highlighting standard attack methods.It then examines various intrusion detection methods,including those based on misuse detection,anomaly detection,machine learning,and specialised requirements.This paper concludes by exploring future directions for developing intrusion detection systems to advance research and ensure the continued security and reliability of ICS operations.
基金supported by the Science&Technology Department of Jilin Province(20230508057RC)。
文摘Redox-active porous aromatic frameworks(PAFs)have emerged as hopeful candidates for sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)in view of their porous structures,chemical stability and tunable architectures.Herein,we successfully synthesized two redox-active PAFs(PAF-305 and PAF-306)with different nitrogen-containing motifs,and demonstrated their application as cathode materials for SIBs.Density functional theory(DFT)calculations reveal that nitrogen-rich PAF-305 exhibits a lower lowest unoccupied molecular orbital(LUMO)energy level(-3.35 eV)and a narrower energy gap(E_(g))(2.40 eV)compared with nitrogen-poor PAF-306.As expected,PAF-305 displays outstanding electrochemical performance,comprising a high reversible capacity of 145.2 mAh g^(-1)at 0.05 A g^(-1)and satisfactory cycling stability with 92% capacity retention over 1000 cycles at 0.2 A g^(-1).Remarkably,PAF-305 maintains robust electrochemical properties across a wide temperature range(-20℃ to 50℃).Through a combination of experimental characterizations and theoretical calculations,the sodium-ion storage mechanism of PAF-305 is elucidated.This study not only provides a promising strategy for exploring other redox-active organic units in the design of novel PAFs,but also expands the potential applications of PAFs in energy storage systems.
基金supported by Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province(2017JZ0021,2017SZ0039)Education Department of Sichuan Province(17ZA0298)Innovative Training Program for College Students of Sichuan Province(No.201810626118)。
文摘A superamphiphobic(SAP)surface was fabricated by electrodepositing Cu-Ni micro-nano particles on aluminum substrate and modifying via 1 H,1 H,2 H,2 Hperfluorodecyltrimethoxysilane.Scanning electron microscopy,X-ray diffraction,energydispersive X-ray spectroscopy,and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy were employed to investigate the morphology and chemical composition.The results showed that the SAP surface had three-dimensional micro-nano structures and exhibited a maximum water contact angle of 160.0°,oil contact angle of 151.6°,a minimum water slide angle of 0°and oil slide angle of 9°.The mechanical strength and chemical stability of the SAP surface were tested further.The experimental results showed that the SAP surface presented excellent resistance to wear,prominent acid-resistance and alkali-resistance,self-cleaning and anti-fouling properties.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22209126).
文摘Efficient and stable electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction(OER)in acidic environment is vital for polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolysis(PEMWE).In this work,we have devised the formation of heterostructured RuO_(2)/MnO_(2)with nanoflower structure for acidic OER catalysis.Compared to commercial RuO_(2),the overpotential at 50mA/cm^(2)is decreased by 36 mV,corresponding to a 3.7-fold better mass activity.The boosted acidic OER performance is attributed to the heterostructure inducing more electrons are filled in e_(g)orbital of Ru atom triggering a better deprotonation of bridge oxygen atom in Ru-O_(bri)-Mn structure evidenced by pH-independent cyclic voltammetry test.Moreover,RuO_(2)/MnO_(2)sustains its acidic OER activity within 20 h,longer than commercial RuO_(2).The membrane electrode assembly(MEA)test suggests than only 2.18 V is required to achieve a current density of 5 A/cm^(2).The theoretical calculation reveals that the e_(g)filling of Ru atom is increased from 2.18 to 2.39 after MnO_(2)incorporation,reducing the energy for the formation of ∗OOH moiety.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22209126)the Opening Project of Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices,Ministry of Education,Jianghan University(No.JDGD-202314)。
文摘The commercialization of polymer electrolyte membrane water splitting technology significantly depends on the oxygen/hydrogen evolution reaction(OER/HER)electrocatalysts;customarily catalyzed by platinum(Pt)and ruthenium/iridium oxides(RuO_(2)/IrO_(2)).In this work,we have devised a novel strategy to improve the catalytic activities towards OER and HER catalysis via the decoration of RuO_(2)with Pt.Pt dopants in ruthenium oxides(Pt-RuO_(2))create more oxygen vacancies inducing a weaker interaction between active site and oxygen reaction intermediates,evidenced by downshifted d band center and increment in e_(g)orbital filling of Ru atom;thereby,the acidic OER performance of Pt-RuO_(2)is enhanced by 3.5-fold than commercial RuO_(2)by mean of turnover frequency at 1.6 V vs.RHE.Moreover,Pt-RuO_(2)exhibits a similar HER performance to commercial Pt/C.The potential for overall water splitting is decreased by 0.18 V at100 mA/cm^(2);besides,an excellent stability is also recorded after the incorporation of Pt dopants.TheΔ_(ε_(d-p))value of Pt-RuO_(2)was 1.76 e V,which is lower than the counterpart of RuO_(2),suggesting easy electron transition between d and p orbitals,suppressing the over-oxidation of RuO_(2);thereby,a higher stability is achieved for Pt-RuO_(2).The invitation of Pt dopants to boost catalytic activity and stability has also been extended to IrO_(2).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22209126)the Opening Project of Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices,Ministry of Education,Jianghan University(No.JDGD-202314)。
文摘A stable and efficient oxygen evolution reaction(OER)electrocatalyst in acidic medium is strongly required for the industrialization of polymer electrolyte membrane water splitting(PEMWS)technology.Herein,we devise the formation of nanoneedle-like RuO_(2)/V_(2)O_(5)heterostructure with the template of MIL 88B.The incorporation of V_(2)O_(5)to RuO_(2)significantly increases the deprotonation capability resulting in a better OER performance demanding 216mV overpotential at 10 mA/cm^(2),lowered by 27mV with relative to benchmarked RuO_(2).Moreover,the electronic interplay between RuO_(2)and V_(2)O_(5)contributes to an increment in oxidation of Ru to high valance state;thereby,a robust stability is achieved for RuO_(2)/V_(2)O_(5).From the theoretical calculation,it is noticed that the d band center of Ru is downshifted after V_(2)O_(5)decoration;moreover,the e_(g)filling of Ru is simultaneously increased;in this regard,the adsorption of OH^(∗)specie is weakened,in accordance to methanol detection,resulting in a higher OER performance.
