A four-year field experiment was conducted with two cultivars and four N rate to investigate the spatiotemporal characteristics of leaf senescence in maize after silking and its response to N fertilizer rates on them,...A four-year field experiment was conducted with two cultivars and four N rate to investigate the spatiotemporal characteristics of leaf senescence in maize after silking and its response to N fertilizer rates on them,as well as to reveal the differences in post-silking chlorophyll degradation between low-N-tolerant cultivars.The results showed that the order of leaf senescence after silking in maize was lower leaf>upper leaf>ear leaf,leaf tip>middle>base.Increasing N fertilizer down-regulated the expression of ZmCLH2 and ZmPPH in the leaves at 10-30 d after silking,reducing CLH and PPH activities,thereby delaying the leaf senescence.These effects were more prominent in low-N-sensitive cultivar Xianyu 508(XY508)than in low-N-tolerant cultivar Zhenghong 311(ZH311),especially in the lower leaves and leaf tip.Under low N condition,leaf yellowing and chlorophyll degradation occurred later and slower in ZH311 than in XY508.This resulted in a higher post-silking dry matter accumulation and grain yield in ZH311,which may be one of the important physiological bases of low nitrogen tolerant cultivars.Future research should focus on developing low-N-tolerant maize cultivars with slower leaf senescence near the ear after silking.展开更多
Facial morphology,a complex trait influenced by genetics,holds great significance in evolutionary research.However,due to limited fossil evidence,the facial characteristics of Neanderthals and Denisovans have remained...Facial morphology,a complex trait influenced by genetics,holds great significance in evolutionary research.However,due to limited fossil evidence,the facial characteristics of Neanderthals and Denisovans have remained largely unknown.In this study,we conduct a large-scale multi-ethnic meta-analysis of the genome-wide association study(GWAS),including 9674 East Asians and 10,115 Europeans,quantitatively assessing 78 facial traits using 3D facial images.We identify 71 genomic loci associated with facial features,including 21 novel loci.We develop a facial polygenic score(FPS)that enables the prediction of facial features based on genetic information.Interestingly,the distribution of FPSs among populations from diverse continental groups exhibits relevant correlations with observed facial features.Furthermore,we apply the FPS to predict the facial traits of seven Neanderthals and one Denisovan using ancient DNA and align predictions with the fossil records.Our results suggest that Neanderthals and Denisovans likely share similar facial features,such as a wider but shorter nose and a wider endocanthion distance.The decreased mouth width is characterized specifically in Denisovans.The integration of genomic data and facial trait analysis provides valuable insights into the evolutionary history and adaptive changes in human facial morphology.展开更多
This study aimed to identify the physiological mechanisms enabling low-N-tolerant maize cultivar to maintain higher photosynthesis and yield under low-N,low-light,and combined stress.In a three-year field trial of low...This study aimed to identify the physiological mechanisms enabling low-N-tolerant maize cultivar to maintain higher photosynthesis and yield under low-N,low-light,and combined stress.In a three-year field trial of low-N-tolerant and low-N-sensitive maize cultivars under two N fertilization(normal N:240 kg N ha^(−1);low-N:150 kg N ha^(−1))and two light conditions(normal light;low-light:35%light reduction),the tolerant cultivar showed higher net photosynthetic rate than the sensitive one.Random Forest analysis and Structural Equation Modeling identified PSI donor-side limitation(elevated Y_(ND))as the key photosynthetic constraint.The tolerant cultivar maintained higher D1 and PsaA protein levels and preferentially allocated photosynthetic N to electron transport.This strategy reduced Y_(ND)and sustained photosystem stability,thus improving carboxylation efficiency and resulting in higher photosynthesis.展开更多
This article focuses on the remote diagnosis and analysis of rail vehicle status based on the data of the Train Control Management System(TCMS).It first expounds on the importance of train diagnostic analysis and desi...This article focuses on the remote diagnosis and analysis of rail vehicle status based on the data of the Train Control Management System(TCMS).It first expounds on the importance of train diagnostic analysis and designs a unified TCMS data frame transmission format.Subsequently,a remote data transmission link using 4G signals and data processing methods is introduced.The advantages of remote diagnosis are analyzed,and common methods such as correlation analysis,fault diagnosis,and fault prediction are explained in detail.Then,challenges such as data security and the balance between diagnostic accuracy and real-time performance are discussed,along with development prospects in technological innovation,algorithm optimization,and application promotion.This research provides ideas for remote analysis and diagnosis based on TCMS data,contributing to the safe and efficient operation of rail vehicles.展开更多
