Reducing water consumption in rice production in China without affecting grain yield and quality is a significant challenge.This study explored how various dry cultivation methods could improve rice quality while bala...Reducing water consumption in rice production in China without affecting grain yield and quality is a significant challenge.This study explored how various dry cultivation methods could improve rice quality while balancing yield to maintain sustainable rice production.A japonica upland rice cultivar and a japonica paddy rice cultivar were cultivated in the field with three cultivation methods:plastic film mulching dry cultivation(PFMC),bare dry cultivation(BC),and continuous flooding cultivation(CF)as control.There was no significant difference in upland rice yield between PFMC and BC,nor in paddy rice yield between PFMC and CF.Compared with CF,the two varieties'yields decreased significantly with BC.Dry cultivation,especially PFMC,could decrease the active filling period,chalky rice rate,chalkiness,amylose content,gel consistency,breakdown viscosity,the ratio of glutelin to prolamin,and leaf senescence while increasing water use efficiency,protein components content,setback viscosity,grain starch branching enzyme(Q-enzyme)activity,and average filling rate.Compared with paddy rice,upland rice had a lower yield,shorter active filling period,lower chalkiness grain rate and gel consistency,higher amylose content,breakdown viscosity,protein components content,and average filling rate.Grain Q-enzyme activity and grain-filling parameters were closely related to rice quality.Reasonable dry cultivation methods could balance yield and quality,especially by improving rice's nutritional and appearance quality.展开更多
In this work,the detailed oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)catalytic performance of M-N_(4−x)O_(x)(M=Fe,Co,and Ni;x=1−4)has been explored via the detailed density functional theory method.The results suggest that the for...In this work,the detailed oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)catalytic performance of M-N_(4−x)O_(x)(M=Fe,Co,and Ni;x=1−4)has been explored via the detailed density functional theory method.The results suggest that the formation energy of M-N_(4−x)O_(x)shows a good linear relationship with the number of doped O atoms.The adsorption manner of O_(2)on M-N_(4−x)O_(x)changed from end-on(x=1 and 2)to side-on(x=3 and 4),and the adsorption strength gradually increased.Based on the results for binding strength of ORR intermediates and the Gibbs free energy of ORR steps on the studied catalysts,we screened out two highly active ORR catalysts,namely Co-N_(3)O_(1)and Ni-N_(2)O_(2),which possess very small overpotentials of 0.27 and 0.32 V,respectively.Such activities are higher than the precious Pt catalyst.Electronic structure analysis reveals one of the reasons for the higher activity of Co-N_(3)O_(1)and Ni-N_(2)O_(2)is that they have small energy gaps and moderate highest occupied molecular orbital energy levels.Furthermore,the results of the density of states reveal that the O doping can improve the electronic structure of the original catalyst to tune the adsorption of the ORR intermediates.展开更多
Acetylcholine(ACh)is one of the most important neurotransmitters in the central cholinergic system;it specifically binds to muscarinic and nicotinic receptors and is degraded by acetylcholinesterase(AChE).ACh plays a ...Acetylcholine(ACh)is one of the most important neurotransmitters in the central cholinergic system;it specifically binds to muscarinic and nicotinic receptors and is degraded by acetylcholinesterase(AChE).ACh plays a crucial role in learning and memory.It is generally believed that,in the central nervous system,ACh promotes the conduction of brain nerves and accelerates information transmission.Besides,increasing central ACh levels can enhance memory ability and comprehensively improve brain function.Thus,AChE inhibitors(AChEI),which inhibit the degradation of ACh by AChE,have been used to treat Alzheimer's disease(AD)and Parkinson's disease dementia(PDD).However,recent studies have shown that excessive ACh in the central nervous system impairs learning and memory.Here we review the roles of ACh in learning and memory;we focus on the adverse effects of excessive ACh,the possible mechanisms,and the bidirectional role of ACh in the pathology and cure of AD and PDD.We conclude that the timing and dose of ACh administration should be carefully prescreened when using it to alleviate learning and memory in dementia patients.展开更多