Small shelly fossils(SSFs)have long been recognized as important to the studies of both metazoan evolution and the onset of biomineralization during the Cambrian radiation.The marked decline in the occurrence,diversit...Small shelly fossils(SSFs)have long been recognized as important to the studies of both metazoan evolution and the onset of biomineralization during the Cambrian radiation.The marked decline in the occurrence,diversity and abundance of SSFs in the middle to late Cambrian,when compared with the early Cambrian,has often been regarded as a result of the closure of a phosphatization window.Despite this,there have been numerous and consistent reports of SSFs from the middle Cambrian and younger deposits.To identify possible factors influencing SSF preservation,five microfacies including bioclastic limestone,flat-pebble conglomerates with bioclasts,hummocky cross-stratified grainstone with bioclasts,bioclastic grainstone in hardgrounds and glauconite bioclastic wackstone-packstone,from Cambrian Series 2 to Miaolingian in North China are compared to assess how differences in lithology impact the preservation potential of SSFs.Our results,based on 35,161 SSF specimens from deposits across six sections,suggest that there are still abundant and diverse SSFs in the middle Cambrian of North China preserved in ways not exclusively reliant on the presence of phosphate and that SSF preservation can be linked to the differences in microfacies in the early to middle Cambrian of North China.展开更多
Lead halide perovskite(LHP)nanocrystals(NCs)suffer from poor stability against environmental factors(heat,moisture,oxygen,etc.),which seriously hinders their practical application.Constructing a core-shell structure c...Lead halide perovskite(LHP)nanocrystals(NCs)suffer from poor stability against environmental factors(heat,moisture,oxygen,etc.),which seriously hinders their practical application.Constructing a core-shell structure could be an effective approach to improve the stability and optical properties of the LHP NCs.Herein,a novel strategy of water-triggered phase transformation and phospholipid(DSPE)micelle encapsulation is proposed,generating highly luminescent water-dispersed CsPbBr_(3)@CsPb_(2)Br5@DSPE core-shell-shell nanocrystals.The epitaxial growth of the CsPb_(2)Br5 shell is induced by the in-situ reconstruc-tion of the CsPbBr_(3) surface by water erosion,and the lattice mismatch with the CsPbBr_(3) core is small(3.8%).The further amphipathic phospholipid encapsulation guarantees their excellent water dispersity and stability.Revealed by the femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy,the dense CsPb_(2)Br5@DSPE shell effectively passivates the surface of the CsPbBr_(3) core,thus improving its stability and luminescence performance.The resulting CsPbBr_(3)@CsPb_(2)Br5@DSPE nanoparticles exhibit excellent performance as fluo-rescent probes for bioimaging,aqueous inks for high-resolution pattering,and light conversion layers for LEDs,demonstrating their promising potential in multiple applications.展开更多
Optimizing sowing dates(SDs)represents a viable strategy for adapting maize production to climate change and enhancing yield.However,research remains limited regarding the integrated effects of lodging and yield in re...Optimizing sowing dates(SDs)represents a viable strategy for adapting maize production to climate change and enhancing yield.However,research remains limited regarding the integrated effects of lodging and yield in relation to climatic variables across different SDs.This study examines the patterns and distribution of key climatic variables during maize growth seasons,their influence on yield and lodging,and the critical factors affecting lodging at crucial growth stages under various SD scenarios.The research evaluated climate change impacts on yield and lodging through field experiments spanning 5 years(2015,2016,2019-2021),incorporating 25 SDs in the Sichuan Basin,China.Results indicated that lodging rate significantly affected the coefficient of variation(CV,3.31-10.50%)of maize yield.Each 1%increase in lodging rate resulted in a yield reduction of 58.05 kg ha^(-1).SD modifications notably influenced solar radiation(Sr)from emergence to silking(E-R1).The study determined that Sr accounted for 34.7%of lodging rate variation in E-R1.Analysis of historical meteorological data revealed significant inter-annual Sr variations,showing a decline of-8.7763 MJ m^(-2)yr^(-1)from 1990 to 2021,particularly evident from late May to early July.Variation partitioning analysis(VPA)demonstrated that climatic variables during emergence to physiological maturity(E-R6)and E-R1 explained 43.9 and 53.2%of yield variation across SDs,respectively,while contributing 56.0 and 45.4%to lodging.Random forest(RF)analysis established that SD changes primarily influenced lodging rates through modifications in basal internode morphology,explaining 69.79%of the variation.The research identified optimal sowing dates between late March and mid-April for achieving consistent high yields,attributed to increased Sr during E-R1.This study provides critical insights into climate change effects on stalk lodging and offers practical guidance for SD adjustment to reduce maize lodging rates.展开更多
During the daytime,conventional radiative coolers disregard the directionality of thermal radiation,thereby overlooking the upward radiation from the ground.This upward radiation enhances the outward thermal radiation...During the daytime,conventional radiative coolers disregard the directionality of thermal radiation,thereby overlooking the upward radiation from the ground.This upward radiation enhances the outward thermal radiation,leading to a substantial reduction in the subambient daytime radiative cooling performance.Conversely,radiative coolers featuring angular asymmetry and spectral selectivity effectively resolve the problem of thermal radiation directionality,successfully evading the interference caused by the ground-generated thermal radiation.This cooler overcomes the limitations posed by the angle of incident light,making it suitable for subambient daytime radiative cooling of vertical surfaces.Furthermore,by adjusting the structure of the cooler,the angular range of thermal radiation can be modulated,enabling the application of radiative cooling technology for intelligent temperature regulation of various inclined surfaces encountered in daily life.This innovative work makes a significant contribution to the development of subambient smart thermal interaction systems and opens up new possibilities for the practical application of radiative cooling.展开更多
Quantum battery exploits the principle of quantum mechanics to transport and store energy. We study the energy transportation of the central-spin quantum battery, which is composed of N_b spins serving as the battery ...Quantum battery exploits the principle of quantum mechanics to transport and store energy. We study the energy transportation of the central-spin quantum battery, which is composed of N_b spins serving as the battery cells, and surrounded by N_c spins serving as the charger cells. We apply the invariant subspace method to solve the dynamics of the central-spin battery with a large number of spins. We establish a universal inverse relationship between the battery capacity and the battery–charger entanglement, which persists in any size of the battery and charger cells. Moreover, we find that when N_b= N_c, the central-spin battery has the optimal energy transportation, corresponding to the minimal battery–charger entanglement. Surprisingly, the central-spin battery has a uniform energy transportation behaviors in certain battery–charger scales. Our results reveal a nonmonotonic relationship between the battery–charger size and the energy transportation efficiency, which may provide more insights on designing other types of quantum batteries.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD190160304 and 2018YFD0301206)Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province(2022NSFSC0013)Sichuan Provincial Maize Innovation Team Construction Project(SCCXTD-2023-02).
文摘A four-year field experiment was conducted with two cultivars and four N rate to investigate the spatiotemporal characteristics of leaf senescence in maize after silking and its response to N fertilizer rates on them,as well as to reveal the differences in post-silking chlorophyll degradation between low-N-tolerant cultivars.The results showed that the order of leaf senescence after silking in maize was lower leaf>upper leaf>ear leaf,leaf tip>middle>base.Increasing N fertilizer down-regulated the expression of ZmCLH2 and ZmPPH in the leaves at 10-30 d after silking,reducing CLH and PPH activities,thereby delaying the leaf senescence.These effects were more prominent in low-N-sensitive cultivar Xianyu 508(XY508)than in low-N-tolerant cultivar Zhenghong 311(ZH311),especially in the lower leaves and leaf tip.Under low N condition,leaf yellowing and chlorophyll degradation occurred later and slower in ZH311 than in XY508.This resulted in a higher post-silking dry matter accumulation and grain yield in ZH311,which may be one of the important physiological bases of low nitrogen tolerant cultivars.Future research should focus on developing low-N-tolerant maize cultivars with slower leaf senescence near the ear after silking.
基金funded by the following grants and contracts:Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB38020400 to S.W.)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32325013 to S.W.,32271186 to J.T.,31900408 to M.Z.)+5 种基金the CAS Project for Young Scientists in Basic Research(YSBR-077 to S.W.)Shanghai Science and Technology Commission Excellent Academic Leaders Program(22XD1424700 to S.W.)CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(2019-I2M-5-066 to L.J.and J.W.)Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project(2017SHZDZX01 to L.J.and S.W.)the National Science and Technology Basic Research Project(2015FY111700 to L.J.)the 111 Project(B13016 to L.J.).
文摘Facial morphology,a complex trait influenced by genetics,holds great significance in evolutionary research.However,due to limited fossil evidence,the facial characteristics of Neanderthals and Denisovans have remained largely unknown.In this study,we conduct a large-scale multi-ethnic meta-analysis of the genome-wide association study(GWAS),including 9674 East Asians and 10,115 Europeans,quantitatively assessing 78 facial traits using 3D facial images.We identify 71 genomic loci associated with facial features,including 21 novel loci.We develop a facial polygenic score(FPS)that enables the prediction of facial features based on genetic information.Interestingly,the distribution of FPSs among populations from diverse continental groups exhibits relevant correlations with observed facial features.Furthermore,we apply the FPS to predict the facial traits of seven Neanderthals and one Denisovan using ancient DNA and align predictions with the fossil records.Our results suggest that Neanderthals and Denisovans likely share similar facial features,such as a wider but shorter nose and a wider endocanthion distance.The decreased mouth width is characterized specifically in Denisovans.The integration of genomic data and facial trait analysis provides valuable insights into the evolutionary history and adaptive changes in human facial morphology.