基金he National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD2300304)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31671617)a project funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD),China。
文摘Reducing water consumption in rice production in China without affecting grain yield and quality is a significant challenge.This study explored how various dry cultivation methods could improve rice quality while balancing yield to maintain sustainable rice production.A japonica upland rice cultivar and a japonica paddy rice cultivar were cultivated in the field with three cultivation methods:plastic film mulching dry cultivation(PFMC),bare dry cultivation(BC),and continuous flooding cultivation(CF)as control.There was no significant difference in upland rice yield between PFMC and BC,nor in paddy rice yield between PFMC and CF.Compared with CF,the two varieties'yields decreased significantly with BC.Dry cultivation,especially PFMC,could decrease the active filling period,chalky rice rate,chalkiness,amylose content,gel consistency,breakdown viscosity,the ratio of glutelin to prolamin,and leaf senescence while increasing water use efficiency,protein components content,setback viscosity,grain starch branching enzyme(Q-enzyme)activity,and average filling rate.Compared with paddy rice,upland rice had a lower yield,shorter active filling period,lower chalkiness grain rate and gel consistency,higher amylose content,breakdown viscosity,protein components content,and average filling rate.Grain Q-enzyme activity and grain-filling parameters were closely related to rice quality.Reasonable dry cultivation methods could balance yield and quality,especially by improving rice's nutritional and appearance quality.
基金the Applied Basic Research Project of Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province(Grant No.2020YJ0418)the Youth Science and Technology Innovation Team of Southwest Petroleum University(Grant No.2018CXTD05)+1 种基金the Open Fund of State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation of Southwest Petroleum University(Grant No.PLN201925)the Postgraduate Research and Innovation Fund of Southwest Petroleum University(Grant No.2019cxzd027).
文摘In this work,the detailed oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)catalytic performance of M-N_(4−x)O_(x)(M=Fe,Co,and Ni;x=1−4)has been explored via the detailed density functional theory method.The results suggest that the formation energy of M-N_(4−x)O_(x)shows a good linear relationship with the number of doped O atoms.The adsorption manner of O_(2)on M-N_(4−x)O_(x)changed from end-on(x=1 and 2)to side-on(x=3 and 4),and the adsorption strength gradually increased.Based on the results for binding strength of ORR intermediates and the Gibbs free energy of ORR steps on the studied catalysts,we screened out two highly active ORR catalysts,namely Co-N_(3)O_(1)and Ni-N_(2)O_(2),which possess very small overpotentials of 0.27 and 0.32 V,respectively.Such activities are higher than the precious Pt catalyst.Electronic structure analysis reveals one of the reasons for the higher activity of Co-N_(3)O_(1)and Ni-N_(2)O_(2)is that they have small energy gaps and moderate highest occupied molecular orbital energy levels.Furthermore,the results of the density of states reveal that the O doping can improve the electronic structure of the original catalyst to tune the adsorption of the ORR intermediates.
基金supported by the Key Laboratory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes(Grant No.2021KSYS009).
文摘Acetylcholine(ACh)is one of the most important neurotransmitters in the central cholinergic system;it specifically binds to muscarinic and nicotinic receptors and is degraded by acetylcholinesterase(AChE).ACh plays a crucial role in learning and memory.It is generally believed that,in the central nervous system,ACh promotes the conduction of brain nerves and accelerates information transmission.Besides,increasing central ACh levels can enhance memory ability and comprehensively improve brain function.Thus,AChE inhibitors(AChEI),which inhibit the degradation of ACh by AChE,have been used to treat Alzheimer's disease(AD)and Parkinson's disease dementia(PDD).However,recent studies have shown that excessive ACh in the central nervous system impairs learning and memory.Here we review the roles of ACh in learning and memory;we focus on the adverse effects of excessive ACh,the possible mechanisms,and the bidirectional role of ACh in the pathology and cure of AD and PDD.We conclude that the timing and dose of ACh administration should be carefully prescreened when using it to alleviate learning and memory in dementia patients.