基金supported by the Key Program of Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province(2022NSFSC0013)National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD1901603,2023YFD2301902).
文摘This study aimed to identify the physiological mechanisms enabling low-N-tolerant maize cultivar to maintain higher photosynthesis and yield under low-N,low-light,and combined stress.In a three-year field trial of low-N-tolerant and low-N-sensitive maize cultivars under two N fertilization(normal N:240 kg N ha^(−1);low-N:150 kg N ha^(−1))and two light conditions(normal light;low-light:35%light reduction),the tolerant cultivar showed higher net photosynthetic rate than the sensitive one.Random Forest analysis and Structural Equation Modeling identified PSI donor-side limitation(elevated Y_(ND))as the key photosynthetic constraint.The tolerant cultivar maintained higher D1 and PsaA protein levels and preferentially allocated photosynthetic N to electron transport.This strategy reduced Y_(ND)and sustained photosystem stability,thus improving carboxylation efficiency and resulting in higher photosynthesis.
文摘This article focuses on the remote diagnosis and analysis of rail vehicle status based on the data of the Train Control Management System(TCMS).It first expounds on the importance of train diagnostic analysis and designs a unified TCMS data frame transmission format.Subsequently,a remote data transmission link using 4G signals and data processing methods is introduced.The advantages of remote diagnosis are analyzed,and common methods such as correlation analysis,fault diagnosis,and fault prediction are explained in detail.Then,challenges such as data security and the balance between diagnostic accuracy and real-time performance are discussed,along with development prospects in technological innovation,algorithm optimization,and application promotion.This research provides ideas for remote analysis and diagnosis based on TCMS data,contributing to the safe and efficient operation of rail vehicles.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2023YFF0803600)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42302009,42072003,and W2441016)+3 种基金HYZ thanks the Shaanxi Province postdoctoral research project and China Scholarship Council(202306970031)We also thank the Department of Science and Technology of Shaanxi Province(2022TD-11)TPT also acknowledges the Swedish Research Council(VR2017-05183 and VR2021-04295)This is also a contribution to the project of Theory of Hydrocarbon Enrichment under MultiSpheric Interactions of the Earth(THEMSIE04010106).
文摘Small shelly fossils(SSFs)have long been recognized as important to the studies of both metazoan evolution and the onset of biomineralization during the Cambrian radiation.The marked decline in the occurrence,diversity and abundance of SSFs in the middle to late Cambrian,when compared with the early Cambrian,has often been regarded as a result of the closure of a phosphatization window.Despite this,there have been numerous and consistent reports of SSFs from the middle Cambrian and younger deposits.To identify possible factors influencing SSF preservation,five microfacies including bioclastic limestone,flat-pebble conglomerates with bioclasts,hummocky cross-stratified grainstone with bioclasts,bioclastic grainstone in hardgrounds and glauconite bioclastic wackstone-packstone,from Cambrian Series 2 to Miaolingian in North China are compared to assess how differences in lithology impact the preservation potential of SSFs.Our results,based on 35,161 SSF specimens from deposits across six sections,suggest that there are still abundant and diverse SSFs in the middle Cambrian of North China preserved in ways not exclusively reliant on the presence of phosphate and that SSF preservation can be linked to the differences in microfacies in the early to middle Cambrian of North China.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U1905213 and 52303132)the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(No.2024AFB142)the Scientific Research Fund Project of Wuhan Institute of Technology(No.K2023109).
文摘Lead halide perovskite(LHP)nanocrystals(NCs)suffer from poor stability against environmental factors(heat,moisture,oxygen,etc.),which seriously hinders their practical application.Constructing a core-shell structure could be an effective approach to improve the stability and optical properties of the LHP NCs.Herein,a novel strategy of water-triggered phase transformation and phospholipid(DSPE)micelle encapsulation is proposed,generating highly luminescent water-dispersed CsPbBr_(3)@CsPb_(2)Br5@DSPE core-shell-shell nanocrystals.The epitaxial growth of the CsPb_(2)Br5 shell is induced by the in-situ reconstruc-tion of the CsPbBr_(3) surface by water erosion,and the lattice mismatch with the CsPbBr_(3) core is small(3.8%).The further amphipathic phospholipid encapsulation guarantees their excellent water dispersity and stability.Revealed by the femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy,the dense CsPb_(2)Br5@DSPE shell effectively passivates the surface of the CsPbBr_(3) core,thus improving its stability and luminescence performance.The resulting CsPbBr_(3)@CsPb_(2)Br5@DSPE nanoparticles exhibit excellent performance as fluo-rescent probes for bioimaging,aqueous inks for high-resolution pattering,and light conversion layers for LEDs,demonstrating their promising potential in multiple applications.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD190160304)the Key Program of Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province,China(2022NSFSC0013)+1 种基金the Sichuan Maize Innovation Team Construction Project,China(SCCXTD-2023-02)the National Science and Technology Support Projects,China(2015BAC05B05)。
文摘Optimizing sowing dates(SDs)represents a viable strategy for adapting maize production to climate change and enhancing yield.However,research remains limited regarding the integrated effects of lodging and yield in relation to climatic variables across different SDs.This study examines the patterns and distribution of key climatic variables during maize growth seasons,their influence on yield and lodging,and the critical factors affecting lodging at crucial growth stages under various SD scenarios.The research evaluated climate change impacts on yield and lodging through field experiments spanning 5 years(2015,2016,2019-2021),incorporating 25 SDs in the Sichuan Basin,China.Results indicated that lodging rate significantly affected the coefficient of variation(CV,3.31-10.50%)of maize yield.Each 1%increase in lodging rate resulted in a yield reduction of 58.05 kg ha^(-1).SD modifications notably influenced solar radiation(Sr)from emergence to silking(E-R1).The study determined that Sr accounted for 34.7%of lodging rate variation in E-R1.Analysis of historical meteorological data revealed significant inter-annual Sr variations,showing a decline of-8.7763 MJ m^(-2)yr^(-1)from 1990 to 2021,particularly evident from late May to early July.Variation partitioning analysis(VPA)demonstrated that climatic variables during emergence to physiological maturity(E-R6)and E-R1 explained 43.9 and 53.2%of yield variation across SDs,respectively,while contributing 56.0 and 45.4%to lodging.Random forest(RF)analysis established that SD changes primarily influenced lodging rates through modifications in basal internode morphology,explaining 69.79%of the variation.The research identified optimal sowing dates between late March and mid-April for achieving consistent high yields,attributed to increased Sr during E-R1.This study provides critical insights into climate change effects on stalk lodging and offers practical guidance for SD adjustment to reduce maize lodging rates.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52473270 and T2422028)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2024M763485)+1 种基金the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFA1203304)the Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics,Chinese Academy of Sciences(start-up grant E1552102).
文摘During the daytime,conventional radiative coolers disregard the directionality of thermal radiation,thereby overlooking the upward radiation from the ground.This upward radiation enhances the outward thermal radiation,leading to a substantial reduction in the subambient daytime radiative cooling performance.Conversely,radiative coolers featuring angular asymmetry and spectral selectivity effectively resolve the problem of thermal radiation directionality,successfully evading the interference caused by the ground-generated thermal radiation.This cooler overcomes the limitations posed by the angle of incident light,making it suitable for subambient daytime radiative cooling of vertical surfaces.Furthermore,by adjusting the structure of the cooler,the angular range of thermal radiation can be modulated,enabling the application of radiative cooling technology for intelligent temperature regulation of various inclined surfaces encountered in daily life.This innovative work makes a significant contribution to the development of subambient smart thermal interaction systems and opens up new possibilities for the practical application of radiative cooling.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation (Grant Nos. 12275215,12305028,and 12247103)the Major Basic Research Program of the Natural Science of Shaanxi Province,China (Grant No. 2021JCW-19)Shaanxi Fundamental Science Research Project for Mathematics and Physics (Grant No. 22JSZ005)。
文摘Quantum battery exploits the principle of quantum mechanics to transport and store energy. We study the energy transportation of the central-spin quantum battery, which is composed of N_b spins serving as the battery cells, and surrounded by N_c spins serving as the charger cells. We apply the invariant subspace method to solve the dynamics of the central-spin battery with a large number of spins. We establish a universal inverse relationship between the battery capacity and the battery–charger entanglement, which persists in any size of the battery and charger cells. Moreover, we find that when N_b= N_c, the central-spin battery has the optimal energy transportation, corresponding to the minimal battery–charger entanglement. Surprisingly, the central-spin battery has a uniform energy transportation behaviors in certain battery–charger scales. Our results reveal a nonmonotonic relationship between the battery–charger size and the energy transportation efficiency, which may provide more insights on designing other types of quantum batteries.
